עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקו על ידי CSIC (אני + D פרויקט C022) וPEDECIBA. המחברים מבקשים להודות לMariela Bollati ולנטינה Porro מיחידת הביולוגיה של התא (המכון פסטר דה מונטבידאו) לשיתוף הפעולה הנדיב שלהם בנוגע לסדרן תא MoFlo, וMerial-מונטווידאו לעדינות מספק את כל הדגימות שרקנו המשמשות בפרויקט זה. איור 1 שוחזר באישור ביומד המרכזי; איורים 2 ו -3, ולוח 1 באישורו של ס &#39;Karger AG, באזל, ואיורים 4 ו -5 היו לשכפל או מותאמים באישור של John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc (זכויות יוצרים שבבעלות Wiley- בלקוול, 2011).

1. הכנת השעיות תא <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להקריב את הדגימה לשימוש בעקבות ההמלצות של הוועדות המיוחדות כגון IACUC (או שווה ערך באורוגוואי, הוועדה הלאומית לניסויים בבעלי החיים [CNEA]). במקרה שלנו, ממנת יתר של pentobarbital היה מנוהל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח את האשכים בעקבות נהלים שאושרו סטנדרטיים ומניחים אותם בצלחת פטרי זכוכית 96 מ&quot;מ על קרח, המכיל 10 מ&quot;ל של DMEM קר כקרח בתוספת 10% נסיוב עגל עוברי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר albuginea Tunica ולחתוך את האשכים decapsulated לחתיכות מרובעות של 2 - 3 מ&quot;מ בכל צד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חלקים אלה מעובדים מכן בMedimachine, מטחנה מכאנית אוטומטית שבו הרקמה מפוצלת בתוך יחידה חד פעמית המכילה מסך נירוסטה מחורר והרוטור מתכת. כדי לעשות זאת, מקום 1 מ&quot;ל של קר בתוספת DMEM ו4 - 5 החלקים הללו ביחידת 50 מיקרומטר חד פעמית, לעבור על disaggregator, ותהליך<html> 50 שניות לביצוע ההוראות הפשוטות מהיצרן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשחזר את ההשעיה תא וכתוצאה מיחידת disaggregation באמצעות 3 - 5 מ&quot;ל במזרק ללא מחט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסנן דרך רשת ניילון מיקרומטר 50, ספגה בעבר עם 0.5 מ&quot;ל DMEM בתוספת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סנן את ההשעיה שוב באמצעות רשת ספוגה 25 מיקרומטר ניילון, ומניח על קרח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לספור בתא נויבאואר ולהתאים את הריכוז סלולרי ל1 - 2 x 10 7 תאים / מ&quot;ל עם DMEM בתוספת. לפחות 4 x 10 7 תאים / גרם חומר אשך בדרך כלל מתקבלים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לבסוף, להוסיף ל&quot;ד (2-naphthol-6 ,8-disulfonic חומצה, מלח dipotassium) לריכוז סופי של 0.2% על מנת למנוע הצטברויות תא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אופציונלי: לבדוק כדאיות תא של השעיות תא אשכים עם ערכת כדאיות זמינה מסחרי לתאים של בעלי חיים, בעקבות הוראות יצרן. </li></ol> 2. ניתוח תזרים cytometric ve_content &quot;&gt; השתמשנו cytometer זרימת FACSVantage בקטון דיקינסון-מצוידים בליזר יון ארגון קוהירנט מכוון לפלוט ב 488 ננומטר לניתוח תאים מוכתם בריכוזים גבוהים של יודיד propidium (PI). (הנושא של כניסה לצרכן מבולבל תאים תחת לחץ כבר התייחסו במקום אחר 9,10). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עבור מכתים PI, להוסיף fluorochrome בריכוז סופי של 50 מיקרוגרם / מ&quot;ל ​​להשעית התא, ודגירה במשך 10 דקות ב 0 מעלות צלזיוס בחושך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כוח לייזר מוגדר 100 מגה ואט ולעבור סינון להקה 575/26 משמש לאיסוף הקרינה נפלטת-PI בfl2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אנו מבצעים מדידות FC עם זרבובית 70 מיקרומטר. למיון אוכלוסיות spermatocyte, קבע מיון במצב רגיל-R או רגיל-C, באמצעות 3 טיפות ממוינות כמו מעטפה. שמרו על מדגם וצינורות איסוף ב3 - 4 מעלות צלזיוס באמצעות יחידת קירור. התאם ההפרש מדגם לנתח תאים בשיעור של 500 עד 1,500 לשנייה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השתמש בתוכנת CellQuest (BD) כדי לנתחאת הפרמטרים הבאים: פיזור קדימה (FSC-H); פיזור צד (SSC-H); הקרינה נפלטת כוללת או דופק אזור (fl2-), ומשך זמן של פליטת הקרינה או דופק ברוחב (fl2-W). </li></ol> לחלופין, יש לנו מועסקים צבע Hoechst החיוני 33342 לריכוז סופי של 5 מיקרוגרם / מ&quot;ל ​​וטופחו במשך 10 דקות ב 37 מעלות צלזיוס בחושך. ניתוח תא בוצע באמצעות Cytometer MoFlo (DakoCytomation) המצוידים בהפעלת לייזר באורך גל עירור UV בMW 25 ובאמצעות זרבובית 70 מיקרומטר. מניפולציה של נתונים בוצעה עם תוכנת פסגת v4.3 (DakoCytomation).

<ol>
	<li>Meistrich, M. L., Prescott, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+spermatogenic+cells+and+nuclei+from+rodent+testes.">Separation of spermatogenic cells and nuclei from rodent testes.</a> Methods of Cell Biology. 15, 15-54 (1977).</li><li>Lam, D. M. K., Furrer, R., Bruce, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+separation,+physical+characterization,+and+differentiation+kinetics+of+spermatogonial+cells+of+the+mouse.">The separation, physical characterization, and differentiation kinetics of spermatogonial cells of the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 65, 192-199 (1970).</li><li>Romrell, L. J., Bellve, A. R., Fawcet, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+sedimentation+velocity.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by sedimentation velocity.</a> Dev. Biol. 19, 119-131 (1976).</li><li>Geisinger, A., Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+for+gene+expression+studies+in+mammalian+spermatogenesis.">Flow cytometry for gene expression studies in mammalian spermatogenesis.</a> Cytogenet. Genome Res. 128, 46-56 (2010).</li><li>Getun, I. V., Torres, B., Bois, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+purification+of+mouse+meiotic+cells.">Flow cytometry purification of mouse meiotic cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (50), e2602 (2011).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+velocity+sedimentation.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by velocity sedimentation.</a> J. Cell Physiol. 80, 299-312 (1972).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L., Bruce, W. R., Clermont, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+composition+of+fractions+of+mouse+testis+cells+following+velocity+sedimentation+separation.">Cellular composition of fractions of mouse testis cells following velocity sedimentation separation.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 79, 213-227 (1973).</li><li>Malkov, M., Fisher, Y., Don, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+schedule+of+the+postnatal+rat+testis+determined+by+flow+cytometry.">Developmental schedule of the postnatal rat testis determined by flow cytometry.</a> Biol. Rep. 59, 84-92 (1998).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., Santi&#241;aque, F., L&#243;pez, B., Folle, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-purity+flow+sorting+of+early+meiocytes+based+on+DNA+analysis+of+guinea+pig+spermatogenic+cells.">High-purity flow sorting of early meiocytes based on DNA analysis of guinea pig spermatogenic cells.</a> Cytometry A. 79, 625-634 (2011).</li><li>Davey, H. M., Hexley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+but+not+dead?+Membranes+of+stressed+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+are+permeable+to+propidium+iodide.">Red but not dead? Membranes of stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae are permeable to propidium iodide.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 13, 163-171 (2011).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., L&#243;pez-Carro, B., Porro, V., Wettstein, R., Folle, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-fast+and+optimized+method+for+the+preparation+of+rodent+testicular+cells+for+flow+cytometric+analysis.">Ultra-fast and optimized method for the preparation of rodent testicular cells for flow cytometric analysis.</a> Biol. Proced. Online. 11, 184-195 (2009).</li><li>Span&#242;, M., Evenson, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+for+reproductive+biology.">Flow cytometric analysis for reproductive biology.</a> Biol Cell. 78, 53-62 (1993).</li></ol>

השיטה האופטימלית המתוארת כאן מאפשרת הכנה של השעיות תא מרקמת אשך מכרסם בדרך מהירה ולשעתק מאוד, הימנעות מטיפול אנזים וחומר ניקוי ושמירה על שלמות תא טובה ופרופורציות סוג. קיצורו של הנוהל (תוחלת 15 דקות כוללת נתיחת אשך, חיתוך רקמות, ועיבוד), הטיפול מינימאלי המעורבים, והיעד...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medimachine system</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340587</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medicon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340591</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filcon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340603</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>430-2100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal calf serum</td>
 <td>PAA</td>
 <td>A11-151</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NDA</td>
 <td>Chemos BmbH</td>
 <td>277081</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hoechst 33342</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>14533</td>
 <td>Stock solution 5 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium iodide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>287075</td>
 <td>Stock solution 1 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 50 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

simple and efficient technique for the preparation of testicular cell suspensions

אשכים יונקים הם איברים מורכבים מאוד המכילים יותר מ -30 סוגי תאים שונים, כוללים תאים הסומטיים אשכים ושלבים של תאי germline שונים. ההטרוגניות הזאת היא חסרון מהותי הנוגע למחקר מהבסיסים של spermatogenesis יונקים, כפי שאוכלוסיות תאים טהורות או מועשרת בשלבים מסוימים של התפתחות זרע יש צורך ברוב הניתוחים מולקולריים 1. אסטרטגיות שונות כגון 2,3 Staput, elutriation צנטריפוגלי 1, וcytometry הזרימה (FC) 4,5 להיות מועסקת להשיג אוכלוסיות תאי אשכים מועשרים או מטוהרים על מנת לאפשר ביטוי במחקרי גן דיפרנציאלי. נדרש כי תאים בתרחיף עבור רוב ההעשרה / טיהור גישות. באופן אידיאלי, את ההשעיה התא תהיה נציג של הרקמה המקורית, יש שיעור גבוה של תאי קיימא וכמה multinucleates - שנוטים להיווצר בגללטבע סינסיציאלי של האפיתל seminiferous 6,7 - וגושי תאי חוסר 1. דיווחים קודמים שמעידים כי השעיות תא אשכים שהוכנו על ידי שיטה מכאנית באופן בלעדי בכבדות בקלות רבה יותר מאשר אלה trypsinized 1. מצד השני, טיפולים אנזימטיים עם RNases ו / או אנזימי ריסוק כמו טריפסין וcollagenase להוביל לפירוק מולקולות ספציפי, אשר אינו רצוי עבור יישומים במורד הזרם מסוימים. התהליך האידיאלי צריך להיות קצר ככל האפשר, וכרוך במניפולציה מינימאלית, כדי להשיג שימור טוב של מולקולות של עניין, כגון mRNAs. פרוטוקולים הנוכחיים להכנת תאים מרקמות מוצקות מתלים הם בדרך כלל זמן רב, מאוד תלויים במפעיל, ועלולים לפגוע באופן סלקטיבי תאים מסוגים מסוימים 1,8. הפרוטוקול המובא כאן משלב את היתרונות של disaggregation מכאני לשעתקו מאוד וקצר מאוד עםbsence האנזימטית של טיפול, מה שמוביל להשעיות תא באיכות טובות, שניתן להשתמש בם לניתוח תזרים cytometric ומיון 4, ומחקרי ביטוי גנים נסתרים 9.

דוגמה של השעיה תא היטב פירוט רחב מאשכי עכברים שהוכנו עם הפרוטוקול המתואר כאן מוצגת באיור 1. בהשוואה לטיפולים אנזימטיות 6,8 ולשיטות שתוארו לעיל disaggregation מכאניים 2, אחד המוצג כאן הוא הרבה יותר מהר, כרוך בפחות טיפו?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions at JoVE.com

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

פרוטוקול חדש להכנה מכאנית של השעיות אשכים סלולריים מחומר מכרסם, הימנעות אנזימים וחומרי ניקוי, מתואר. השיטה היא מאוד פשוטה, מהירה, לשחזור, והופכת השעיות תא באיכות טובות, אשר מתאימות למיון זרימה ומיצוי RNA.

טכניקה פשוטה ויעילה להכנת השעיות תא אשכים

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

simple-efficient-technique-for-preparation-testicular-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.6K Views.  Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE). פרוטוקול חדש להכנה מכאנית של השעיות אשכים סלולריים מחומר מכרסם, הימנעות אנזימים וחומרי ניקוי, מתואר. השיטה היא מאוד פשוטה, מהירה, לשחזור, והופכת השעיות תא באיכות טובות, אשר מתאימות למיון זרימה ומיצוי RNA.

Video: Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Spleen with the gentleMACS Dissociator

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual dissociations the gentleMACS Dissociator allows one to dissociate tissue very efficiently under controlled and reproducible conditions.  The gentleMACS Dissociator can optimally dissociate mouse spleen, combining timesaving and standardization with user-safety.

This video describes how to dissociate mouse spleens using the gentleMACS Dissociator, an automated bench-top device that can mechanically disrupt tissues using special tubes to produce viable cell suspensions. Following dissociation, spleens are filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended for further applications.

This video describes a simple, time-saving technique for automated tissue dissociation using the gentleMACS Dissociator to prepare single-cell suspensions of mouse splenocytes.

הכנת תא בודד השעיות מן הטחול עכבר עם Dissociator gentleMACS

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual ...

Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of dissociating whole organs requires specific parameters in order to obtain a high number of viable cells in a reproducible manner. The gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. The instrument contains pre-programmed settings that are optimized for the efficient but gentle dissociation of a variety of tissue types, including mouse lungs. In this publication the use of the gentleMACS Dissociator on lung tissue derived from mice is demonstrated.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue agitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on lung tissue is explained.

הכנה סטנדרטית של תא בודד השעיות מתוך רקמת הריאה באמצעות עכבר Dissociator gentleMACS

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of ...

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fibroblasts and endothelial colony-forming cells with platelets activated by thrombin3-5 or lysed by freeze/thaw cycles6-14 before the platelet releasate is added to the cell culture medium. The trophic effect of platelet derived growth factors has already been tested in several trials for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.1,15-17 Varying efficiency is considered to be at least in part due to individually divergent concentrations of growth factors18,19 and a current lack of standardized protocols for platelet preparation.15,16 This protocol presents a practicable procedure to generate a pool of human platelet lysate (pHPL) derived from routinely produced platelet rich plasma (PRP) of forty to fifty single blood donations. By several freeze/thaw cycles the platelet membranes are damaged and growth factors are efficiently released into the plasma. Finally, the platelet fragments are removed by centrifugation to avoid extensive aggregate formation and deplete potential antigens. The implementation of pHPL into standard culture protocols represents a promising tool for further development of cell therapeutics propagated in an animal protein-free system.

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Human platelet lysate is a rich source of growth factors and a potent supplement in cell culture. This protocol presents the process of preparing a large pool of human platelet lysate by starting from platelet rich plasma, performing several freeze-thaw cycles and depleting the platelet fragments.

הכנת lysate משולב טסיות דם האדם (pHPL) כתוסף יעיל עבור בעלי חיים סרום ללא בתרביות תאים האדם גזע

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells are inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid or IP6). IP5 and IP6 are the precursors of inositol pyrophosphate molecules that contain one or more pyrophosphate bonds1. Phosphorylation of IP6 generates diphoshoinositolpentakisphosphate (IP7 or PP-IP5) and bisdiphoshoinositoltetrakisphosphate (IP8 or (PP)2-IP4). Inositol pyrophosphates have been isolated from all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. In addition, the two distinct classes of enzymes responsible for inositol pyrophosphate synthesis are highly conserved throughout evolution2-4.
The IP6 kinases (IP6Ks) posses an enormous catalytic flexibility, converting IP5 and IP6 to PP-IP4 and IP7 respectively and subsequently, by using these products as substrates, promote the generation of more complex molecules5,6. Recently, a second class of pyrophosphate generating enzymes was identified in the form of the yeast protein VIP1 (also referred as PP-IP5K), which is able to convert IP6 to IP7 and IP87,8.
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate many disparate cellular processes such as insulin secretion9, telomere length10,11, chemotaxis12, vesicular trafficking13, phosphate homeostasis14 and HIV-1 gag release15. Two mechanisms of actions have been proposed for this class of molecules. They can affect cellular function by allosterically interacting with specific proteins like AKT16. Alternatively, the pyrophosphate group can donate a phosphate to pre-phosphorylated proteins17. The enormous potential of this research field is hampered by the absence of a commercial source of inositol pyrophosphates, which is preventing many scientists from studying these molecules and this new post-translational modification. The methods currently available to isolate inositol pyrophosphates require sophisticated chromatographic apparatus18,19. These procedures use acidic conditions that might lead to inositol pyrophosphate degradation20 and thus to poor recovery. Furthermore, the cumbersome post-column desalting procedures restrict their use to specialized laboratories.
In this study we describe an undemanding method for the generation, isolation and purification of the products of the IP6-kinase and PP-IP5-kinases reactions. This method was possible by the ability of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to resolve highly phosphorylated inositol polyphosphates20. Following IP6K1 and PP-IP5K enzymatic reactions using IP6 as the substrate, PAGE was used to separate the generated inositol pyrophosphates that were subsequently eluted in water.

Inositol pyrophosphates play an important role in human pathologies such cancer, diabetes and obesity; however, the exact mechanism of action is a matter of dispute. The lack of commercially available inositol pyrophosphates renders detailed studies problematic. Here we describe a simple protocol to produce and isolate milligrams of inositol pyrophosphates.

הכנת Pyrophosphates אינוסיטול איכות

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells ...

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

מדידה של pH vacuolar וCytosolic<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; בהשעיות תא שמרים

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

דור יעיל iPS תא מהדם באמצעות Episomes וHDAC המעכבים

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.

This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

ביטוי יעיל יונקים ניידים וטיהור חד צעד של תאי גליקופרוטאינים להתגבשות

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

ניתוח של המתלים תא מבודד מרקמות Solid ידי זרימת cytometry ספקטרלי

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

שיטה פשוטה ויעילה In Vivo מניפולציה ג'ין ספציפיות הלב באמצעות הזרקת Intramyocardial בעכברים

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

בדיקת כימוטקסיס משופרת לזיהוי מהיר של כימותרפים ריזובקטריאליים באקסודות שורש

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...