הסיוע הטכני יכול של אנתוני תומאס הוא הודה בהכרת תודה.

נוהל עיבוד דגימות שתן <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ההפשרה דגימת שתן בתוך אמבט המים 37 מעלות צלזיוס. למזוג לתוך מיכל חדש אם המקורי נפגעת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קחו aliquot מרבי של 13 מ&quot;ל של המדגם ולאחסן אותו ב -20 מעלות צלזיוס בצינור שכותרתו צנטריפוגה חרוטי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדוד ורשום את צפיפות אופטית של המדגם על ידי הצבת כמה טיפות של שתן refractometer. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סנן המדגם 0.2 באמצעות מסנן אממ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדדו את היקף המדגם מתחת לפי צפיפות אופטית <table border="0" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> 1.000-1.009 </td><td> 1.00 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> 1.010-1.019 </td><td> 0.50 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> 1.020-1.050 </td><td> 0.25 מ&quot;ל + 0.25 מ&quot;ל H 2 O </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> נפח המצוין הוא הועבר לאחר מכן Reactivial המכיל את הסטנדרטים הפנימיים הבאים: 500 nanomoles (nmoles) 3 קריאטין; 10 nmoles ד 3 חומצה methylmalonic: 100 nmoles כל אחד 13 הבאים C 3 לקטט, 13 C 3 pyruvate, 13 ג&#39;2 15 N גליצין, סרין 3 ד, ד 5 פנילאלנין, ד 11 hexanoylglycine, 15 N 2 orotate, חומצה 4 ד sebacic, 13 גלוקוז 6 C, D ו - אינוסיטול 6 ד 5 טריפטופן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 20 מיקרוליטר (μl) של 7.5 יחידות / פתרון μl של urease (Calzyme מעבדות מס. 116A0100) מתווסף המדגם, שהוא הסמיק ואז חתום תחת CO 2 דרך מחיצת אינרטי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המדגם נערך על 37 מעלות צלזיוס במשך 30 דקות עם יותר גז פחמן דו חמצני נוסף ב 15 דקות intervals לשמור על הלחץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 20 μl יותר של הפתרון urease הוא הוסיף, את הבקבוקון הוא הסמיק עם דו תחמוצת הפחמן, ועל המדגם שמרו על 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 15 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 500 μl של אצטון 30:70: מתנול הוא הוסיף, מחצה גומי מוחלף מחצה מצופה טפלון, ועל המדגם הוא מקורר ב -20 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 15 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מוצקים יוסרו על ידי צנטריפוגה ב 1500 סל&quot;ד x 10 דקות לאחר מכן יצק לתוך נקי 2.0 סמ&quot;ק Reactivial (Supelco / סיגמא) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף trifluoroacetate triethylammonium (תה / TFA) (Sigma) כדלקמן: <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 20 μl של 1.00 דגימות מ&quot;ל </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 40 μl של 0.5 מ&quot;ל, או פחות, דגימות </li></ul></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למעלה מן עם אצטוניטריל מקום תחת זרם חנקן על 70 מעלות צלזיוס עד נפח קבוע מושגת (תה / TFA יישאר) (~ 15 דקות). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על שלב 13, עד 4 פעמים עד לקבלת משקע (~ 10 דקות כל אחד). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בואו מגניב כ -2 דקות. למעלה מן עם מתילן כלוריד, נזהר של לרתוח, ויבש (~ 4:00 דקות). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על שלב 15. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף MSTFA (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide) (תרמי מדעי) בשיעורים הבאים: <ul style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 150 μl של 1.00 דגימות מ&quot;ל </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> 200 μl של 0.50 מ&quot;ל, או פחות, דגימות </li></ul></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שווי תחת אווירה חנקן לדגור על 70 מעלות צלזיוס במשך שעה 1. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העברה microvials, תחת אווירה חנקן, לניתוח על ספקטרומטר כרומטוגרף / מסת הגז. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Microvials מקום להזרקה אוטומטית על ידי 5975 Agilent GC / MS: טמפרטורות כלי הם: מזרק 200 ° C, ממשק 250 מעלות צלזיוס, בתנור 80 מעלות צלזיוס למשך דקה 1; כבש ב 4 ° C / דקה 80-130 ° C, כבש ב 6 ° C / דקה 130-200 מעלות צלזיוס, כבש ב 12 ° C / דקה 200-285 מעלות צלזיוס, להחזיק למשך 10 דקות. טור: 25 מ &#39;, 320 מיקרון מזהה, סרט 0.5 מיקרון עובי DB-5. Spec המוניים: מקור 230 ° C, מרובע 150 ° C, סריקה 50-650 האמו ב 2.46 סריקות / sec. מרכך עיכוב 3.5 דקות. </li></ol> נציג תוצאות אנא <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2014/ShoemakerResultHawkinsinuria.pdf">לחץ כאן</a> כדי לראות את התוצאות נציג.

<ol>
	<li>Shoemaker, J. D., Elliott, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+screening+of+urine+samples+for+carbohydrates,+organic+and+amino+acids+after+treatment+with+urease.">Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease.</a> J. Chromatogr. 562 (1-2), 125-138 (1991).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Shinka, T., Inoue, Y., Ohse, M., Zhen-wei, X., Yoshida, I., Inokuchi, T., Yamaguchi, S., Takayanagi, M., Matsumoto, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+study+of+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+screening+of+newborn+urine+for+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+after+treatment+with+urease.">Pilot study of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening of newborn urine for inborn errors of metabolism after treatment with urease.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 731 (1), 141-147 (1999).</li><li>Fu, X., Iga, M., Kimura, M., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+screening+for+organic+acidemia+using+GC/MS+and+dried+urine+filter+paper:+a+study+on+neonatal+mass+screening.">Simplified screening for organic acidemia using GC/MS and dried urine filter paper: a study on neonatal mass screening.</a> Early Hum Dev. 58 (1), 41-55 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohdoi, C., Ohse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+procedure+for+diagnosing+pyrimidine+degradation+defects+for+prevention+of+severe+anticancer+side+effects.">Simple gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for diagnosing pyrimidine degradation defects for prevention of severe anticancer side effects.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758 (1), 61-74 (2001).</li><li>Kuhara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+using+filter+paper+urine,+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism using filter paper urine, urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758, 3-25 (2001).</li><li>Iga, M., Kimura, M., Ohura, T., Kikawa, Y., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+simplified+and+sensitive+method+for+screening+fructose-1,6-diphosphatase+deficiency+by+analyzing+urinary+metabolites+in+urease/direct+preparations+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+in+the+selected-ion+monitoring+mode.">Rapid, simplified and sensitive method for screening fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency by analyzing urinary metabolites in urease/direct preparations and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 746 (1), 75-82 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohse, M., Ohdoi, C., Ishida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+diagnosis+of+homocystinuria+by+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Differential diagnosis of homocystinuria by urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 742 (1), 59-70 (2000).</li><li>Young, V., Lo, S., Shoemaker, J., Thomas, A., Rhead, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+and+Extension+of+the+Urease+Method+for+Urine+Organic+and+Amino+Acid+Analysis.">Validation and Extension of the Urease Method for Urine Organic and Amino Acid Analysis.</a> , (2008).</li><li>Smith, E. M., Hoi, J. T., Eissenberg, J. C., Shoemaker, J. D., Neckameyer, W. S., Ilvarsonn, A. M., Harshman, L. G., Schlegel, V. L., Zempleni, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Drosophila+a+biotin-deficient+diet+for+multiple+generations+increases+stress+resistance+and+lifespan+and+alters+gene+expression+and+histone+biotinylation+patterns.">Feeding Drosophila a biotin-deficient diet for multiple generations increases stress resistance and lifespan and alters gene expression and histone biotinylation patterns.</a> J Nutr. 137 (9), 2006-2012 (2007).</li><li>Brown, S. M., Shoemaker, J. D., Lodge, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Importance+of+NADP+-Dependent+Isocitrate+Dehydrogenase+in+Resistance+to+Nitrosative+Stress+and+the+Inessentiality+of+Glucose-6-Phosphate+Dehydrogenase+for+Oxidative+Stress+Resistance+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">The Importance of NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Resistance to Nitrosative Stress and the Inessentiality of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase for Oxidative Stress Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. , (2010).</li><li>Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Screening+in+Humans+by+Gas+Chromatography-Mass+Spectrometry+of+Urine+Metabolites+After+Substrate+Loading.">Nutritional Screening in Humans by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Urine Metabolites After Substrate Loading.</a> , (1992).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valproate-induced+biochemical+abnormalities+in+pregnancy+corrected+by+vitamins:+A+Case+Report.">Valproate-induced biochemical abnormalities in pregnancy corrected by vitamins: A Case Report.</a> Epilepsia. 40 (44), 512-515 (1999).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+folate-dependent+metabolite+in+amniotic+fluid+from+pregnancies+with+normal+or+trisomy+21+chromosomes.">A folate-dependent metabolite in amniotic fluid from pregnancies with normal or trisomy 21 chromosomes.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 21 (1), 148-152 (2006).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+acid+concentrations+in+amniotic+fluid+found+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+pregnancies.">Organic acid concentrations in amniotic fluid found in normal and Down syndrome pregnancies.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (3), 245-248 (2008).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyridoxine-related+metabolite+concentrations+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+amniotic+fluid.">Pyridoxine-related metabolite concentrations in normal and Down syndrome amniotic fluid.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (4), 254-257 (2008).</li></ol>

המעבדה הקרנת מטבולית היא מעבדה מורשית CLIA-קליניים בבעלות אוניברסיטת סנט לואיס, תאגיד ללא מטרות רווח. ד&quot;ר סנדלר לא רווח ישירות בהכנסות מעבדה, אך הוא עשוי ליהנות בעקיפין מן התפוקה מעבדה. אף אחד שיטות, טכניקות, תוצאות, טווחי רגיל, פקודות מאקרו, ספריות תוכנה או מסקנות נחשבים קנייני זמינים באופן חופשי לכל המעוניין.

השיטה urease (1) צוטט 62 פעמים בספרות הרפואית עם שינויים שונים. הקבוצה של מאטסומוטו (2,3) לפשט את הליך המיון תפוקה גבוהה בילוד ודיווח על תוצאות מ 16,000 חולים. Kuhara ואחרים (07/04), דיווחו על שימוש בשיטת בכמה מקרים של אבחון שגיאה מולדות ומעקב. Rhead (8) אישר גם השירות של שיטה לאבחון קליני ומעקב של הטעויות המולדות. השיטה יושמה שתן של דובים, עקום החוצה עכברים, פילים homogenates של זבובי פירות שלמים הזחלים שלהם (9). התקשורת והתרבות מ קריפטוקוקוס לפני ואחרי mutagenesis אתר מכוונת נותחו גם בלי לשלב urease (10). השיטה יושמה הערכה תזונתית האדם סטודנטים לרפואה, תסמונת דאון בחולים וותיקי קשישים מטורפים לאחר טעינת נבדקים עם האכלות של חומצות אמינו טריפטופן, מתיונין isoleucine (11). Eight כל ויטמינים B-הוערכו על ידי לכימות מוצרי פירוט של שלוש חומצות אמינו, אשר ביניהם, לדרוש את כל הוויטמינים 8 בשלב כלשהו השפלה שלהם. ההשפעות הרעילות של תרופות להפחתת שלהם על ידי תוספת ויטמין דווחה (12). דגימות מי השפיר של הריונות תסמונת דאון נורמלי נותחו דיווחו (13-15).

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>MSD 5975</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MSD 5973</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Urease</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Calzyme</td>
<td>116A0100</td>
<td>Also Sigma C3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stable Isotope Standards</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>CDN Isotopes, Isotec, Cambridge Isotope Lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Solvents</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Analytes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Ernesto Brunet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GC Columns</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>J&amp;W Scientific</td>
<td>123-5026</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TEA/TFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka/Sigma</td>
<td>09747</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vials</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Supelco/Sigma</td>
<td>Z115088/12EA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Merlin Microseal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>5181-8815</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MSTFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermal Scientific</td>
<td>48913</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
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one-step metabolomics: carbohydrates, organic and amino acids quantified in a single procedure

כל תינוק נולד בארה&quot;ב מוקרן כעת לתקופה של עד 42 הפרעות גנטית נדירה בשם &quot;הטעויות המולדות של חילוף החומרים&quot;. שיטת ההקרנה מבוסס על טנדם ספקטרומטריית מסה מכמת acylcarnitines כמסך עבור acidemias אורגני וגם אמצעים חומצות אמינו. כל המדינות גם לבצע בדיקות אנזימטיות להפרעות פחמימות כגון galactosemia. כי התוצאות עלולות להיות בלתי ספציפיים, מעקב ובדיקה של תוצאות חיוביות נדרש בשיטה מוחלטות יותר. הדו&quot;ח הנוכחי מתאר את &quot;urease&quot; השיטה של ​​הכנת המדגם להקרנה שגיאה מולדת. אנזים urease הקריסטל משמש כדי להסיר אוריאה מתוך נוזלי הגוף המתירה ביותר אחרות מסיסים במים מטבוליטים להיות מיובש derivatized עבור גז כרומטוגרפיה בהליך אחד. התייבשות על ידי אידוי בזרם החנקן הוא הקל על ידי הוספת אצטוניטריל ו מתילן כלוריד. ואז, trimethylsilylation מתקיים בנוכחות זרז trifluoroacetate ייחודי, triethylammonium. הזרקת כרומטוגרפיה אוטומטיים מלווה כימות מאקרו מונחה מותאם אישית של 192 מטבוליטים למחצה כימות של כל רכיב מרכזי באמצעות ספריות המקצועית של ספקטרה המונית של תרכובות ביולוגיות derivatized TMS. הניתוח עשוי להתבצע על פלטפורמה בשימוש נרחב Chemstation באמצעות פקודות מאקרו וספריות זמין המחבר. במעבדה שלנו, מעל 16,000 דגימות המטופל כבר ניתחו בשיטת אבחון עם תשואה של כ 17% - כלומר, 17% את תוצאות דגימות לחשוף ממצאים שיש פעל על ידי הרופא ההזמנה. כולל אלה מעל 180 הטעויות המולדות אישר, מתוכם כ 38% לא יכול היה להיות מאובחן בשיטות הקודמות.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure at JoVE.com

One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

השיטה urease של הכנת המדגם לניתוח GC / MS של מטבוליטים מתווך מוצג על ידי הממציא שלה. השיטה מאפשרת צעד אחד המעקב של ההקרנה היילוד עבור הטעויות המולדות של ספקטרומטריית מסה במקביל על ידי פחמימות לכימות, אורגני וחומצות אמינו בתהליך כל אחד.

צעד אחד metabolomics: פחמימות, חומצות אמינו אורגני לכמת בהליך יחיד

Every infant born in the US is now screened for up to 42 rare genetic disorders called "inborn errors of metabolism". The screening method is based on ...

one-step-metabolomics-carbohydrates-organic-amino-acids-quantified

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.1K Views.  Saint Louis University School of Medicine. השיטה urease של הכנת המדגם לניתוח GC / MS של מטבוליטים מתווך מוצג על ידי הממציא שלה. השיטה מאפשרת צעד אחד המעקב של ההקרנה היילוד עבור הטעויות המולדות של ספקטרומטריית מסה במקביל על ידי פחמימות לכימות, אורגני וחומצות אמינו בתהליך כל אחד.

Video: One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murine נוהל השתלת כליה

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

תא בודד יניקה הקלטות של photoreceptors קון עכבר

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Mammary Epithelial Transplant Procedure

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, followed by the mammary epithelial transplant procedure. The mammary transplant procedure is widely used by mammary biologists because it takes advantage of the fact that significant development of the mammary epithelium doesn't occur until after puberty. At 3 weeks of age, growth of the mammary epithelial tree is confined to the vicinity of the nipple and the fat pad is largely devoid of mammary epithelium, but by 7 weeks of age the epithelial ductal tree extends throughout the entire fat pad. Therefore, if this small portion of the fat pad containing epithelium, the region between the nipple and the lymph node, is removed at 3 weeks of age, the endogenous epithelium will never populate the mammary fat pad and the fat pad is described as "cleared". At this time, mammary epithelium from another source can be transplanted in the cleared fat pad where it has the potential to extend mammary ductal trees through out the fat pad. This procedure has been utilized in many experimental models including the examination of tumor phenotype in transgenic mammary epithelial tissue without the confounding effects of genotype on the entire animal3, in the identification of mammary stem cells by transplanting cells in limited dilution4,5, determining if hyperplastic nodules proceed to mammary tumors6, and to assess the effect of prior hormone exposure on the behavior of the mammary epithelium7,8.
Three week old host mice are anesthetized, cleaned and restrained on a surgical stage. A mid-sagittal incision is made through the skin, but not the peritoneum, extending from the pubis to the sternum. Oblique cuts are made through the skin from the mid-sagittal incision across the pelvis toward each leg. The skin is pulled away from the peritoneum to expose the 4th inguinal mammary gland. The fat pad is cleared by removing the fat pad tissue anterior to the lymph node. Epithelium fragments or epithelial cells are transplanted into the remaining cleared fat pad and the mouse is closed.

This article demonstrates the procedure developed by DeOme KB et al. (1959) and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al. (2008) for clearing the 4th inguinal mammary fat pad of a pubescent mouse in preparation for transplantation of mammary fragments, mammary epithelial cells, or mammary tumor cells.

החלב להשתלות אפיתל נוהל

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, ...

High-Throughput Measurement and Classification of Organic P in Environmental Samples

Many types of organic phosphorus (P) molecules exist in environmental samples1. Traditional P measurements do not detect these organic P compounds since they do not react with colorimetric reagents2,3. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) is an emerging method for accurately characterizing organic P forms in environmental samples4,5. This method is only trumped in accuracy by Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-NMR) -a method that is expensive and requires specialized technical training6. We have adapted an enzymatic hydrolysis method capable of measuring three classes of phosphorus (monoester P, diester P and inorganic P) to a microplate reader system7. This method provides researchers with a fast, accurate, affordable and user-friendly means to measure P species in soils, sediments, manures and, if concentrated, aquatic samples. This is the only high-throughput method for measuring the forms and enzyme-lability of organic P that can be performed in a standard laboratory. The resulting data provides insight to scientists studying system nutrient content and eutrophication potential.

This protocol describes a high-throughput method of enzymatic hydrolysis that utilizes a microplate reader to measure and classify soil phosphorus as P monoesters, P diesters and inorganic P. Up to 96 samples can be measured at one time in a standard laboratory.

תפוקה גבוהה מדידה סיווג P אורגני דגימות סביבתיות

Many types of organic phosphorus (P) molecules exist in environmental samples1.  Traditional P measurements do not detect these organic P compounds since ...

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine cell central metabolism and discover new enzymes is 13C-assisted metabolism analysis 1. This technique is based on isotopic labeling, whereby microbes are fed with a 13C labeled substrates. By tracing the atom transition paths between metabolites in the biochemical network, we can determine functional pathways and discover new enzymes. 
As a complementary method to transcriptomics and proteomics, approaches for isotopomer-assisted analysis of metabolic pathways contain three major steps 2. First, we grow cells with 13C labeled substrates. In this step, the composition of the medium and the selection of labeled substrates are two key factors. To avoid measurement noises from non-labeled carbon in nutrient supplements, a minimal medium with a sole carbon source is required. Further, the choice of a labeled substrate is based on how effectively it will elucidate the pathway being analyzed. Because novel enzymes often involve different reaction stereochemistry or intermediate products, in general, singly labeled carbon substrates are more informative for detection of novel pathways than uniformly labeled ones for detection of novel pathways3, 4. Second, we analyze amino acid labeling patterns using GC-MS. Amino acids are abundant in protein and thus can be obtained from biomass hydrolysis. Amino acids can be derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS) before GC separation. TBDMS derivatized amino acids can be fragmented by MS and result in different arrays of fragments. Based on the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of fragmented and unfragmented amino acids, we can deduce the possible labeled patterns of the central metabolites that are precursors of the amino acids. Third, we trace 13C carbon transitions in the proposed pathways and, based on the isotopomer data, confirm whether these pathways are active 2. Measurement of amino acids provides isotopic labeling information about eight crucial precursor metabolites in the central metabolism. These metabolic key nodes can reflect the functions of associated central pathways.
13C-assisted metabolism analysis via proteinogenic amino acids can be widely used for functional characterization of poorly-characterized microbial metabolism1. In this protocol, we will use Cyanothece 51142 as the model strain to demonstrate the use of labeled carbon substrates for discovering new enzymatic functions.

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

13C-isotope labeling is a useful technique for determining the cell central metabolism for various types of microorganisms. After cells have been cultured with a specific labeled substrate, GC-MS measurement can reveal functional metabolic pathways based on unique labeling patterns in proteinogenic amino acids.

מסלול אישור דיסקברי מטבולית ודרך 13 C-תיוג של חומצות אמינו Proteinogenic

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine ...

Quantitative Measurement of Invadopodia-mediated Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis in Single and Multicellular Contexts

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis. Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is characteristic of multiple pathological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis1. Focalized proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the epithelial or endothelial basement membrane is a critical step in initiating cellular invasion. In tumor cells, extensive in vitro analysis has determined that ECM degradation is accomplished by ventral actin-rich membrane protrusive structures termed invadopodia2,3. Invadopodia form in close apposition to the ECM, where they moderate ECM breakdown through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The ability of tumor cells to form invadopodia directly correlates with the ability to invade into local stroma and associated vascular components3. 
Visualization of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation of cells by fluorescent microscopy using dye-labeled matrix proteins coated onto glass coverslips has emerged as the most prevalent technique for evaluating the degree of matrix proteolysis and cellular invasive potential4,5. Here we describe a version of the standard method for generating fluorescently-labeled glass coverslips utilizing a commercially available Oregon Green-488 gelatin conjugate. This method is easily scaled to rapidly produce large numbers of coated coverslips. We show some of the common microscopic artifacts that are often encountered during this procedure and how these can be avoided. Finally, we describe standardized methods using readily available computer software to allow quantification of labeled gelatin matrix degradation mediated by individual cells and by entire cellular populations. The described procedures provide the ability to accurately and reproducibly monitor invadopodia activity, and can also serve as a platform for evaluating the efficacy of modulating protein expression or testing of anti-invasive compounds on extracellular matrix degradation in single and multicellular settings.

We describe the prototypical method for producing microscope coverslips coated with fluorescent gelatin for visualizing invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation. Computational techniques using available software are presented for quantifying the resultant levels of matrix proteolysis by single cells within a mixed population and for multicellular groups encompassing entire microscopic fields.

מדידת כמותית של Proteolysis מטריקס invadopodia בתיווך בקשרים יחידים ורבים תאיים

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis.  Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

הליך מיון כימי לGlucocorticoid איתות עם מערכת כתב דג הזברה הזחל בלוציפראז

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting factors, such as labor intensive sample preparations, low detection limits, slow scan speeds, intensive method optimization for each metabolite, and the inability to measure both positively and negatively charged ions in single experiments. Therefore, a novel metabolomics protocol could advance metabolomics studies. Amide-based hydrophilic chromatography enables polar metabolite analysis without any chemical derivatization. High resolution MS using the Q-Exactive (QE-MS) has improved ion optics, increased scan speeds (256 msec at resolution 70,000), and has the capability of carrying out positive/negative switching. Using a cold methanol extraction strategy, and coupling an amide column with QE-MS enables robust detection of 168 targeted polar metabolites and thousands of additional features simultaneously.&#160; Data processing is carried out with commercially available software in a highly efficient way, and unknown features extracted from the mass spectra can be queried in databases.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. Utilizing normal-phased liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching and a rapid duty cycle, we describe a protocol to analyze the polar metabolic composition of biological material with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution.

אסטרטגיה בקנה מידה גדולה Metabolomics רגיש, כמותי

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting ...

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) Suberate (BS3)

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for isolation of protein complexes under physiological conditions. Fusion proteins containing two copies of Strep-tag II, designated twin-Strep-tag or SIII-tag, have the advantage of higher affinity for Strep-Tactin compared to those containing only a single Strep-tag, thus allowing more efficient protein purification. However, this advantage is offset by the fact that elution of twin-Strep-tagged proteins with biotin may be incomplete, leading to low protein recovery. The recovery can be dramatically improved by using denaturing elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), but this leads to sample contamination with Strep-Tactin released from the resin, making the assay incompatible with downstream proteomic analysis. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method whereby resin-coupled tetramer of Strep-Tactin is first stabilized by covalent cross-linking with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) and the resulting cross-linked resin is then used to purify target protein complexes in a single batch purification step. Efficient elution with SDS ensures good protein recovery, while the absence of contaminating Strep-Tactin allows downstream protein analysis by mass spectrometry. As a proof of concept, we describe here a protocol for purification of SIII-tagged viral protein VPg-Pro from nuclei of virus-infected N. benthamiana plants using the Strep-Tactin polymethacrylate resin cross-linked with BS3. The same protocol can be used to purify any twin-Strep-tagged protein of interest and characterize its physiological binding partners.

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bissulfosuccinimidyl Suberate BS3

A method is described for efficient purification of twin-Strep-tagged fusion proteins and their specific complexes on modified streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) resin covalently cross-linked with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). The method has the advantages of fast speed, good target protein recovery and high purity, and is compatible with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry.

טיהור צעד אחד של חלבונים מתויגים-Twin-סטרפטוקוקוס והמתחמים שלהם בSuberate (BS3) שרף סטרפטוקוקוס-Tactin הצולב עם Bis (sulfosuccinimidyl)

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for ...

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific positions in DNA, RNA, proteins and small biomolecules. This natural methylation reaction can be expanded to a wide variety of alkylation reactions using synthetic cofactor analogues. Replacement of the reactive sulfonium center of AdoMet with an aziridine ring leads to cofactors which can be coupled with DNA by various DNA MTases. These aziridine cofactors can be equipped with reporter groups at different positions of the adenine moiety and used for Sequence-specific Methyltransferase-Induced Labeling of DNA (SMILing DNA). As a typical example we give a protocol for biotinylation of pBR322 plasmid DNA at the 5&#8217;-ATCGAT-3&#8217; sequence with the DNA MTase M.BseCI and the aziridine cofactor 6BAz in one step. Extension of the activated methyl group with unsaturated alkyl groups results in another class of AdoMet analogues which are used for methyltransferase-directed Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG). Since the extended side chains are activated by the sulfonium center and the unsaturated bond, these cofactors are called double-activated AdoMet analogues. These analogues not only function as cofactors for DNA MTases, like the aziridine cofactors, but also for RNA, protein and small molecule MTases. They are typically used for enzymatic modification of MTase substrates with unique functional groups which are labeled with reporter groups in a second chemical step. This is exemplified in a protocol for fluorescence labeling of histone H3 protein. A small propargyl group is transferred from the cofactor analogue SeAdoYn to the protein by the histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) MTase Set7/9 followed by click labeling of the alkynylated histone H3 with TAMRA azide. MTase-mediated labeling with cofactor analogues is an enabling technology for many exciting applications including identification and functional study of MTase substrates as well as DNA genotyping and methylation detection.

DNA and proteins are sequence-specifically labeled with affinity or fluorescent reporter groups using DNA or protein methyltransferases and synthetic cofactor analogues. Depending on the cofactor specificity of the enzymes, aziridine or double activated cofactor analogues are employed for one- or two-step labeling.

תיוג רצף ספציפי של חומצות גרעין וחלבונים עם Methyltransferases ואנלוגים כקו-פקטורים

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific ...