Name: rnai mediated gene knockdown and transgenesis by microinjection in the necromenic nematode pristionchus pacificus
Uploaded: 2011-10-16T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus at JoVE.com

המחברים מודים מאוד RJ זומר ו-X וואנג לסיוע עם microinjection, כמו גם הערות תובנה מן הבודקים אנונימי. עבודה זו נתמכת על ידי NIH מענק SC2GM089602.

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	<li>Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. K., Kostas, S. A., Driver, S. E., Mello, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 391, 806-811 (1998).</li><li>Ahringer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+Genetics.">Reverse Genetics.</a> Wormbook. , (2006).</li><li>Mello, C. C., Kramer, J. M., Stinchcomb, D., Ambros, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+in+C.+elegans:+extrachromosomal+maintenance+and+integration+of+transforming+sequences.">Efficient gene transfer in C. elegans: extrachromosomal maintenance and integration of transforming sequences.</a> EMBO J. 10, 3959-3970 (1991).</li><li>Junio, A. J., Li, X., Massery, H. C., Nolan, T. J., Lamitina, S. T., Sundaram, M. V., Lok, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strongyloides+stercoralis:+cell-+and+tissue-specific+transgene+expression+and+co-transformation+with+vector+constructs+incorporating+a+common+multifunctional+3'+UTR.">Strongyloides stercoralis: cell- and tissue-specific transgene expression and co-transformation with vector constructs incorporating a common multifunctional 3' UTR.</a> Exp. Parasitology. 118, 253-265 (2008).</li><li>Schlager, B., Wang, X., Braach, G., Sommer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+cloning+of+a+dominant+roller+mutant+and+establishment+of+DNA-mediated+transformation+in+the+nematode+Pristionchus+pacificus.">Molecular cloning of a dominant roller mutant and establishment of DNA-mediated transformation in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus.</a> Genesis. 47, 300-304 (2009).</li><li>Hong, R. L., Sommer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pristionchus+pacificus:+a+well-rounded+nematode.">Pristionchus pacificus: a well-rounded nematode.</a> Bioessays. 28, 651-659 (2006).</li><li>Hong, R. L., Sommer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemoattraction+in+Pristionchus+nematodes+and+implications+for+insect+recognition.">Chemoattraction in Pristionchus nematodes and implications for insect recognition.</a> Curr. Biol. 16, 2359-2365 (2006).</li><li>Rudel, D., Riebesell, M., Sommer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gonadogenesis+in+Pristionchus+pacificus+and+organ+evolution:+development,+adult+morphology+and+cell-cell+interactions+in+the+hermaphrodite+gonad.">Gonadogenesis in Pristionchus pacificus and organ evolution: development, adult morphology and cell-cell interactions in the hermaphrodite gonad.</a> Dev. Biol. 277, 200-221 (2005).</li><li>Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W., Prasher, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Green+fluorescent+protein+as+a+marker+for+gene+expression.">Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.</a> Science. 11, 802-805 (1994).</li><li>Chaudhuri, J., Parihar, M., Pires-daSilva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Introduction+to+Worm+Lab:+from+Culturing+Worms+to+Mutagenesis.">An Introduction to Worm Lab: from Culturing Worms to Mutagenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2293-e2293 (2011).</li><li>Evans, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+and+Microinjection.">Transformation and Microinjection.</a> Wormbook. , (2006).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

פ אוכלוסיות פקיפיקוס נמצאים בשיתוף הדוק עם מינים שונים חיפושית חיפושית ברחבי העולם הוא נמטודות מודל ביניים בין חיים חופשיים נמטודות טפיליות. כוחה של פ פקיפיקוס כאורגניזם מודל המתעוררים טמון בשילוב של מפות גנטיות הפיזי שלה כי לקדם מיפוי מיקומית של מוט...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><th> המוצר: </th><th> קטלוג #: </th><th> הספק: </th></tr><tr><td> DMI3000 הזרקת מיקרוסקופ </td><td> DMI3000 </td><td> לייקה </td></tr><tr><td> Microinjector מניפולטור (נסיעה ישירה) </td><td> Narashige BC-3 בול משותף </td><td> Tritech מחקר </td></tr><tr><td> מחט פולר </td><td> Narashige PC-10 </td><td> Tritech מחקר </td></tr><tr><td> MicroInjector ™ All-Digital Multi-לחץ מערכת </td><td> Narashige MINJ-D </td><td> Tritech מחקר </td></tr><tr><td> GeneElute ™ היונקים הדנ&quot;א הגנומי Miniprep Kit </td><td> G1N70 </td><td> סיגמא </td></tr><tr><td> pJet שיבוט Jet ערכת </td><td> K1231 </td><td> Fermentas </td></tr><tr><td> GeneJET פלסמיד Miniprep ערכת </td><td> K0502 </td><td> Fermentas </td></tr><tr><td> ה-DNA Clean &amp; מרוכז ™ </td><td> D4005 </td><td> ZYMO מחקר </td></tr><tr><td> BLOCK-IT ™ RNAi Topo ® ערכת שעתוק </td><td> K3500-01 &amp; K3650-01 </td><td> Invitrogen </td></tr><tr><td> אגר Difco ™ נובל </td><td> DF0142-15-2 </td><td> פישר Scientifi </td></tr><tr><td> כיסוי זכוכית מיקרוסקופ (1.5-0.16 עד 0.19mm עבה; גודל: 50 x 45 מ&quot;מ) </td><td> 12-554-F </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr><tr><td> זכוכית נימים (נימה) </td><td> 615000 </td><td> AM מערכות </td></tr><tr><td> שמן פרפין (קשה) </td><td> O122-1 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr><tr><td> KH 2 PO 4 </td><td> P386-500 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr><tr><td> Na 2 HPO 4 </td><td> AC20651-5000 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> BP3581 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr><tr><td> MgSO 4 </td><td> M80-500 </td><td> פישר סיינטיפיק </td></tr></tbody></table>

rnai mediated gene knockdown and transgenesis by microinjection in the necromenic nematode pristionchus pacificus

למרות זאת הוא סביר יותר ויותר עבור אורגניזמים מודל המתעוררים להשיג רצף הגנום לחלוטין, נוסף מעמיק פונקציה גן ומנתח ביטוי על ידי התערבות RNA ו transgenesis יציב להישאר מוגבלת מינים רבים בשל האנטומיה בפרט ביולוגיה תאית מולקולרית של האורגניזם. כך, למשל, מחוץ Caenorhabditis קבוצת כתר הכולל Caenorhabditis elegans 3, המשודר ביציבות קווי מהונדס שאינם Caenorhabditis מינים לא דווחו מערכה זו מטעה (Nematoda), למעט Strongyloides stercoralis 4 ו Pristionchus פקיפיקוס 5. כדי להקל את תפקידו המתרחב של פ פקיפיקוס במחקר של התפתחות, אבולוציה, התנהגות 6-7, נתאר כאן את השיטות הקיימות להשתמש microinjection להכנת חיות טרנסגניות ואת הגן להפיל על ידי RNAi. כמו בלוטות המין של <em&gt; ג elegans ורוב נמטודות אחרים, בלוטות המין של פ פקיפיקוס הוא syncitial ומסוגלים שילוב DNA ו-RNA לתוך ביציות כאשר נמסר על ידי microinjection ישיר. שלא כמו ג elegans עם זאת, transgene ירושה יציבה ביטוי סומטי פ פקיפיקוס דורש תוספת של הדנ&quot;א הגנומי עצמי מעוכל עם endonucleases משלים את הקצוות של transgenes היעד סמנים coinjection 5. תוספת של הדנ&quot;א הגנומי הספק דומה הדרישה לביטוי transgene ב Strongyloides stercoralis 4 והן בתאי הנבט של C. elegans. עם זאת, לא ברור אם דרישה ספציפית של הדנ&quot;א הגנומי שלו של החיות הוא כי פ פקיפיקוס סומה הוא יעיל מאוד השתקת שאינם מורכבים רב להעתיק את הגנים או מערכים extrachromosomal ב P. פקיפיקוס דורשים רצף גנומי להרכבה kinetochore נאות במהלך מיטוזה. ההגירה הגחון של שני חמושים (didelphic) בלוטות המין של הרמפרודיטים מסבכת עוד יותר את היכולת להזריק הן בלוטות המין של תולעים הפרט 8. אנחנו גם מדגימים את השימוש microinjection כדי מציאה מוטציה דומיננטית (הרים, tu92) על ידי הזרקת פעמיים תקועים RNA (dsRNA) לתוך בלוטות המין כדי להשיג ללא גלגול 1 הצאצאים F. שלא כמו ג elegans, אבל כמו נמטודות האחרים, פ &#39; פקיפיקוס PS312 אינו פתוח RNAi מערכתי באמצעות האכלה השריית ולכן dsRNA חייב להיות מנוהל על ידי microinjection לתוך בלוטות המין syncitial. במחקר הנוכחי, אנו מקווים לתאר את התהליך microinjection צורך להפוך האמרגן PPA-EGL-4:: כתב ה-GFP היתוך מציאה הרים דומיננטי PRL-1 (tu92) מוטציה בפרוטוקול מידע חזותי.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus at JoVE.com

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

ב אורגניזמים מודל, transgenesis יכול לתפעל פונקציות גן בעוד RNAi יכול מציאה תעתיקי mRNA ספציפי 1-2. פרוטוקול זה נועד להמחיש את טכניקות צורך להציג DNA מועבר ביציבות וחולפת RNA גדילי כפול לתוך נמטודות necromenic<em&gt; Pristionchus פקיפיקוס</em&gt; ללימודי הביולוגיה האבולוציונית, התפתחותיים, התנהגותיים.

RNAi מתווכת מציאה ין Transgenesis ידי Microinjection ב נמטודות Necromenic Pristionchus פקיפיקוס</em

Although it is increasingly affordable for emerging model organisms to obtain completely sequenced genomes, further in-depth gene function and expression ...

rnai-mediated-gene-knockdown-transgenesis-microinjection-necromenic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

16.4K Views.  California State University. ב אורגניזמים מודל, transgenesis יכול לתפעל פונקציות גן בעוד RNAi יכול מציאה תעתיקי mRNA ספציפי 1-2. פרוטוקול זה נועד להמחיש את טכניקות צורך להציג DNA מועבר ביציבות וחולפת RNA גדילי כפול לתוך נמטודות necromenic Pristionchus פקיפיקוס ללימודי הביולוגיה האבולוציונית, התפתחותיים, הת...

Video: RNAi Mediated Gene Knockdown and Transgenesis by Microinjection in the Necromenic Nematode Pristionchus pacificus

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. This is due to its reproductive behavior: females damage the external surface of fruits and vegetables when they lay eggs and the hatched larvae feed on their pulp. Wild C. capitata populations are traditionally controlled through insecticide spraying and/or eco-friendly approaches, the most successful being the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). The SIT relies on mass-rearing, radiation-based sterilization and field release of males that retain their capacity to mate but are not able to generate fertile progeny. The advent and the subsequent rapid development of biotechnological tools, together with the availability of the medfly genome sequence, has greatly boosted our understanding of the biology of this species. This favored the proliferation of new strategies for genome manipulation, which can be applied to population control.
In this context, embryo microinjection plays a dual role in expanding the toolbox for medfly control. The ability to interfere with the function of genes that regulate key biological processes, indeed, expands our understanding of the molecular machinery underlying medfly invasiveness. Furthermore, the ability to achieve germ-line transformation facilitates the production of multiple transgenic strains that can be tested for future field applications in novel SIT settings. Indeed, genetic manipulation can be used to confer desirable traits that can, for example, be used to monitor sterile male performance in the field, or that can result in early life-stage lethality. Here we describe a method to microinject nucleic acids into medfly embryos to achieve these two main goals.

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a worldwide pest of agriculture. A deeper understanding of its biology is key to control medfly populations and thus reduce economic impact. Embryo microinjection is a fundamental tool allowing both germ-line transformation and reverse genetics studies in this species.

משלוח חומצות גרעין דרך Microinjection העובר חרקי ההדברה החקלאיים ברחבי העולם,<em&gt; זבוב הפירות הים תיכוני</em

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. ...

Genetics

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

התרומם על רגליו אחורי פעמים תקועות מציאת גן בתיווך רנ&quot;א סתר החיפושית,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex determination, venom synthesis, and host-symbiont interactions, among others. A major limitation of working with this organism is the lack of effective protocols to perform directed genome modifications. An important part of genome modification is delivery of editing reagents, including CRISPR/Cas9 molecules, into embryos through microinjection. While microinjection is well established in many model organisms, this technique is particularly challenging to perform in N. vitripennis primarily due to its small embryo size, and the fact that embryonic development occurs entirely within a parasitized blowfly pupa. The following procedure overcomes these significant challenges while demonstrating a streamlined, visual procedure for effectively removing wasp embryos from parasitized host pupae, microinjecting them, and carefully transplanting them back into the host for continuation and completion of development. This protocol will strongly enhance the capability of research groups to perform advanced genome modifications in this organism.

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

Microinjection of Nasonia vitripennis embryos is an essential method for generating heritable genome modifications. Described here is a detailed procedure for microinjection and transplantation of Nasonia vitripennis embryos, which will greatly facilitate future genome manipulation in this organism.

העובר Microinjection, טכניקת ההשתלה מניפולציה הגנום Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex ...

RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is applicable to a wide variety of organisms and is highly efficient in the species-rich order Coleoptera (beetles). Here, we summarize the necessary steps for developing this technique in a novel organism and illustrate its application to the different developmental stages of the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. Target gene sequences can be obtained cost-effectively through the assembly of transcriptomes against a close relative with known genomics or de novo. Candidate gene cloning utilizes a specific cloning vector (the pCR4-TOPO plasmid), which allows the synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for any gene with the use of a single common primer. The synthesized dsRNA can be injected into either embryos for early developmental processes or larvae for later developmental processes. We then illustrate how RNAi can be injected into aquatic larvae using immobilization in agarose. To demonstrate the technique, we provide several examples of RNAi experiments, generating specific knockdowns with predicted phenotypes. Specifically, RNAi for the tanning gene laccase2 leads to cuticle lightening in both larvae and adults, and RNAi for the eye pigmentation gene white produces a lightening/lack of pigmentation in eye tubes. In addition, the knockdown of a key lens protein leads to larvae with optical deficiencies and a reduced ability to hunt prey. Combined, these results exemplify the power of RNAi as a tool for investigating both morphological patterning and behavioral traits in organisms with only transcriptomic databases.

RNA interference is a widely applicable, powerful technique for manipulating gene expression at specific developmental stages. Here, we describe the necessary steps for implementing this technique in the aquatic diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus, from the acquisition of gene sequences to the knockdown of genes that affect structure or behavior.

הפרעות RNA בחפשיות מימיות ככלי רב עוצמה למניפולציה ביטוי גנים בנקודות זמן התפתחותיות ספציפיות

RNA interference (RNAi) remains a powerful technique that allows for the targeted reduction of gene expression through mRNA degradation. This technique is ...

Environment

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is an important pest of corn and is well known for its ability to rapidly adapt to pest management strategies. Although RNA interference (RNAi) has proved to be a powerful tool for studying WCR biology, it has its limitations. Specifically, RNAi itself is transient (i.e. does not result in long-term Mendelian inheritance of the associated phenotype), and it requires knowing the DNA sequence of the target gene. The latter can be limiting if the phenotype of interest is controlled by poorly conserved, or even novel genes, because identifying useful targets would be challenging, if not impossible. Therefore, the number of tools in WCR&#39;s genomic toolbox should be expanded by the development of methods that could be used to create stable mutant strains and enable sequence-independent surveys of the WCR genome. Herein, we detail the methods used to collect and microinject precellular WCR embryos with nucleic acids. While the protocols described herein are aimed at the creation of transgenic WCR, CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing could also be performed using the same protocols, with the only difference being the composition of the solution injected into the embryos.

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Here we present protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular western corn rootworm embryos for the purpose of performing functional-genomic assays such as germline transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing.

Microinjection המערבי תירס Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, העוברים Germline טרנספורמציה או לעריכה של הגנום CRISPR/Cas9

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is an important pest of corn and is well known for its ability to rapidly adapt to pest management strategies. Although ...

Bioengineering

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the triggering of RNA interference (RNAi) in P. maidis through microinjection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into nymphs and adults. Despite the power of RNAi, phenotypes generated via this technique are transient and lack long-term Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, the P. maidis toolbox needs to be expanded to include functional genomic tools that would enable the production of stable mutant strains, opening the door for researchers to bring new control methods to bear on this economically important pest. However, unlike the dsRNAs used for RNAi, the components used in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and germline transformation do not easily cross cell membranes. As a result, plasmid DNAs, RNAs, and/or proteins must be microinjected into embryos before the embryo cellularizes, making the timing of injection a critical factor for success. To that end, an agarose-based egg-lay method was developed to allow embryos to be harvested from P. maidis females at relatively short intervals. Herein are provided detailed protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular P. maidis embryos with CRISPR components (Cas9 nuclease that has been complexed with guide RNAs), and results of Cas9-based gene knockout of a P. maidis eye-color gene, white, are presented. Although these protocols describe CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing in P. maidis, they can also be used for producing transgenic P. maidis via germline transformation by simply changing the composition of the injection solution.

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Herein are protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular corn planthopper embryos for the purpose of modifying their genome via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing or for the addition of marked transposable elements through germline transformation.

מיקרו-הזרקה של תירס פלנטהופר, Peregrinus maidis, עוברים לעריכת גנום CRISPR/Cas9

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the ...

Culturing and Genetically Manipulating Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate parasites of insects that live in the soil. The main characteristic of their life cycle is the mutualistic association with the bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. The nematode parasites are able to locate and enter suitable insect hosts, subvert the insect immune response, and multiply efficiently to produce the next generation that will actively hunt new insect prey to infect. Due to the properties of their life cycle, entomopathogenic nematodes are popular biological control agents, which are used in combination with insecticides to control destructive agricultural insect pests. Simultaneously, these parasitic nematodes represent a research tool to analyze nematode pathogenicity and host anti-nematode responses. This research is aided by the recent development of genetic techniques and transcriptomic approaches for understanding the role of nematode secreted molecules during infection. Here, a detailed protocol on maintaining entomopathogenic nematodes and using a gene knockdown procedure is provided. These methodologies further promote the functional characterization of entomopathogenic nematode infection factors.

Entomopathogenic nematodes live in symbiosis with bacteria and together they successfully infect insects by undermining their innate immune system. To promote research on the genetic basis of nematode infection, methods for maintaining and genetically manipulating entomopathogenic nematodes are described.

תרבות ומניפולציה גנטית של נמטודות אנטומופתוגניות

Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate parasites of insects that live in the soil. The main characteristic ...

Immunology and Infection

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, host-symbiont interactions, speciation, and venom synthesis. Despite the availability of several molecular tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, functional genetic studies are still limited in this organism. The major limitation of applying CRISPR/Cas9 technology in N. vitripennis stems from the challenges of embryonic microinjections. Injections of embryos are particularly difficult in this organism and in general in many parasitoid wasps, due to small embryo size and the requirement of a host pupa for embryonic development. To address these challenges, Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex delivery into female&#160;ovaries by adult injection, rather than embryonic microinjection, was optimized, resulting in both somatic and heritable germline edits. The injection procedures were optimized in pupae and female wasps using either ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) or BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules). These methods are shown to be effective alternatives to embryo injection, enabling site-specific and heritable germline mutations.

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Here, we describe methods for efficient pupal and adult injections in Nasonia vitripennis as accessible alternatives to embryo microinjection, enabling functional analysis of genes of interest using either RNA-silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) or gene knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

זריקות פואפאל ומבוגרים לעריכת גנים RNAi ו- CRISPR בנסוניה ויטריפניס

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

Application of RNA Interference in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of pine trees. Despite the recognition of their economic and environmental significance, it has thus far been impossible to study the detailed gene functions of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) using conventional forward genetics and transgenic methods. However, as a reverse genetics technology, RNA interference (RNAi) facilitates the study of the functional genes of nematodes, including B. xylophilus. 
This paper outlines a new protocol for RNAi of the ppm-1 gene in B. xylophilus, which has been reported to play crucial roles in the development and reproduction of other pathogenic nematodes. For RNAi, the T7 promoter was linked to the 5&#8242;-terminal of the target fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized by in vitro transcription. Subsequently, dsRNA delivery was accomplished by soaking the nematodes in a dsRNA solution mixed with synthetic neurostimulants. Synchronized juveniles of B. xylophilus (approximately 20,000 individuals) were washed and soaked in dsRNA (0.8 &#181;g/mL) in the soaking buffer for 24 h in the dark at 25 &#176;C.
The same quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer without dsRNA as a control. Meanwhile, another identical quantity of nematodes was placed in a soaking buffer with green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene dsRNA as a control. After soaking, the expression level of the target transcripts was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The effects of RNAi were then confirmed using microscopic observation of the phenotypes and a comparison of the body size of the adults among the groups. The current protocol can help advance research to better understand the functions of the genes of B. xylophilus and other parasitic nematodes toward developing control strategies through genetic engineering.

Application of RNA Interference in the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Here, we introduce a detailed soaking method of RNA interference in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to facilitate the study of gene functions.

יישום של הפרעת RNA בנמטודת אורן, בורסהפלנצ'וס קסילופילוס

The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive invasive species worldwide, causing the wilting and eventual death of ...

RNAi in C. elegans

RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely used technique in which double stranded RNA is exogenously introduced into an organism, causing knockdown of a target gene. In the nematode, C. elegans, RNAi is particularly easy and effective because it can be delivered simply by feeding the worms bacteria that express double stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is complementary to a gene of interest. First, this video will introduce the concept of RNA interference and explain how it causes targeted gene knockdown. Then, we will demonstrate a protocol for using RNAi in C. elegans, which includes preparation of the bacteria and RNAi worm plates, culturing of the worms, and how to assess the effects of RNAi on the worms. RNAi is frequently used to perform reverse genetic screens in order to reveal which genes are important to carry out specific biological processes. Furthermore, automated reverse genetic screens allow for the efficient knockdown and analysis of a large collection of genes. Lastly, RNAi is often used to study the development of C. elegans. Since its discovery, scientists have used RNAi to make tremendous progress on the understanding of many biological phenomena.

RNA Interference RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans

RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely used technique in which double stranded RNA is exogenously introduced into an organism, causing knockdown of a target ...

RNAi מתווכת מציאה ין Transgenesis ידי Microinjection ב נמטודות Necromenic Pristionchus פקיפיקוס

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משלוח חומצות גרעין דרך Microinjection העובר חרקי ההדברה החקלאיים ברחבי העולם,

התרומם על רגליו אחורי פעמים תקועות מציאת גן בתיווך רנ"א סתר החיפושית,