המחברים מבקשים להודות גידו ורהובן ולודו Deboel, לובן, שהיו מאוד מועילים בהקמת הבידוד של תאי Sertoli העיקרי במעבדת מיינהרדט בגיסן. מוניקה Fijak, גיסן, הוא הודה על עזרתה עם דמות 1A וייעוץ. מחקרים נתמכו דויטשה Forschungsgemeinschaft דרך מענק BH 93 / 1-1 (SB) ומימון של גיסן JLU מכללת בוגר המחקר הבינלאומי (גרמניה) / אוניברסיטת מונש (מלבורן, אוסטרליה) GRK 1871 (SB). תמיכה הושג גם ממענק של מדינת הסן בתוכנית &quot;לנדס-התקפי zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz&quot; (LOEWE) בשם &quot;Männliche Infertilität bei Infektion &amp; Entzündung&quot; (MIBIE).

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החוקרים אין לי מה לחשוף.

The seminiferous tubules are bounded by a circular layer of peritubular cells and a basal lamina on the luminal side. Sertoli cells are resting on the basal lamina, establish the blood testis barrier through formation of occluding junctions between adjacent cells and provide the structural framework for the organisation of the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cells and adjacent spermatogenic cells maintain intimate contacts throughout germ cell development providing physical contact and communication alike. Therefore, wh...

האשכים לייצר גמטות הורמונים זכריים מינית, כלומר, אנדרוגנים. האורגן מורכב משני תאים. בתא ביניים, המייצג כ 10-12% של נפח האשכים הכולל 1, steroidogenesis מתרחש בתוך התאים ליידיג. תא צינורי מייצג כ 60-80% מנפח האשכים 1 ומכיל בתאי הנבט שני סוגים של תאים סומטיים - תאים פריטובולרית והפרשה תאי Sertoli. לאשכים מחולקים septa רקמת חיבור לתוך 250-300 אוניות, שכל אחת מהן מכיל 1-3 מאוד ראשוני באבוביות מפותל. Tubules אלה מוקפים על ידי קרום בסיס, גיליון קולגן, ושכבה היקפי של תאי peritubular (איור 1 א). אפיתל הנבטי ממוקם בצד luminal של קרום הבסיס. תאי Sertoli הם תאים מאורכים גדולים כי ההיקף האפיתל נבטי כולו מן הקרום הבסיסי אל לומן. הם מאוד attכאב קרום הבסיס ויוצר גיליון הסלולר מתמשך דרך צומת הדוקים basolateral מאורגנות חוסם האפיתל הנבטי מן interstitium ומייצג את מחסום הדם-האשך. יש תאים Sertoli תחזיות ציטופלסמית בולטות והשלכות המאפשרות להם להגיע במגע מורפולוגית ופונקציונלי הדוקים עם מספר מינים ספציפיים אך קבוע של תאים ניבטו. תאי גזע נבטי דיפלואידי להתרבות להתמיין spermatogonia. במהלך המיוזה שאני קצר מועד spermatocytes tetraploid נוצרות המתפתחים נוספים לארבעה spermatids הפלואידים במהלך המיוזה השנייה. כל תאי נבט הם מחוברים על ידי גשרים ציטופלסמית כך שהם יוצרים רשת הסלולר. האירוע העיקרי בתקופת הבשלה של spermatids הוא שהחול של חלקים גדולים של הציטופלסמה, ויצר גופים שיורית, בתהליך הנקרא spermiogenesis. גופי שייר נבחנים phagocytosed ידי תאי Sertoli. spermatids מאוחר ואז משתחררת לתוךלומן הצינור והובל אל יותרת האשך עבור התבגרות נוספת. תאי Sertoli ו בתאי הנבט להופיע לתאם spermatogenesis הדדית טופוגרפית והן מבחינה תפקודית. הכנת סוגי תאי אשכים בודדים נכתבה לפני כמעט מאה שנה כאשר חתיכות אשכים קטנות עובדו סוגי תאים המזוהים על ידי מיקרוסקופ 2. על ידי דיסקציה זהירה של tubules לאחר פתיחת Tunica albuginea באמצעות מלקחיים קנס שקצהו אפשר היה מאוחר להפריד צינורי ותאים ביניים 3. בשנת 1975 וולשית ו וויב הציגה טיפול collagenase כדי לשחרר את tubules מ דבקות רקמת ביניים טיפול pancreatin להסרת שכבת התאים peritubular החיצוני 4. משחר נעוריה חולדות צעירים לא מפותחות (סביב 20 ימים) נוצלו שבה תא Sertoli מהווה חלק הגדול של אוכלוסיית צינורי התא כי spermatogenesis טרם החל. בשעה זו Sert עכברוש גילoli התאים מפסיקים להתחלק, צמתים הדוקים בין תאים שכנים ליצור כך את מחסום הדם-testis מוקמת 5. המבקר של וולשית ו וויב Dorrington et al. הציג שילוב של טריפסין deoxyribonuclease ואחריו מעכב soybeen טריפסין וטיפול collagenase שפורסם באותה שנה 6. שתי הקבוצות גם השתמשו בכוח מכני (ציור שברי צינורי מתעכל שוב ושוב באמצעות מחט מזרק או פיפטה פסטר בהתאמה) כדי לייצר ההשעיה תא הומוגנית ציפוי המכיל כ 70% תאים Sertoli. לאחר 3 ימים בתרבות, באמצעות מדיום זה סרום ללא, באחוז התאים Sertoli מגדילה בכ -90%. זה יכול להיות מיוחס בעיקר מותו של זיהום בתאי הנבט. תאי peritubular שיורים (PTCs), לעומת זאת, להישאר מחוברים היטב באמצעות תאי מטריקס שלהם. PTCs, אבל לא התאים Sertoli, ידועים לייצרפיברונקטין שיכולים לשמש חלבון סמן להערכת זיהום עם PTCs. לכן, טונג ואח. מנומק כי טיפול hyaluronidase נוסף עשוי לשפר את הטוהר של שבר 7 תא סרטולי. ואכן הם יכולים להראות כי טיפול נוסף הצליח להפחית את הזיהום על ידי PTCs כ פי 20, אשר הופך בולט במיוחד כאשר בהשוואה מדיום סרום המכיל משמש לטיפוח התאים Sertoli מטוהרים. מכאן ואילך נוהל משופר ואח טונג. הפך פרוטוקול הרווח וכן נעשה שימוש נרחב על ידי קבוצות גדולות אחרות בתחום 8 (איור 1 ב). במהלך טיפול collagenase רוב PTCs משתחררים ניתן לבודד במקביל לתאי Sertoli. והואיל PTCs במרץ להתרבות אינו מגיב הורמון מגרה זקיק (FSH), תאי Sertoli אינם עוברים מיטוזה יותר ולהגיב FSH ידי שינויים מורפולוגיים מאפייןוגידול monophosphate המחזורית אדנוזין (cAMP) ריכוז 9. מאוד דומה פרוטוקולים עיכול אנזימטי יכול לשמש עבור בידוד של תאים Sertoli העיקרי מבעלי חיים אחרים כמו גבר 10, עכבר 11,12, אוגר סיבירי 13 או יאק 14. למען הסר כמויות גדולות של זיהום בתאי הנבט הלם hypotonic יכול להיות מועסק בסוף ההליך בבידוד 15. זה מאפשר גם בידוד יעיל של תאים Sertoli מן החולדה למבוגרים האשכים 16. השעית תא סרטולי מועשרת יכולה גם להפריד בתאי ניבט ידי ציפוי ההשעיה על מנות לקטינים מצופים ב&quot;דאטורה Stramonium agglutinin 17. רק תאי Sertoli וכמה PTCs שיורית לדבוק צלחות לקטינים. בתרביות תאים ראשוניים Sertoli, בעיקר מן החולדה, שימשו בתחילה על חקירת היענות להורמונים או הקמת שורות תאים כמו li תא העכבר Sertoline TM4 18. שורת תאים זו נחקרה יותר ממאה מחקרים עד היום. בגישה translational תאי Sertoli כבר נוצלו למטרות הגנה חיסונית של תאי שיתוף תרבותיים ורקמות כמו שיתוף השתלת איי לבלב xeno- או אלוגנאית להישרדות שתל לטווח ארוך ללא דיכוי חיסוני מערכתי 19. תאי Sertoli מבודד גם שימשו בניסויים לתרבות משותפת ללימוד-mesenchymal אפיתל (תאים Sertoli - PTCc) ואת תא סומטי-נבט (תאים Sertoli - תאי נבט) אינטראקציות 20, 21. לאחרונה תאי Sertoli ראשיים הועסק על חקירת הביטוי של קולטנים דמוי אגרה ואת הפרשת ציטוקינים מעודדי דלקת וכן מפלי הולכת אותות המוביל ציטוקינים הביטוי בעקבות זיהום עם א פתוגניים ו uropathogenic coli 22. חקירות אחרות האחרונות השתמשו בתאי Sertoli ללימוד p אשכים חיסונייםrivilege 23 והוכיח כי טיפול מקדים טסטוסטרון מדכא את התגובה הדלקתית נגרם LPS 24.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Actin (smooth muscle) antibody clone 1A4</td><td>Dako</td><td>M0851</td><td>Monoclonal mouse anti human antibody.&lt;br/&gt; Use 1:100 dilution for immunofluorescence.</td></tr><tr><td>Albumin bovine fraction V&lt;br/&gt; Standard grade, lyophilized</td><td>Serva</td><td>11930.04</td><td>Filter (0.45 &amp;micro;m) BSA solutions used for immunofluorescence.</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Cell Strainers 70&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td><td>Corning</td><td>431751</td><td>White color</td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase A from&lt;em&gt; Clostridium histolyticum&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Roche</td><td>10103586001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI mountant ProLong Gold Antifade</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>P-36931</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-glucose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G8644</td><td>100 g/L</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;acute;s PBS without Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;/Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14190-094</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase I</td><td>Roche</td><td>10104159001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electron microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>EM 109S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axioplan 2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hyaluronidase from bovine testis</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted light microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>CKX41</td><td>Routine cell culture microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IgG / IgM (H+L) polyclonal&lt;br/&gt; secondary Antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>A-10684</td><td>Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td></tr><tr><td>Oil Red O</td><td>Sigma</td><td>O0625</td><td>Has replaced Sudan III and Sudan IV because of brighter color.</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin (5,000&amp;nbsp;U/ml)/&lt;br/&gt; Streptomycin (5,000 &amp;micro;g/ml)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15070-063</td><td>100x solution</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI-1640</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21875-034</td><td>Contains 300 mg/L L-glutamine</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin from porcine pancreas</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T5266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Stain (0.4%)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin inhibitor from soybean</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T6522</td><td>The Sigma product is considerably cheaper than the previously used&lt;br/&gt; BPTI (Aprotinin) from Roche.</td></tr><tr><td>Vimentin antibody (V9)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>V6630</td><td>Monoclonal mouse anti pig vimentin antibody.&amp;nbsp; Use 1:100 dilution for immunofluorescence.</td></tr><tr><td>Wistar WU rats</td><td>Charles River</td><td></td><td>Should be 19 days old on day of experiment.</td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of sertoli cells and peritubular cells from rat testes

לאשכים, ובפרט הגמטות הזכריות, קורא תיגר על המערכת החיסונית בדרך ייחודית שהזרע הבדיל מופיעים לראשונה בזמן גיל ההתבגרות - יותר מעשר שנים אחרי הקמת סובלנות החיסונית מערכתית. תאים Spermatogenic להביע מספר חלבונים שעשויים להיראות כמו מה שאינו עצמי על ידי המערכת החיסונית. לאשכים חייב אז יוכלו להקים סובלנות לאנטיגנים-ניאו אלה מצד אחד אך עדיין להיות מסוגל להגן על עצמה מפני זיהומים התפתחות גידולים מצד שני. לכן האשכים הם אחד כמה אתרים חסויים חיסוניים בגוף לסבול אנטיגנים זרים מבלי לעורר תגובה חיסונית דלקתית מזיקה. תאי Sertoli לשחק תפקיד מפתח לשמירה על הסביבה חסויה חיסונית זו של אשכים וגם להאריך הישרדות של תאי cotransplanted בסביבת זרה. לכן התאים Sertoli העיקריים הם כלי חשוב ללימוד זכות החיסונית של האשכים כי לא יכול להיות דוארasily שהחליף שורות תאים הוקם או מודלים תאיים אחרים. כאן אנו מציגים פרוטוקול מפורט ומקיף עבור בידוד של תאים Sertoli - ותאי peritubular אם תרצה בכך - מן האשכים עכברוש בתוך יום אחד.

<html> ההליך המתואר מאפשר בידוד של כ 12 x 10 7 תאים Sertoli מ -10 האשכים חולדה. 3 x 10 6 תאים מצופים בכל טוב על צלחת 6-היטב, כך שש עד שבעה 6 צלחות גם זמינות עבור ניסויים ביום 7. עיכול טריפסין-DNase I הוא השלב הקריטי ביותר במהלך בידוד תא סרטולי. אם עיכול בנקודה זו ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Sertoli Cells and Peritubular Cells from Rat Testes at JoVE.com

Isolation of Sertoli Cells and Peritubular Cells from Rat Testes

תאי Sertoli הראשי נדרשים ללימוד זכות testis-אימוניות, הולך אותות בזמן דלקת או זיהום, וניצול של נכסי immunoprotective שלהם. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול אנזים המבוסס עבור בידוד של תאי Sertoli העיקרי נקיים במיוחד ותאי peritubular מן אשכי חולדה.

תאי בידוד של תאי Sertoli ו Peritubular מן חולדת האשכים

The testis, and in particular the male gamete, challenges the immune system in a unique way because differentiated sperm first appear at the time of ...

isolation-of-sertoli-cells-and-peritubular-cells-from-rat-testes

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

22.4K Views.  Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.  תאי Sertoli הראשי נדרשים ללימוד זכות testis-אימוניות, הולך אותות בזמן דלקת או זיהום, וניצול של נכסי immunoprotective שלהם. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול אנזים המבוסס עבור בידוד של תאי Sertoli העיקרי נקיים במיוחד ותאי peritubular מן אשכי חולדה. 

Video: Isolation of Sertoli Cells and Peritubular Cells from Rat Testes

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings of Isolated Primary Epithelial Cells from the Epididymis

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types that are distinct not only in molecular and morphological features but also in physiological properties. These differences reflect their diverse functions, which together establish the necessary microenvironment for the post-testicular sperm development in the epididymal lumen. The understanding of the biophysical properties of the epididymal epithelial cells is critical for revealing their functions in sperm and reproductive health, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While their functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated, the epididymal epithelial cells can be studied using the patch-clamp technique, a tool for measuring the cellular events and the membrane properties of single cells. Here, we describe the methods of cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides.

We present a protocol that combines cell isolation and whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the electrical properties of the primary dissociated epithelial cells from the rat cauda epididymides. This protocol allows for investigation of the functional properties of primary epididymal epithelial cells to further elucidate the physiological role of the epididymis.

כל תא תיקון מהדק הקלטות של תאים אפיתל העיקרי מבודדים מן האברדימיס

The epididymis is an essential organ for sperm maturation and reproductive health. The epididymal epithelium consists of intricately connected cell types ...

Developmental Biology

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model

Meiotic progression in males is a process that requires the concerted action of a number of highly regulated cellular events. Errors occurring during meiosis can lead to infertility, pregnancy loss or genetic defects. Commencing at the onset of puberty and continuing throughout adulthood, continuous semi-synchronous waves of spermatocytes undergo spermatogenesis and ultimately form haploid sperm. The first wave of mouse spermatocytes undergoing meiotic initiation appear at day 10 post-partum (10 dpp) and are released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules as mature sperm at 35 dpp. Therefore, it is advantageous to utilize mice within this developmental time-window in order to obtain highly enriched populations of interest. Analysis of rare cell stages is more difficult in older mice due to the contribution of successive spermatogenic waves, which increase the diversity of the cellular populations within the tubules. The method described here is an easily implemented technique for the cytological evaluation of the cells found within the seminiferous tubules of mice, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The tubule squash technique maintains the integrity of isolated male germ cells and allows examination of cellular structures that are not easily visualized with other techniques. To demonstrate the possible applications of this tubule squash technique, spindle assembly was monitored in spermatocytes progressing through the prophase to metaphase I transition (G2/MI transition). In addition, centrosome duplication, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), and chromosome bouquet formation were assessed as examples of the cytological structures that can be observed using this tubule squash method. This technique can be used to pinpoint specific defects during spermatogenesis that are caused by mutation or exogenous perturbation, and thus, contributes to our molecular understanding of spermatogenesis.

The goal of this tubule squash technique is to rapidly assess cytological features of developing mouse spermatocytes while preserving cellular integrity. This method allows for the study of all stages of spermatogenesis, and can be easily implemented alongside other biochemical and molecular biological approaches for the study of mouse meiosis.

טכניקה סקווש צנורית וכמה לניתוח Cytological של יצירת זרע שימוש במודל עכבר

Meiotic progression in males is a process that requires the concerted action of a number of highly regulated cellular events. Errors occurring during ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

שיטת In Vivo ללמוד העכבר דם Testis מכשול שלמות

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

Enrichment of Pachytene Spermatocytes and Spermatids from Mouse Testes Using Standard Laboratory Equipment

To characterize each step of spermatogenesis, researchers must separate different subpopulations of germ cells from testes. However, isolating discrete populations is challenging, because the adult testis contains a complex mix of germ cells from all steps of spermatogenesis along with certain populations of somatic cells. Over the past few decades, different techniques such as centrifugal elutriation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and STA-PUT have been successfully applied to the isolation of germ cells. A drawback is that they all require dedicated devices and specialized training. Following principles underlying the STA-PUT method, a simple protocol has been developed for the isolation of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids from mouse testes. After preparing a single cell suspension of testicular cells, specific cell populations are enriched by gravity sedimentation through a discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient. The cell fractions are then manually collected and microscopically analysed. This modified density gradient for round spermatids (MDR) sedimentation protocol can be widely applied, because it requires only standard laboratory equipment. Furthermore, the protocol requires minimal starting materials, reducing its cost and use of laboratory animals.

Presented here is a protocol for enriching pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids from adult mouse testes using a discontinuous bovine serum albumin density gradient with standard laboratory equipment.

העשרה של פכיטנא ספרציטים וספרטידים מאשכים עכבר באמצעות ציוד מעבדה סטנדרטית

To characterize each step of spermatogenesis, researchers must separate different subpopulations of germ cells from testes. However, isolating discrete ...

Extra Cellular Matrix-Based and Extra Cellular Matrix-Free Generation of Murine Testicular Organoids

Testicular organoids provide a tool for studying testicular development, spermatogenesis, and endocrinology in vitro. Several methods have been developed in order to create testicular organoids. Many of these methods rely upon extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote de novo tissue assembly, however, there are differences between methods in terms of biomimetic morphology and function of tissues. Moreover, there are few direct comparisons of published methods. Here, a direct comparison is made by studying differences in organoid generation protocols, with provided outcomes. Four archetypal generation methods: (1) 2D ECM-free, (2) 2D ECM, (3) 3D ECM-free, and (4) 3D ECM culture are described. Three primary benchmarks were used to assess the testicular organoid generation. These are cellular self-assembly, inclusion of major cell types (Sertoli, Leydig, germ, and peritubular cells), and appropriately compartmentalized tissue architecture. Of the four environments tested, 2D ECM and 3D ECM-free cultures generated organoids with internal morphologies most similar to native testes, including the de novo compartmentalization of tubular versus interstitial cell types, the development of tubule-like-structures, and an established long-term endocrine function. All methods studied utilized unsorted, primary murine testicular cell suspensions and used commonly accessible culture resources. These testicular organoid generation techniques provide a highly accessible and reproducible toolkit for research initiatives into testicular organogenesis and physiology in vitro.

Here, four methods for generating testicular organoids from primary neonatal murine testicular cells are described i.e., extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-free 2D and 3D culture environments. These techniques have multiple research applications and are especially useful for studying testicular development and physiology in vitro.

אקסטרה סלולר מבוסס מטריצה ודור נוסף ללא מטריקס סלולרי של אורגנואידים אשכים Murine

Testicular organoids provide a tool for studying testicular development, spermatogenesis, and endocrinology in vitro. Several methods have been developed ...

Isolation of Murine Spermatogenic Cells using a Violet-Excited Cell-Permeable DNA Binding Dye

Isolation of meiotic spermatocytes is essential to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying meiosis and spermatogenesis. Although there are established cell isolation protocols using Hoechst 33342 staining in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, it requires cell sorters equipped with an ultraviolet laser. Here we describe a cell isolation protocol using the DyeCycle Violet (DCV) stain, a low cytotoxicity DNA binding dye structurally similar to Hoechst 33342. DCV can be excited by both ultraviolet and violet lasers, which improves the flexibility of equipment choice, including a cell sorter not equipped with an ultraviolet laser. Using this protocol, one can isolate three live-cell subpopulations in meiotic prophase I, including leptotene/zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene spermatocytes, as well as post-meiotic round spermatids. We also describe a protocol to prepare single-cell suspension from mouse testes. Overall, the procedure requires a short time to complete (4-5 hours depending on the number of needed cells), which facilitates many downstream applications.

Here we present a simple and efficient method to isolate live meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells from adult mouse testes. Using a low-cytotoxicity, violet-excited DNA binding dye and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, one can isolate highly enriched spermatogenic cell populations for many downstream applications.

בידוד של תאי זרע מורין באמצעות צבע מחייב DNA סגול-נרגש תא חרוש

Isolation of meiotic spermatocytes is essential to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying meiosis and spermatogenesis. Although there are established ...

Germ Cell Transplantation and Testis Tissue Xenografting in Mice

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies showed that microinjection of germ cells from fertile donor mice into the seminiferous tubules of infertile recipient mice results in donor-derived spermatogenesis and sperm production by the recipient animal2. The use of donor males carrying the bacterial &beta;-galactosidase gene allowed identification of donor-derived spermatogenesis and transmission of the donor haplotype to the offspring by recipient animals1. Surprisingly, after transplantation into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, transplanted germ cells were able to move from the luminal compartment to the basement membrane where spermatogonia are located3. It is generally accepted that only SSCs are able to colonize the niche and re-establish spermatogenesis in the recipient testis. Therefore, germ cell transplantation provides a functional approach to study the stem cell niche in the testis and to characterize putative spermatogonial stem cells. To date, germ cell transplantation is used to elucidate basic stem cell biology, to produce transgenic animals through genetic manipulation of germ cells prior to transplantation4,5, to study Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction6,7, SSC homing and colonization3,8, as well as SSC self-renewal and differentiation9,10.
Germ cell transplantation is also feasible in large species11. In these, the main applications are preservation of fertility, dissemination of elite genetics in animal populations, and generation of transgenic animals as the study of spermatogenesis and SSC biology with this technique is logistically more difficult and expensive than in rodents. Transplantation of germ cells from large species into the seminiferous tubules of mice results in colonization of donor cells and spermatogonial expansion, but not in their full differentiation presumably due to incompatibility of the recipient somatic cell compartment with the germ cells from phylogenetically distant species12. An alternative approach is transplantation of germ cells from large species together with their surrounding somatic compartment. We first reported in 2002, that small fragments of testis tissue from immature males transplanted under the dorsal skin of immunodeficient mice are able to survive and undergo full development with the production of fertilization competent sperm13. Since then testis tissue xenografting has been shown to be successful in many species and emerged as a valuable alternative to study testis development and spermatogenesis of large animals in mice14.

Protocols for germ cell transplantation and testis tissue xenografting are described. Germ cell transplantation results in donor-derived spermatogenesis in recipient testes and represents a functional reconstitution assay for identification of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Testis tissue xenografting reproduces testis development and spermatogenesis of various donor species in recipient mice.

נבט השתלת ורקמות testis Xenografting ב עכברים

Germ cell transplantation was developed by Dr. Ralph Brinster and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania in 19941,2. These ground-breaking studies ...

Biology

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells (SSCs) in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

Spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) of the testis represent a classic example of adult mammalian stem cells and preserve fertility for nearly the lifetime of the animal. While the precise mechanisms that govern self-renewal and differentiation in vivo are challenging to study, various systems have been developed previously to propagate murine SSCs in vitro using a combination of specialized culture media and feeder cells1-3.
Most in vitro forays into the biology of SSCs have derived cell lines from neonates, possibly due to the difficulty in obtaining adult cell lines4. However, the testis continues to mature up until ~5 weeks of age in most mouse strains. In the early post-natal period, dramatic changes occur in the architecture of the testis and in the biology of both somatic and spermatogenic cells, including alterations in expression levels of numerous stem cell-related genes. Therefore, neonatally-derived SSC lines may not fully recapitulate the biology of adult SSCs that persist after the adult testis has reached a steady state.
Several factors have hindered the production of adult SSC lines historically. First, the proportion of functional stem cells may decrease during adulthood, either due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors5,6. Furthermore, as with other adult stem cells, it has been difficult to enrich SSCs sufficiently from total adult testicular cells without using a combination of immunoselection or other sorting strategies7. Commonly employed strategies include the use of cryptorchid mice as a source of donor cells due to a higher ratio of stem cells to other cell types8. Based on the hypothesis that removal of somatic cells from the initial culture disrupts interactions with the stem cell niche that are essential for SSC survival, we previously developed methods to derive adult lines that do not require immunoselection or cryptorchid donors but rather employ serial enrichment of SSCs in culture, referred to hereafter as SESC2,3.
The method described below entails a simple procedure for deriving adult SSC lines by dissociating adult donor seminiferous tubules, followed by plating of cells on feeders comprised of a testicular stromal cell line (JK1)3. Through serial passaging, strongly adherent, contaminating non-germ cells are depleted from the culture with concomitant enrichment of SSCs. Cultures produced in this manner contain a mixture of spermatogonia at different stages of differentiation, which contain SSCs, based on long-term self renewal capability. The crux of the SESC method is that it enables SSCs to make the difficult transition from self-renewal in vivo to long-term self-renewal in vitro in a radically different microenvironment, produces long-term SSC lines, free of contaminating somatic cells, and thereby enables subsequent experimental manipulation of SSCs.

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells SSCs in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

A simple method to derive and maintain spermatogonial stem and progenitor cell lines from adult mice is presented here. The method utilizes feeder cells originating from the somatic cell compartment of the adult mouse testis. This technique is applicable to common mouse strains, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in mice.

העשרה סידורית של גזע Spermatogonial ותאי אב (SSCs) בתרבות לגזירת קווי SSC מאוסים למבוגרים לזמן ארוך

Spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) of the testis represent a classic example of adult mammalian stem cells and preserve fertility for nearly ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

טכניקה פשוטה ויעילה להכנת השעיות תא אשכים

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

Separation of Spermatogenic Cell Types Using STA-PUT Velocity Sedimentation

Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex differentiation process that occurs in several stages in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Currently, there is no reliable cell culture system allowing for spermatogenic differentiation in vitro, and most biological studies of spermatogenic cells require tissue harvest from animal models like the mouse and rat. Because the testis contains numerous cell types - both non-spermatogenic (Leydig, Sertoli, myeloid, and epithelial cells) and spermatogenic (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids, condensing spermatids and spermatozoa) - studies of the biological mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis require the isolation and enrichment of these different cell types. The STA-PUT method allows for the separation of a heterogeneous population of cells - in this case, from the testes - through a linear BSA gradient. Individual cell types sediment with different sedimentation velocity according to cell size, and fractions enriched for different cell types can be collected and utilized in further analyses. While the STA-PUT method does not result in highly pure fractions of cell types, e.g. as can be obtained with certain cell sorting methods, it does provide a much higher yield of total cells in each fraction (~1 x 108 cells/spermatogenic cell type from a starting population of 7-8 x 108 cells). This high yield method requires only specialized glassware and can be performed in any cold room or large refrigerator, making it an ideal method for labs that have limited access to specialized equipment like a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) or elutriator.

The STA-PUT method allows for the separation of different populations of spermatogenic cells based on size and density.

הפרדה של סוגי תאי Spermatogenic שימוש בשקיעה מהירות STA-PUT

Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex  differentiation process that occurs in several stages in the seminiferous  tubules of the testes. Currently, there ...