המחברים מבקשים להודות צ&#39;ארלס ריבר גרמניה למתן CD-1 בעכברים. אנו מודים גם רובין שניידר וצוות המעבדה הביולוגית מרכזי תמיכה בעכברים דיור. אנו מבקשים להודות ניקולס פלורה לקבלת סיוע טכני מעולה פרופסור קורט Burki עבור בנדיבות מתן מתקני מחקר ומשאבים.

<ol>
	<li>Cesarovic, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+and+sevoflurane+provide+equally+effective+anesthesia+in+laboratory+mice.">Isoflurane and sevoflurane provide equally effective anesthesia in laboratory mice.</a> Lab. Anim. 44, 329-336 (2010).</li><li>Gross, V., Luft, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercising+restraint+in+measuring+blood+pressure+in+conscious+mice.">Exercising restraint in measuring blood pressure in conscious mice.</a> Hypertension. 41, 879-881 (2003).</li><li>Kramer, K., Kinter, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+and+applications+of+radiotelemetry+in+small+laboratory+animals.">Evaluation and applications of radiotelemetry in small laboratory animals.</a> Physiol. Genomics. 13, 197-205 (2003).</li><li>Kramer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+telemetry+to+record+electrocardiogram+and+heart+rate+in+freely+moving+mice.">Use of telemetry to record electrocardiogram and heart rate in freely moving mice.</a> J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 30, 209-215 (1993).</li><li>Arras, M., Rettich, A., Cinelli, P., Kasermann, H. P., Burki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+post-laparotomy+pain+in+laboratory+mice+by+telemetric+recording+of+heart+rate+and+heart+rate+variability.">Assessment of post-laparotomy pain in laboratory mice by telemetric recording of heart rate and heart rate variability.</a> BMC. Vet. Res. 3, 16-16 (2007).</li><li>Schuler, B., Rettich, A., Vogel, J., Gassmann, ., Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+surgical+techniques+and+postoperative+care+improve+survival+rates+and+permit+accurate+telemetric+recording+in+exercising+mice.">Optimized surgical techniques and postoperative care improve survival rates and permit accurate telemetric recording in exercising mice.</a> BMC. Vet. Res. 5, 28-28 (2009).</li><li>Pritchett-Corning, K. R., Mulder, G. B., Luo, Y., White, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Rodent+Surgery+for+the+New+Surgeon.">Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2586-e2586 (2011).</li><li>Rettich, A., Kasermann, H. P., Pelczar, P., Burki, K., Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiological+and+behavioral+impact+of+sensory+contact+among+unfamiliar+adult+mice+in+the+laboratory.">The physiological and behavioral impact of sensory contact among unfamiliar adult mice in the laboratory.</a> J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 9, 277-288 (2006).</li><li>Spani, D., Arras, M., Konig, B., Rulicke, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Higher+heart+rate+of+laboratory+mice+housed+individually+vs+in+pairs.">Higher heart rate of laboratory mice housed individually vs in pairs.</a> Lab. Anim. 37, 54-62 (2003).</li><li>Zeller, A., Arras, M., Jurd, R., Rudolph, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+contribution+of+beta3-containing+GABAA+receptors+to+volatile+and+intravenous+general+anesthetic+actions.">Mapping the contribution of beta3-containing GABAA receptors to volatile and intravenous general anesthetic actions.</a> BMC. Pharmacol. 7, 2-2 (2007).</li><li>Zeller, A., Arras, M., Jurd, R., Rudolph, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+molecular+target+mediating+the+general+anesthetic+actions+of+pentobarbital.">Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 71, 852-859 (2007).</li><li>Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+pain+therapy+in+laboratory+mice.">Improvement of pain therapy in laboratory mice.</a> Altex. 24, 6-8 (2007).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

Radiotelemetry היא אלטרנטיבה רבת עוצמה לשיטות קונבנציונליות של מדידה של פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים במחקר ביו. באיכות גבוהה של מערכות טלמטריה בהיקף של מושתלת משדרים, מקלטים ורכישת נתונים ניתוח חומרה ותוכנה זמינים כעת מסחרית, גם לבעלי חיים קטנים כמו עכברים. טלמטריה מייצג את הטכניקה היחידה העומדת כיום על איסוף נתונים מתוך מעצורים, נע בחופשיות עכברים. באמצעות שיטה זו, ניתן כיום לאסוף נתונים באופן רציף ו / או עבור תקופות זמן ארוכות יותר מבעלי חיים המתגוררים בסביבה המוכרת שלהם, ובכך לצמצם את הלחץ על בעלי חיים עקב ממצאים ניסיוניים. הצורה ואת המיקום של מוביל את עבר אופטימיזציה כדי לקבל אותות גם במהלך תנועות מהירות (לדוגמה, נאבקים, ריצה, לחימה), או בתנוחה זקופה 9. לכן, מדידות מדויקות ניתן לקבל במהלך הניסויים, למשל במצבי לחץ הרדמה, בduction, תוך כדי ריצה על הליכון, במהלך ניסויים התנהגותיים, במהלך הניסויים זיהום, ורבים אחרים במצבים ניסיוני. עם זאת, על מנת לקבל נתונים אמינים, לשעתקו חפץ נטול, חשוב לשלול השפעות סביבתיות, ואנחנו למשוך תשומת לב מיוחדת לחשיבות של תנאים סטנדרטיים. מומלץ לחדר מבודד מרעש אלקטרונית ואקוסטית, כולל צליל קולי, אשר עכברים רגישים במיוחד. בנוסף, אין הפרעות, כגון מבקרים או הפרוצדורות שאינן קשורות, יש לאפשר בעת ביצוע המדידות. כדי למנוע הפרעה משפיעה (במיוחד במקרה של מדידות כלוב בבית), את כל ההליכים הדרושים בעלי אמור להסתיים בחדר לפני תחילת כל מדידה. בנוסף, הדיור של עכברים זכרים, במיוחד אם נמצאים בשימוש, בקבוצות או באופן פרטני יכול להשפיע על המדידות והוא חייב להילקח בחשבון כאשר PLAניסויים nning 9. כמו כן, העכברים חייב להיות בריא חופשי של פתוגנים Murine, שכן דלקות סמויה או גלויה, כמו גם מחלות או ליקויים בריאותיים אחרים, יכולה להיות השפעה ניכרת על פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים והתנהגות פעילות. לפיכך, עכברים צריך להתאושש באופן מלא לאחר ההשתלה להינתן מספיק זמן להסתגל הנושאת את המשדר לפני תחילת כל הניסויים. איסוף הנתונים על ידי radiotelemetry בעכברים דורש השתלה כירורגית ראשונית של משדר טלמטריה. זה צריך להתבצע רק על ידי צוות מיומן עם כישורים כירורגית על מנת למזער טראומה רקמות כאב ומצוקה עתידיים. עבור הנסיינים מחזיק מיומנויות כירורגיות בסיסיות או מתקדמות אפילו (מיקרו), מומלץ לבצע את הניסויים הראשונים גופות עכבר טריים באמצעות שתלים הכשרה (כלומר, בובות, שסופקו על ידי היצרן) כדי לקבוע את הנהלים להכיר את הפרטים של זה סוגהניתוח. אחרי אימון כזה, רוב הנסיינים יהיה מסוגל להשתיל זה סוג של משדרי עם ההצלחה יגיעו מיומנות מועילה לאחר implantations מעטים. התנאים אספטי יש לשמור במהלך הניתוח כדי לשמור את הנטל מיקרוביולוגית ואת הסיכון לזיהומים נמוך. עם זאת, סטריליות מוחלטת לא ניתן לספק בגלל כמה תנאים ספציפיים בעכברים עקרות סותרות (למשל, אפקט הקירור של גזירת שיער חיטוי מקיף, המעשיות של תחבושות כדי להגן על הפצעים). לפיכך, טיפול מונע אנטי זיהומיות מנוהל במהלך ההשתלה. ובכן המותאמים לטיפול משכך כאבים ותוכנית ניטור ברורים, כמו גם טיפול הולם שלאחר הניתוח לשחק תפקיד מכריע בתוצאות משביעות רצון הניסוי. בסך הכל, ניתוחי ההשתלה של משדר telemetric בעכברים יהיה מלחיץ עבור החיה. בפרט, אם שינוי גנטי ב specקווי עכבר ific משפיע על הפנוטיפ ופוגע בגוף של החיות בתנאי, סיבוכים בתוך מסגרת פרי הניתוח את הזמן ואת שיעור מקרי המוות עלה לאחר ההשתלה עשוי להיות סיכון. כדי למנוע סבל מיותר, אנשים המציגים התאוששות משביעת רצון או הבראה ממושך צריך להשתחרר הניסוי והקריב לפני שהגיע לשלב הגוססת. לענין זה, גיליון נתונים (טבלה 1: מצב כללי ניטור בריאות גיליון נתונים) להקל על ניטור שיטתי של סימפטומים קריטי במתן ייעוץ על הקצה אנושי כבר נקבעה. לפיכך, שחזור מתועד בסגנון של רשומה רפואית או יומן מעבדה, מה שהופך את ניהול של מתודולוגיה זו (כלומר, הליך ההשתלה שלאחר הניתוח החלמה) שקוף הרשויות הרלוונטיות ואת רווחתם של בעלי חיים גופים האחראים ניסויים בבעלי חיים (למשל, IACUC).

Corrections in the Protocol and Discussion sections have been made to: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice
Step 1.2 in the Protocol has been updated from:
1.2 Hair clipping at one day prior to surgery
The day prior to implantation, in order to shave the animals for surgery, mice are anesthetized briefly in a small (8x8x8cm) Perspex chamber using sevoflurane (8%) or isoflurane (5%) in pure oxygen (600 mL/min). After loss of the righting reflex, the mouse is taken out of the chamber and the anterior neck and abdominal hair is clipped with the animal lying in dorsal recumbence; anesthesia is maintained for approximately 5 minutes with a nose mask with sevoflurane 3-4% or isoflurane 1.5-3% in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 600 mL/min. After clipping the hair, the animals are allowed to awaken and are then brought back to their home cage.
to:
After the last health check or directly prior surgery, in order to shave the animals for surgery, mice are anesthetized briefly in a small (8x8x8cm) Perspex chamber using sevoflurane (8%) or isoflurane (5%) in pure oxygen (600 mL/min). Shaving the animals one day before surgery prevents hair stubbles in the operating field. After loss of the righting reflex, the mouse is taken out of the chamber and the anterior neck and abdominal hair is clipped with the animal lying in dorsal recumbence; anesthesia is maintained for approximately 5 minutes with a nose mask with sevoflurane 3-4% or isoflurane 1.5-3% in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 600 mL/min. After clipping the hair, the animals are allowed to awaken and are then brought back to their home cage.
Step 2.3 in the Protocol has been updated from:
2.3 Surgery
The skin of the anterior neck and abdominal region is disinfected with 70% ethanol. A 1- to 1.5-cm-long incision in the skin is made from the lower thorax along the midline to the abdomen. The negative (white/colourless) lead is tunnelled subcutaneously from the thorax to the neck, where a small incision (&#8804;0.5 cm) is made in the longitudinal direction. The skin and underlying tissues are prepared to make space for the fixation of the wire loop of the electrode. The wire loop is fixed between the muscles located to the right of the trachea, using two thin silk sutures (PERMA-Handseide, 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). The wound in the neck is then closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) in layers. The abdominal wall is then opened at the linea alba and the body of the telemetric transmitter is placed into the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The wire loop of the positive (red) electrode is sutured to the xiphoid process with silk sutures in such a way that it lies between the liver and the diaphragm in the left upper abdominal region (Figure 2). Then, the muscle layers of the abdominal region are closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). Before finally closing the abdominal wall, a mixture of Sulfadoxin and Trimethoprim [(30 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively; dissolved in 1 mL of saline (0.9%) and at approximately body temperature (38-39&#176;C)] is injected into the abdominal cavity for the purposes of anti-infective prophylaxis and to support fluid homeostasis. Finally, the skin of the abdominal region is restored with staples (Precise, 3 M Health Care, St. Paul, MN, USA).
to:
2.3 Surgery
The skin of the anterior neck and abdominal region is disinfected for 5 minutes with 70% ethanol, chlorhexidine or iodine using a soaked cotton swab. A 1- to 1.5-cm-long incision in the skin is made from the lower thorax along the midline to the abdomen. The negative (white/colourless) lead is tunnelled subcutaneously from the thorax to the neck, where a small incision (&#8804;0.5 cm) is made in the longitudinal direction. The skin and underlying tissues are prepared to make space for the fixation of the wire loop of the electrode. The wire loop is fixed between the muscles located to the right of the trachea, using two thin silk sutures (PERMA-Handseide, 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). The wound in the neck is then closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) in layers. The abdominal wall is then opened at the linea alba and the body of the telemetric transmitter is placed into the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The wire loop of the positive (red) electrode is sutured to the xiphoid process with silk sutures in such a way that it lies between the liver and the diaphragm in the left upper abdominal region (Figure 2). Then, the muscle layers of the abdominal region are closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). Before finally closing the abdominal wall, a mixture of Sulfadoxin and Trimethoprim [(30 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively; dissolved in 1 mL of saline (0.9%) and at approximately body temperature (38-39&#176;C)] is injected into the abdominal cavity for the purposes of anti-infective prophylaxis and to support fluid homeostasis. Finally, the skin of the abdominal region is restored with staples (Precise, 3 M Health Care, St. Paul, MN, USA) or intracutaneous, running, absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany).

Step 3 in the Protocol has been updated from:
3. Post-operative care
After completion of surgery and anesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg of buprenorphine (Temgesic, Essex Chemie AG, Lucerne, Switzerland) and 5 mg/kg of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Basel, Switzerland) is administered subcutaneously for pain treatment, and the animals are left on the warm (39&#176;C +/-1) surface of the work bench to recover for approximately 2h. Together with pain relief (twice daily: buprenorphine, 0.1 mg/kg and meloxicam 5 mg/kg), supportive therapy consisting of 300 &#956;L glucose (5%) and 300 &#956;L saline (0.9%) warmed to body temperature, is applied subcutaneously twice daily for 4 days. For further recovery support, it is worthwhile providing the animals with an additional drinking bottle containing 15% glucose solution During the recovery period of 4-10 days, it is recommended that the animals are kept warm. Therefore, in our case, the mice are housed in a warming cabinet (30&#176;C +/- 1). Monitoring of general condition and body weight, as well as food and water consumption, is performed once daily according to the general condition and health monitoring data sheet (Table 1) for 10 days post-operatively. Humane endpoints, i.e. the sacrifice of an animal to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain if progression of recovery is unsatisfactory, are realised under the following conditions:
i. If in poor general condition, i.e. the animal is substantially apathetic (no movement after being touched/pushed) and its body surface feels cold despite warming, the animal should be euthanatized immediately
ii. If, on day 4 after transmitter implantation, the animal shows clear signs of apathy, is extremely aggressive or does not show any food intake, it should be euthanatized immediately.
iii. On day 8 after transmitter implantation, the animal has to display a clear increase in body weight in comparison to the preceding post-operative days. Moreover, it has to consume at least 80% of the pre-operative daily food intake. If one of these conditions is not met, the animal should be euthanatized immediately.
At 10 days after implantation, the animal is transferred back to the animal room under standard housing conditions. Mice should be housed in compatible groups to allow social interaction and to prevent the adverse effects of long-term individual housing, which can have substantial impacts on the read-out of subsequent experiments8, 9. Mice should have a period of at least 4 weeks convalescence after transmitter implantation before the first experiment is conducted and data acquisition begins.
to:
After completion of surgery and anesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg of buprenorphine (Temgesic, Essex Chemie AG, Lucerne, Switzerland) and 5 mg/kg of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Basel, Switzerland) is administered subcutaneously for pain treatment, and the animals are left on the warm (39&#176;C +/-1) surface of the work bench to recover for approximately 2h. Together with pain relief (twice daily: buprenorphine, 0.1 mg/kg and meloxicam 5 mg/kg), supportive therapy consisting of 300 &#956;L glucose (5%) and 300 &#956;L saline (0.9%) warmed to body temperature, is injected subcutaneously twice daily for 4 days. For further recovery support, it is worthwhile providing the animals with an additional drinking bottle containing 15% glucose solution During the recovery period of 4-10 days, it is recommended that the animals are kept warm. Therefore, in our case, the mice are housed in a warming cabinet (30&#176;C +/- 1). Monitoring of general condition and body weight, as well as food and water consumption, is performed once daily according to the general condition and health monitoring data sheet (Table 1) for 10 days post-operatively. Humane endpoints, i.e. the sacrifice of an animal to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain if progression of recovery is unsatisfactory, are realised under the following conditions:
i. If in poor general condition, i.e. the animal is substantially apathetic (no movement after being touched/pushed) and its body surface feels cold despite warming, the animal should be euthanatized immediately
ii. If, on day 4 after transmitter implantation, the animal shows clear signs of apathy, is extremely aggressive or does not show any food intake, it should be euthanatized immediately.
iii. On day 8 after transmitter implantation, the animal has to display a clear increase in body weight in comparison to the preceding post-operative days. Moreover, it has to consume at least 80% of the pre-operative daily food intake. If one of these conditions is not met, the animal should be euthanatized immediately.
At 10 days after implantation, the animal is transferred back to the animal room under standard housing conditions. In case staples have been used, these should be removed 7-10 days after surgery; absorbable sutures have not to be removed. Mice should be housed in compatible groups to allow social interaction and to prevent the adverse effects of long-term individual housing, which can have substantial impacts on the read-out of subsequent experiments8, 9. Mice should have a period of at least 4 weeks convalescence after transmitter implantation before the first experiment is conducted and data acquisition begins.
The 4th paragraph in the Discussion has been updated from:
Aseptic conditions should be maintained during surgery to keep the microbiological burden and the risk of infections low. However, complete sterility cannot be provided because of some specific, sterility conflicting conditions in mice (e.g., cooling effect of extensive hair clipping and disinfection, impracticality of bandages to protect the wounds). Thus, anti-infective prophylaxis is administered during the implantation. Well tailored analgesic treatment and a clearly defined monitoring plan as well as adequate post-operative care play a crucial role in the satisfactory outcome of the experiment.
to:
Aseptic conditions should be maintained during surgery to keep the microbiological burden and the risk of infections low. However, if there are doubts that asepsis was breached because of some specific, sterility conflicting conditions in mice (e.g., cooling effect of extensive hair clipping and disinfection, impracticality of bandages to protect the wounds). Anti-infective prophylaxis should be administered during the implantation. Well-tailored analgesic treatment and a clearly defined monitoring plan as well as adequate post-operative care play a crucial role in the satisfactory outcome of the experiment.

Corrections in the Protocol and Discussion sections have been made to: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

Erratum: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

implantation of radiotelemetry transmitters yielding data on ecg, heart rate, core body temperature and activity in free-moving laboratory mice

עכבר מעבדה הוא מיני בעלי חיים של בחירה עבור מחקר ביו ביותר, הן בתחום האקדמי לבין תעשיית התרופות. עכברים הם בגודל לניהול קל יחסית בבית. גורמים אלה, יחד עם הזמינות של שפע של מוטציות ספונטניות המושרה בניסוי, לעשות עכברי מעבדה אידיאלי למגוון רחב של תחומי מחקר. במחקר לב וכלי דם, תרופתי ו toxicological, מדידה מדויקת של פרמטרים הנוגעים מערכת הדם של חיות מעבדה נדרש לעתים קרובות. קביעת קצב הלב, קצב השתנות הלב, ומשך PQ ומרווחי QT מבוססים על (אק&quot;ג) הקלטות רל. עם זאת, קבלת אמין עקומות א.ק.ג., כמו גם נתונים פיזיולוגיים כגון טמפרטורת הגוף בעכברים יכול להיות קשה תוך שימוש בטכניקות מדידה קונבנציונאלי, הדורשות חיבור חיישנים וחוטים להוביל מאופקת, קשור, או אפילוaesthetized בעלי חיים. נתונים המתקבלים באופן זה יש לפרש בזהירות, שכן ידוע כי מניעה וחומרי הרדמה השפעה רבה על artifactual פיזיולוגיים 1, 2. Radiotelemetry מאפשר לקבל נתונים שנאספו חיות בהכרה ומשוחררת. המדידות ניתן לבצע גם נע בחופשיות בעלי חיים, ללא צורך החוקר להיות בקרבתו של החיה. לפיכך, המקורות הידועים של חפצים נמנעים, מדידות מדויקות ואמינות מובטחים. מתודולוגיה זו גם מפחיתה את השתנות interanimal, ובכך להקטין את מספר בעלי החיים המשמשים, טיוח טכנולוגיה זו השיטה ההומנית ביותר של ניטור פרמטרים פיסיולוגיים בחיות מעבדה 3, 4. התקדמות מתמדת בטכנולוגיות רכישת נתונים המזעור השתל אומר כי ניתן כיום לרשום פרמטרים פיזיולוגיים פעילות של תנועה רציפה בזמן אמת על p עודeriods כגון שעות, ימים או אפילו שבועות 3, 5. כאן, אנו מתארים טכניקה כירורגית להשתלה של משדר טלמטריה זמינים מסחרית המשמש למדידות רציפה של טמפרטורת הליבה הגוף, פעילות של תנועה ו biopotential (כלומר onelead ECG), שממנה קצב הלב, קצב השתנות הלב, PQ ו מרווחי QT ניתן הוקמה בשנת, עכברים freeroaming ומשוחררת. אנו מציגים גם טרום ניתוחית נהלים ופרוטוקולים לטיפול שלאחר הניתוח נמרץ וטיפול בכאב המשפרים התאוששות, רווחה שיעורי ההישרדות של עכברים מושתלים 5, 6.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

טכניקה כירורגית להשתלה של משדרי טלמטריה זמינים מסחרית המשמש למדידה רציפה של biopotential (חד להוביל ECG), קצב הלב, טמפרטורת הגוף הליבה בפעילות של תנועה בעכברים נע בחופשיות מוצג. המלצות פרוטוקולים לטיפול שלאחר הניתוח לבין הקלה על כאב, שיפור התאוששות, הרווחה שיעור ההישרדות מוצגים גם.

השרשה של משדרי Radiotelemetry מניבים נתוני אק&quot;ג, קצב הלב, טמפרטורת הגוף Core ו פעילות חינם נעים עכברי מעבדה

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

implantation-radiotelemetry-transmitters-yielding-data-on-ecg-heart

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

40.3K Views.  University Hospital Zurich. טכניקה כירורגית להשתלה של משדרי טלמטריה זמינים מסחרית המשמש למדידה רציפה של biopotential (חד להוביל ECG), קצב הלב, טמפרטורת הגוף הליבה בפעילות של תנועה בעכברים נע בחופשיות מוצג. המלצות פרוטוקולים לטיפול שלאחר הניתוח לבין הקלה על כאב, שיפור התאוששות, הרווחה שיעור ההישרד?...

Video: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce atherosclerosis (reviewed in 1 and 2). The role of shear stress has been extensively studied in vitro investigating the influence of flow dynamics on cultured endothelial cells 1,3,4 and in vivo in larger animals and humans 1,5,6,7,8. However, highly reproducible small animal models allowing systematic investigation of the influence of shear stress on plaque development are rare. Recently, Nam et al. 9 introduced a mouse model in which the ligation of branches of the carotid artery creates a region of low and oscillatory flow. Although this model causes endothelial dysfunction and rapid formation of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic mice, it cannot be excluded that the observed inflammatory response is, at least in part, a consequence of endothelial and/or vessel damage due to ligation.
In order to avoid such limitations, a shear stress modifying cuff has been developed based upon calculated fluid dynamics, whose cone shaped inner lumen was selected to create defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress within the common carotid artery 10. By applying this model in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high cholesterol western type diet, vascular lesions develop upstream and downstream from the cuff. Their phenotype is correlated with the regional flow dynamics 11 as confirmed by in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 12: Low and laminar shear stress upstream of the cuff causes the formation of extensive plaques of a more vulnerable phenotype, whereas oscillatory shear stress downstream of the cuff induces stable atherosclerotic lesions 11. In those regions of high shear stress and high laminar flow within the cuff, typically no atherosclerotic plaques are observed.
 
In conclusion, the shear stress-modifying cuff procedure is a reliable surgical approach to produce phenotypically different atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice.

The constricting cuff presented in this article is designed to induce atherosclerosis in the murine common carotid artery. Due to the conical shape of its inner lumen the implanted cuff generates well-defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress triggering the development of atherosclerotic lesions of different inflammatory phenotypes.

השרשה של קאף הראש מפעילה שאר מתח טרשת עורקים המושרה עכברים

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce ...

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

With advances in technology, the use of mechanical circulatory support devices for end stage heart failure has rapidly increased. The vast majority of such patients are generally well served by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). However, a subset of patients with late stage biventricular failure or other significant anatomic lesions are not adequately treated by isolated left ventricular mechanical support. Examples of concomitant cardiac pathology that may be better treated by resection and TAH replacement includes: post infarction ventricular septal defect,&#160;aortic root aneurysm / dissection, cardiac allograft failure, massive ventricular thrombus, refractory malignant arrhythmias (independent of filling pressures), hypertrophic / restrictive cardiomyopathy, and complex congenital heart disease. Patients often present with cardiogenic shock and multi system organ dysfunction. Excision of both ventricles and orthotopic replacement with a total artificial heart (TAH) is an effective, albeit extreme, therapy for rapid restoration of blood flow and resuscitation. Perioperative management is focused on end organ resuscitation and physical rehabilitation. In addition to the usual concerns of infection, bleeding, and thromboembolism common to all mechanically supported patients, TAH patients face unique risks with regard to renal failure and anemia. Supplementation of the abrupt decrease in brain natriuretic peptide following ventriculectomy appears to have protective renal effects. Anemia following TAH implantation can be profound and persistent. Nonetheless, the anemia is generally well tolerated and transfusion are limited to avoid HLA sensitization. Until recently, TAH patients were confined as inpatients tethered to a 500 lb pneumatic console driver. Recent introduction of a backpack sized portable driver (currently under clinical trial) has enabled patients to be discharged home and even return to work. Despite the profound presentation of these sick patients, there is a 79-87% success in bridge to transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript is to briefly review indications, management, and outcomes for the total artificial heart. Video operative techniques for device implantation are presented.

השתלת הלב המלאכותי סך SynCardia

With advances in technology, the use of mechanical circulatory support devices for end stage heart failure has rapidly increased. The vast majority of ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential therapies. Given the expense and time involved in creating animal models of disease, it is critical that researchers have tools to accurately assess phenotypic expression of disease. Right ventricular dysfunction is the major manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is the mainstay of the noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function in rodent models and has the advantage of clear translation to humans in whom the same tool is used. Published echocardiography protocols in murine models of PAH are lacking.
In this article, we describe a protocol for assessing RV and pulmonary vascular function in a mouse model of PAH with a dominant negative BMPRII mutation; however, this protocol is applicable to any diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature or right heart. We provide a detailed description of animal preparation, image acquisition and hemodynamic calculation of stroke volume, cardiac output and an estimate of pulmonary artery pressure.

This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

אקו הערכה של הלב הימני בעכברים

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease and injury regional estimates, World Health Organization, 2004). Surgeries that often compromise the quality of life are required to correct heart defects, reminding us of the importance of finding the causes of CHD. Mutant mouse models and live imaging technology have become essential tools to study the etiology of this disease. Although advanced methods allow live imaging of abnormal hearts in embryos, the physiological and hemodynamic states of the latter are often compromised due to surgical and/or lengthy procedures. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging, however, can be used without surgically exposing the embryos, thereby maintaining their physiology. Herein, we use simple M-mode ultrasound to assess heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero. The detection of abnormal heart rates is indeed a good indicator of dysfunction of the heart and thus constitutes a first step in the identification of developmental defects that may lead to heart failure.

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Ultra-high frequency ultrasound is a powerful live imaging tool to examine cardiac abnormalities in small animals. Its noninvasiveness allows maintaining the physiologic state of embryos. Herein, we show the use of M-mode ultrasound to measure the heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero.

במדידת רחם של קצב לב בעכבר על ידי אקו M-המצב פולשנית

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease ...

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital heart disease (CHD), the malformed heart presents a challenge to TAH implantation. 
In the case presented here, a 17 year-old patient with congenital transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) experienced progressively worsening HF due to his congenital condition. He was hospitalized multiple times and received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). However, his condition soon deteriorated to end-stage HF with multisystem organ failure. 
Due to the patient's grave clinical condition and the presence of complex cardiac lesions, the decision was made to proceed with a TAH. The abnormal arrangement of the patient's ventricles and great arteries required modifications to the TAH during implantation.
With the TAH in place, the patient was able to return home and regain strength and physical well-being while awaiting a donor heart. He was successfully bridged to heart transplantation 5 months after receiving the device. This report highlights the TAH is feasible even in patients with structurally abnormal hearts, with technical modification.

This is a case report of a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) who received a total artificial heart (TAH) as a bridge to heart transplant. The TAH was successfully implanted with modifications to accommodate the patient's congenitally malformed heart.

השתלת הלב המלאכותי סך במחלת הלב מולדת

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

פקקת עכבר דגם על עורק ראשי וכלי לפדר מושרה כלוריד Ferric

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

Heterotopic צוואר הרחם לב השתלה בעכברים

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a wide variety of disorders including metabolic diseases, premature aging syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of mitochondrial health depends on mitochondrial biogenesis and the efficient clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy. Experimental methods to accurately detect autophagy/mitophagy, especially in animal models, have been challenging to develop. Recent progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy has enabled the development of novel mitophagy detection techniques. Here, we introduce several versatile techniques to monitor mitophagy in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans (e.g., Rosella and DCT-1/ LGG-1 strains), and mice (mt-Keima). A combination of these mitophagy detection techniques, including cross-species evaluation, will improve the accuracy of mitophagy measurements and lead to a better understanding of the role of mitophagy in health and disease.

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Mitophagy, the process of clearing damaged mitochondria, is necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis and health maintenance. This article presents some of the latest mitophagy detection methods in human cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mice.

במבחנה and In Vivo זיהוי של Mitophagy ב תאים אנושיים, C. Elegansועכברים

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

The technique of sputum induction and processing is a recognized non-invasive method allowing the collection and analysis of cells from the airways, which is interesting in various respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic cough, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This technique is well tolerated, safe and non-invasive, but is currently limited to research services and specialized centers in clinical practice because it is technically demanding, time-consuming, and requires trained staff. The success rate of sputum induction and analysis is about 80%.
Here, we describe the induction and laboratory processing of sputum samples. Sputum is induced by inhalation of hypertonic or isotonic saline with salbutamol. For the processing, we use the whole sputum technique. Dithiothreitol (DTT) is used to allow mucolysis of sputum samples. The primary aim of sputum processing is to obtain a differential cell count to study the cell types present in the airway lumen. Additional analyses may also be performed on sputum supernatant and sputum cells, which may allow further investigation into inflammatory processes and immune mechanisms. Examples include studying mediators in sputum supernatant and performing a large spectrum of analysis on sputum cells such as flow cytometry, genomics, or proteomics.
Finally, representative results of sputum analysis in healthy controls, asthmatics, and COPD patients are presented.

Here we describe the technique of sputum induction. This protocol also explains the sputum processing to perform a differential cell count and to collect sputum supernatant and cells for further analysis.

מתודולוגיה Sputum אינדוקציה ועיבוד מעבדה

The technique of sputum induction and processing is a recognized non-invasive method allowing the collection and analysis of cells from the airways, which ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) is frequently selected to recapitulate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here we present a protocol of SE induction by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine and monitoring of chronic recurring seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram (EEG) system. We demonstrated notable behavioral changes that need attention after pilocarpine injection and their correlation with hippocampal neuronal loss at 7 days and 6 weeks post-pilocarpine. We also describe the experimental procedures of electrode implantation for video and EEG recording, and analysis of the frequency and duration of chronic recurrent seizures. Finally, we discuss the possible reasons why the expected results are not achieved in each case. This provides a basic overview of modeling chronic epilepsy in mice and guidelines for troubleshooting. We believe this protocol can serve as a baseline for suitable models of chronic epilepsy and epileptogenesis.

This manuscript describes a method of inducing status epilepticus by systemic pilocarpine injection and of monitoring spontaneous recurrent seizures in live animals using a wireless telemetry video and electroencephalogram system. This protocol can be utilized for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic epilepsy, epileptogenesis, and acute seizures.

המודל פילוקרפין של אפילפסיה של אונה רקתית EEG ניטור באמצעות מערכת Radiotelemetry בעכברים

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...