אנו מודים בני הזוג. Yuh-Nung יאן ווס Grueber למתן מניות לטוס השתמשו במחקר זה. המחברים להכיר תומס פ קייט מילר Jeffress הזיכרון אמון על התמיכה של מחקר זה (DNC) ו-Office ג&#39;ורג&#39; מייסון האוניברסיטה מכללה (EPRI).

<ol>
	<li>Corty, M. M., Matthews, B. J., Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecules+and+mechanisms+of+dendrite+development+in+Drosophila.">Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 136, 1049-1061 (2009).</li><li>Parrish, J. Z., Emoto, K., Kim, ., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+that+regulate+establishment,+maintenance,+and+remodeling+of+dendritic+fields.">Mechanisms that regulate establishment, maintenance, and remodeling of dendritic fields.</a> Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 399-423 (2007).</li><li>Lee, T., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosaic+analysis+with+a+repressible+cell+marker+for+studies+of+gene+function+in+neuronal+morphogenesis.">Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis.</a> Neuron. 22, 451-461 (1999).</li><li>Grueber, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projections+of+Drosophila+multidendritic+neurons+in+the+central+nervous+system:+links+with+peripheral+dendrite+morphology.">Projections of Drosophila multidendritic neurons in the central nervous system: links with peripheral dendrite morphology.</a> Development. 134, 55-64 (2007).</li><li>Song, W., Onishi, M., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+multidendritic+sensory+neurons+are+necessary+for+rhythmic+locomotion+behavior+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Peripheral multidendritic sensory neurons are necessary for rhythmic locomotion behavior in Drosophila larvae.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104, 5199-5204 (2007).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+methods.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) methods.</a> Methods. 25, 402-408 (2001).</li></ol>

הפרוטוקול המובא כאן הוא אופטימיזציה עבור בידוד וטיהור של נוירונים הפריפריה אשר להיצמד בחוזקה לפני השטח הפנימי של לציפורן third תסיסנית הזחל instar באמצעות מיון מגנטי חרוז אסטרטגיה התא. אמנם יש לנו להשתמש בפרוטוקול זה במיוחד כדי לבודד תסיסנית נוירונים דה, יישומים של פרוטוקול זה לבידודה של סוגי תאים אחרים לדבוק לציפורן של הזחל גלמי או בשלבים של פיתוח (למשל epithelia, שריר, עצב היקפיים אחרים) ניתן להתאים על ידי משתנים כמה פרמטרים ושימוש GAL4 ברורים, כטב&quot;מ-mCD8-GFP transgenes הכתב אשר התווית את סוג התא או סוגים של עניין. יתר על כן, פרוטוקול זה יכול לשמש הן אובדן פונקציה של ולהשיג-of-פונקציה גישות שבו הגן של עניין ניתן משובטים לתוך transgene כטב&quot;מ-mCD8-GFP שניתן יחד עם transgene GAL4 ישיר או גנים ההפסד הספציפי של פונקציה (למשל כטב&quot;מ-RNAi) או רווח של פונקציה לסוג התא של עניין. לדוגמה, במקרה של גורם שעתוק אפשר לאחל לזהות גנים פוטנציאל למעלה או למטה מוסדר על הפסד פונקציה של רווח או של פונקציה ביטוי בסוג התא של עניין. ידי בידוד RNA סך מסוג התא מטוהרים עניין באמצעות פרוטוקול זה באמצעות RNA לבצע אפיון ביטוי microarray ניתן לזהות גנים מוסדר באופן דיפרנציאלי, כי רשאי לייצג מטרות במורד הזרם של תקנה תעתיק כי תפקיד בתיווך שינויים פנוטיפי בתוך התא . עבור מיון התא מוצלח חשוב לתת תשומת לב קפדנית את השלבים הקריטיים הדגיש בפרוטוקול לעיל. דוגמאות אזורים בעיה נפוצה אשר יחייבו כמה בעיות אופטימיזציה נוספת, בהתאם לסוג התא, כוללים (1) תשואה התא נמוכה (2) התא clumping במהלך הבידוד חרוז מגנטי. במקרה הראשון, אפשר לנסות להפחית את ריכוז Liberase Blendzyme 3, ולפצות על ידי הגדלת ניתוק מכני באמצעות douncing. במקרה השני, אפשר לנסות להפחית את עוצמת השדה המגנטי על ידי יישום שכבות בודדות או מרובות של קלטת המעבדה דבק על המגנט.

ציוד <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> (10) לחסום מגנטים נאודימיום (K &amp; J מגנטיות, Inc, חתול. # B444B), לחילופין DynaMag ™ -2 (Invitrogen, חתול. # 123-21D) עשוי לשמש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> רקמות Kontes מלתעה זכוכית, 2 מ&quot;ל כושר עבודה, עם העלי סיקול גדולה (קט # 885300-0002) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תא מסננים, למשל MACS טרום ההפרדה סינון (Miltenyi BIOTEC, חתול. # 130-041-407) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 35 מ&quot;מ צלחות פטרי, מצופה Sylgard (Dow Corning Corporation, חתול. # 3097358-1004) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כלים לנתח: שני זוגות של דומון מס &#39;5 מלקחיים (כלים מדע טוב, חתול # 11251-20). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Vannas באביב מיקרו לנתיחה מספריים (כלים מדע טוב, חתול. # 15000-08) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Pipettes (P-1000, P-100, P-10) עם טיפים חד פעמיות </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Hemocytometer רגילה לספור את התאים טוהר אומדן </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Pipettes פסטר עם טיפים אש מלוטשת בקוטר סטנדרטי, צמצמה ל 50% ~ בקוטר סטנדרטי צמצמה ל 25% ~ בקוטר סטנדרטי טחינה דקה </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לוח צנטריפוגות מיקרו העליון (1-16,000 (x) ז) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבולת </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פלורסנט סטריאו מיקרוסקופ (א MZ16FA לייקה נעשה שימוש בפרוטוקול זה) </li></ul>

isolation and purification of drosophila peripheral neurons by magnetic bead sorting

<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; מערכת העצבים ההיקפית (PNS) הוא מודל רב עוצמה עבור חוקרת את התהליכים המורכבים של פיתוח עצב המורפוגנזה דנדריט ברמות פונקציונלי מולקולרית. כדי לסייע בניתוחים אלה, פיתחנו אסטרטגיה לבידודה של subclass של נוירונים PNS נקרא arborization הדנדריטים (דה) נוירונים היה בשימוש נרחב לחקר המורפוגנזה דנדריט<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. נוירונים אלה קשה מאוד לבודד כאוכלוסייה טהור, בין השאר כתוצאה המופע שלהם נמוך ביותר שלהם, קשה להשגה מיקום מתחת לציפורן קשה הזחל כיטיניות. השיטה החדשה שפותחה שלנו מתגבר על אתגרים אלה, והיא מבוססת על העשרת תא מהיר באמצעות נוגדן ספציפי מצופה חרוזים מגנטיים. עבור מחקרים מגנטי שלנו מיון חרוז, השתמשנו בגיל בהתאמה third הזחלים instar להביע עכבר CD8 מתויג היתוך חלבון ה-GFP (<em&gt; כטב&quot;מ-mCD8-GFP</em&gt;)<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt; תחת שליטה של ​​אחת arborization הדנדריטי בכיתה IV (דה) נוירון ספציפי<em&gt; כייס (פ.פ.ק.)-GAL4</em&gt; הנהג<sup&gt; 4</sup&gt; או את השליטה GAL4 נוירון ספציפי פאן דה<sup&gt; 21-7</sup&gt; הנהג<sup&gt; 5</sup&gt;. אמנם זה פרוטוקול כבר מותאם לבידוד PNS תאים אשר מחוברים לקיר הפנימי של לציפורן הזחל, על ידי שינוי כמה פרמטרים, פרוטוקול אותו יכול לשמש כדי לבודד הרבה סוגי תאים שונים המחוברים לציפורן בשלבי הזחל או גלמי של פיתוח (למשל epithelia, שרירים, oenocytes וכו &#39;), או סוגי תאים אחרים מאיברים הזחל תלוי דפוס GAL4 ספציפיים ביטוי הנהג. RNA בודד בשיטה זו היא באיכות גבוהה והוא יכול לשמש בקלות עבור ניתוחים גנומית במורד כגון הביטוי microarray מחקרים פרופיל גנטי. גישה זו מציעה כלי חדש רב עוצמה לבצע מחקרים על מבודד<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; הדנדריטים (דה) arborization נוירונים ובכך לספק תובנות הרומן לתוך המנגנונים המולקולריים שבבסיס המורפוגנזה דנדריט.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting at JoVE.com

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

במאמר וידאו זה אנו מציגים שיטה בידוד וטיהור של<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; הנוירונים ההיקפיים באמצעות מיון מהיר מגנטי חרוז בסיוע אסטרטגיה התא. RNA המתקבלים בתאים מבודדים יכול לשמש בקלות עבור יישומים במורד הזרם כולל ניתוחים microarray.

בידוד טיהור תסיסנית נוירונים היקפיים על ידי מיון ביד מגנטי

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

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Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

13.3K Views.  George Mason University. במאמר וידאו זה אנו מציגים שיטה בידוד וטיהור של תסיסנית הנוירונים ההיקפיים באמצעות מיון מהיר מגנטי חרוז בסיוע אסטרטגיה התא. RNA המתקבלים בתאים מבודדים יכול לשמש בקלות עבור יישומים במורד הזרם כולל ניתוחים microarray.

Video: Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

הכתמה של חלבונים עם ג&#39;ל Coomassie G-250 ללא חומצה אצטית ממס אורגני

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

בידוד תסיסנית melanogaster האשכים

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

בידוד וטיהור של kinesin מ תסיסנית עוברים

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

בידוד הכרומטין על ידי טיהור RNA (ציוץ)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Isolation of Normal and Cancer-associated Fibroblasts from Fresh Tissues by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most prominent cell type within the tumor stroma of many cancers, in particular breast carcinoma, and their prominent presence is often associated with poor prognosis1,2. CAFs are an activated subpopulation of stromal fibroblasts, many of which express the myofibroblast marker &alpha;-SMA3. CAFs originate from local tissue fibroblasts as well as from bone marrow-derived cells recruited into the developing tumor and adopt a CAF phenotype under the influence of the tumor microenvironment4. CAFs were shown to facilitate tumor initiation, growth and progression through signaling that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion5-8. We demonstrated that CAFs enhance tumor growth by mediating tumor-promoting inflammation, starting at the earliest pre-neoplastic stages9. Despite increasing evidence of the key role CAFs play in facilitating tumor growth, studying CAFs has been an on-going challenge due to the lack of CAF-specific markers and the vast heterogeneity of these cells, with many subtypes co-existing in the tumor microenvironment10. Moreover, studying fibroblasts in vitro is hindered by the fact that their gene expression profile is often altered in tissue culture11,12 . To address this problem and to allow unbiased gene expression profiling of fibroblasts from fresh mouse and human tissues, we developed a method based on previous protocols for Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)13,14. Our approach relies on utilizing PDGFR&alpha; as a surface marker to isolate fibroblasts from fresh mouse and human tissue. PDGFR&alpha; is abundantly expressed by both normal fibroblasts and CAFs9,15 . This method allows isolation of pure populations of normal fibroblasts and CAFs, including, but not restricted to &alpha;-SMA+ activated myofibroblasts. Isolated fibroblasts can then be used for characterization and comparison of the evolution of gene expression that occurs in CAFs during tumorigenesis. Indeed, we and others reported expression profiling of fibroblasts isolated by cell sorting16. This protocol was successfully performed to isolate and profile highly enriched populations of fibroblasts from skin, mammary, pancreas and lung tissues. Moreover, our method also allows culturing of sorted cells, in order to perform functional experiments and to avoid contamination by tumor cells, which is often a big obstacle when trying to culture CAFs.

Isolation of Normal and Cancer-associated Fibroblasts from Fresh Tissues by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting FACS

Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) facilitate tumor initiation, growth and progression through signaling that promotes proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Here we describe a method to isolate pure populations of normal fibroblasts and CAFs from fresh mouse and human tissues by cell sorting, using PDGFR&#x03B1; as a surface marker.

בידוד של פיברובלסטים נורמלים והסרטן הקשורים מרקמות טריות על ידי מיון תא הופעל פלואורסצנטי (FACS)

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most prominent cell type within the tumor stroma of many cancers, in particular breast carcinoma, and their ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

טיהור של תמלילים ומטבוליטים מ<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; ראשים

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. However, the use of biochemical screens aimed at extending the knowledge gained from genetic analysis was explored only recently. Here we describe a method to purify the protein complex that associates with any protein of interest from adult fly heads. This method takes advantage of the Drosophila GAL4/UAS system to express a bait protein fused with a Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) tag in fly neurons in vivo, and then implements two rounds of purification using a TAP procedure similar to the one originally established in yeast1 to purify the interacting protein complex. At the end of this procedure, a mixture of multiple protein complexes is obtained whose molecular identities can be determined by mass spectrometry. Validation of the candidate proteins will benefit from the resource and ease of performing loss-of-function studies in flies. Similar approaches can be applied to other fly tissues. We believe that the combination of genetic manipulations and this proteomic approach in the fly model system holds tremendous potential for tackling fundamental problems in the field of neurobiology and beyond.

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction in Drosophila Adult Heads by Tandem Affinity Purification TAP

Drosophila is famous for its powerful genetic manipulation, but not for its suitability of in-depth biochemical analysis. Here we present a TAP-based procedure to identify interacting partners of any protein of interest from the fly brain. This procedure can potentially lead to new avenues of research.

זיהוי אינטראקציה בין חלבונים ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; ראשי מבוגרים טנדם זיקה טיהור (TAP)

Genetic screens conducted using Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) have made numerous milestone discoveries in the advance of biological sciences. ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

בידוד מהיר וטיהור של מיטוכונדריה להשתלה על ידי דיסוציאציה רקמות ודיפרנציאל סינון

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

Isolation and Characterization of Microvesicles from Peripheral Blood

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including small endosomal-derived exosomes (Exos, diameter &#60; 100 nm) and large plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs, diameter &#62; 100 nm) is a fundamental cellular process that occurs in all living cells. These vesicles transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific for their cell of origin and in vitro studies have highlighted their importance as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs have been successfully isolated from various body fluids and especially EVs in blood have been identified as promising biomarkers for cancer or infectious diseases. In order to allow the study of MV subpopulations in blood, we present a protocol for the standardized isolation and characterization of MVs from peripheral blood samples. MVs are pelleted from EDTA-anticoagulated plasma samples by differential centrifugation and typically possess a diameter of 100 - 600 nm. Due to their larger size, they can easily be studied by flow cytometry, a technique that is routinely used in clinical diagnostics and available in most laboratories. Several examples for quality control assays of the isolated MVs will be given and markers that can be used for the discrimination of different MV subpopulations in blood will be presented.

Extracellular vesicles present in blood have been suggested as novel biomarkers for various diseases. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of large plasma membrane-derived microvesicles from peripheral blood samples and their subsequent analysis by conventional flow cytometry and Western Blotting.

בידוד ואפיון של Microvesicles מן הדם היקפי

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including small endosomal-derived exosomes (Exos, diameter &#60; 100 nm) and large plasma membrane-derived ...

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting for the Isolation of Scleractinian Cell Populations

Coral reefs are under threat due to anthropogenic stressors. The biological response of coral to these stressors may occur at a cellular level, but the mechanisms are not well understood. To investigate coral response to stressors, we need tools for analyzing cellular responses. In particular, we need tools that facilitate the application of functional assays to better understand how cell populations are reacting to stress. In the current study, we use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate and separate different cell populations in stony corals. This protocol includes: (1) the separation of coral tissues from the skeleton, (2) creation of a single cell suspension, (3) labeling the coral cells using various markers for flow cytometry, and (4) gating and cell sorting strategies. This method will enable researchers to work on corals at the cellular level for analysis, functional assays, and gene expression studies of different cell populations.

Corals create biodiverse ecosystems important for both humans and marine organisms. However, we still do not understand the full potential and function of many coral cells. Here, we present a protocol developed for the isolation, labeling, and separation of stony coral cell populations.

תא מיון המופעל על ידי קרינה פלואורסצנטית לבידוד של אוכלוסיות תאים בלובן המין

Coral reefs are under threat due to anthropogenic stressors. The biological response of coral to these stressors may occur at a cellular level, but the ...