המרכז השוואתי באוניברסיטת רוקפלר Bioscience סיפק תמיכה לפרויקט זה. אנו מודים Monnas janelle לקבלת סיוע טכני.

1. הכנת ההרדמה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן פתרון של 150 מ&quot;ג / ליטר של MS-222 במערכת מים או מפתרון מניות או מצורת האבקה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בדוק את ה-pH בעזרת מד pH. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חיץ עם סודה לשתייה לפי צורך עד pH הוא בין 7-7.5. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את טנק של מים חופשי ממערכת MS-222 לדגים להתאושש פנימה זמן ההחלמה הוא בדרך כלל פחות מ 1 דקות. </li></ol> 2. מכין את מנגנון Gavage <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותכים את צינורות השתלת 22-G ברורים לקצת יותר מאורך משוער מן הפה אל הנורה המעיים של הדג. בתחילה, אנו מציעים הרדמת דג אחד לכל קבוצה חדשה בשימוש כדי לקבל את האומדן הטוב ביותר של אורך צורך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דחוף את צינור ההשתלה חד המשמעי על ½ אינץ&#39; 22-G המחט עד שהוא בטוח ואין סכנה של ניתוק. אם מחט ½ 22-C אינה זמינה, לחתוך מחט ארוכה יותר ליישוםroximately שאורכו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כאשר שלם, צינורות השתלת הצנתר צריכים להרחיב על 1 ס&quot;מ מקצה המחט, או קצר יותר, אם הדגים קטנים יותר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צרף את רכזת מחט 22-G למזרק luerlok 1-CC. </li></ol> 3. הכנות לקראת Gavage <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חורץ לתוך ספוג בלהב סכין מנתחים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> משרים את הספוג במי מערכת החופשי מ-MS-222. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הנח ספוג הלח על משטח שטוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צייר את הפתרון המתאים μl 5 לgavage לתוך צינורות צנתר 22-G ומזרק 1-CC. </li></ol> 4. הרדמה וGavage <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מהר את הדגים במשך לפחות 24 שעות לפני ההליך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים את הדגים בפתרון של MS-222 עד שהוא מאבד את רפלקס ליישרה, ואינו מגיב לקמצוץ סנפיר זנב, אבל שומר על תנועת opercular. זה בדרך כלל לוקח בערך 2-3 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את הדגים מההרדמה ולמקם אותו לתוךהחריץ בספוג עם הראש בולט מעט מהספוג, אבל הזימים מכוסים בספוג. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העבר את הספוג למצב אנכי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פתח את פיו של דג הזברה באמצעות צינורות צנתר 22-G. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכנס בעדינות את הצינור עד לקצה הוא בעבר את הזימים (כ 1 ס&quot;מ או לאורכו של הצינור). צינורות ההשתלה לא צריכים שיהיה צורך בכפייה. התנגדות מצביעה על הצינור ניתן להכות את הקשת או לב הזימים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אם יש התנגדות, בעדינות לסגת, למקם מחדש ונסה שוב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזרק את החומר לאט לאט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזמן הזרקה, לוודא כי הפתרון לא לצאת דרך הזימים או בפה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר את הדגים מהספוג והמקום למכל ההתאוששות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> התאוששות מתרחשת בדרך כלל בדקות פחות מ 1 והוא הצביע על ידי הדגים שוחים זקוף ושמירה על שיווי משקל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעקוב אחר דגים לregurgitation כפי שמוצג על ידי הדמיה הדגים גרשו באופן פעיל מ &#39;aterial מהפה שלו, או שאין תנועת opercular. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגים יכולים להיות מוחזרים למכל הרגיל שלהם ברגע שהם התאוששו. </li></ol>

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החוקרים מצהירים כי אין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים.

משמעות טכניקה זו היא שיפור ומספקת מספר יתרונות על פני שתי הטכניקות המתוארות בעבר לgavaging דג הזברה מבוגר. ראשית, שימוש בספוג כדי לרסן את הדגים מאפשר לאדם אחד כדי לבצע את ההליך, בניגוד לטכניקה שתוארה לעיל דורשת שני אנשים. 7 שנית, צ?...

שיטות קיימים כיום למתן דרך הפה לדג זברת תרכובות כוללות תרכובות בניהול עליונה מצופות על הזנה, מעורבב לדיאטות ג&#39;לטין 1, bioencapsulated למלח שרימפס 2, מעורבב עם שומני דיאטות כמוס 3, שעוות חרוזים תרסיס 4 ובאמצעות דיאטות המבוססות על גלוטן. 5 מגבלות שיטות של אוראלי אלה כוללות שיעורי שטיפה גבוהים וצריכת מתחם שלמה או בלתי צפויה על ידי דגים בודדים. המשתנים האלה הם בעייתיים, כי במחקרים למחלות זיהומיות, ביודעו את מינון התולעת ניתן לדגים עשוי להיות קריטי להצלחת מחקר. כמו כן, עבודה קודמת הראתה כי תרכובות מסוימות המנוהלות באמבטיות מים לגרום לנגע רעיל לדג הזברה זימים לפני שפעת המעיים שעשויות להיות תחת מחקר להתרחש. 6 Gavage הוא שיטה סטנדרטית המשמשת במינים של בעלי חיים במעבדה אחרים כדי לנהל את הכמויות מדויקות של מוצר עם AKריכוז Nown למחקר במחקר ביו ותרופות. רק לאחרונה יש שיטות לgavaging דג הזברה תואר בספרות. טכניקה אחת היא שיטה שתוארה שני אדם באמצעות נדן קטטר 24-G המחובר לפיפטה μl 2-20 כדי לספק 5 μl של פתרון. 7 השיטה המתוארת היה שיעור תמותה של 8.7% ו -39% ביום הראשון והשני משפט, בהתאמה; ביותר של התמותה יוחס לנשים הרות להולדת. הטכניקה השנייה gavage תאר מזרקים gavage קהה שקצהו המשמש לניהול של 5 μl פתרון לmedakas (latipes Oryzias). 8 מידע על תמותה לא היה קיים ואת התהליך של ביצוע gavage לא תואר מדויק. לדברי המועצה הקנדית בטיפול בבעלי חיים ובמעבדת דג הזברה, עד 1% ממשקל גופו של הדג יכולה להינתן דרך gavage. 9,10 המטרה שלנו הייתה לפתח שיטת הדיר, יעילה ובטוחה של אספקת כמויות מדויקות של comק&quot;ג במתן דרך פה לדג זברה מבוגר משני המינים ובכל השלבים של רבייה. הליך זה יהיה רלוונטי לכל מחקר שבו נדרש מינון אוראלי מדויק של מתחם.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A sponge</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1-cc luer lock syringe</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson &amp; Co</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>22-G Micro-Renathane Implantation tubing (cut)</td>
 <td>Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 22-G needle (cut, if needed)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson &amp; Co</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pH meter</td>
 <td>Hanna probe</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 scalpel blade</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>[header]</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent/Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MS-222 (Finquel)</td>
 <td>Argent Laboratories</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

gavaging adult zebrafish

דג הזברה הפכה חשובה במודל vivo במחקר ביו. שיטות יעילות חייבים להיות מפותחות ומנוצלות כדי לספק תרכובות או סוכנים בפתרונות למחקר מדעי. שיטות קיימים כיום למתן דרך הפה לתרכובות דג הזברה למבוגרים הן לא מדויקות בגלל שונות בצריכה בהתנדבות על ידי הדג. הליך gavage פותח כדי לספק כמויות מדויקות של חומרים מזהמים לדג הזברה למחקר במחקר ביו. דג הזברה מבוגר מעל גיל 6 חודשים היו מורדם עם 150 מ&quot;ג / ליטר של נאגר MS-222 וgavaged עם 5 μl של פתרון באמצעות צינורות השתלת צנתר גמישים המחובר לקצה מחט 22-G לחתוך. הצינור גמיש שהוריד לתוך חלל הפה של דג הזברה עד הקצה של הצינור הוארך בעבר את הזימים (כ 1 ס&quot;מ). הפתרון היה לאחר מכן הזריק לאט לתוך המעי. שיטה זו הייתה יעילה 88% מהזמן, עם דג מחלים ללא אירועים מיוחדים. זההליך הוא גם יעיל כאדם אחד יכול gavage 20-30 דגים בשעה אחת. שיטה זו יכולה לשמש לניהול סוכנים דווקא ללימודי מחלות זיהומיות, או מחקרים של תרכובות אחרות בדג זברה מבוגר.

שני המינים של דגים, כולל נשים הרות להולדת היו gavaged בהצלחה (איור 1). הליך מוצלח לוקח פחות מדקה אחת עם נוזל לא ראה יציאה מהזימים או בפה. הצינור נכנס בקלות, בלי כוח, בלי דם ראה עם הסרת הקטטר. ההליך הוא מהיר, הדורש כ -10 דקות לgavage 3 עד 4 דגים, עם ממוצע של 30-45 שניות לכל דגים. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gavaging Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

השימוש הגובר של דג הזברה כמודל חיה דורש פיתוח שיטות יעילות לאספקה ​​של כמויות ידועות של תרכובות ופתרונות. ההליך המתואר להלן gavage מאפשר משלוח האוראלי של כמויות מדויקות של פתרון אמין, בטוח ויעיל לדג זברה מבוגר.

Gavaging דג הזברה למבוגר

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.8K Views.  The Rockefeller University. השימוש הגובר של דג הזברה כמודל חיה דורש פיתוח שיטות יעילות לאספקה ​​של כמויות ידועות של תרכובות ופתרונות. ההליך המתואר להלן gavage מאפשר משלוח האוראלי של כמויות מדויקות של פתרון אמין, בטוח ויעיל לדג זברה מבוגר.

Video: Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

השתלה של מח כליות שלמים דג הזברה למבוגרים

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Retro-orbital Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is often the most effective and noninvasive form of delivery of an agent of interest. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), IV injection of drugs has long been a challenge because of the small vessel diameter. This has also proved a significant hurdle for the injection of cells during hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Historically, injections into the bloodstream were done directly through the heart. However, this intra-cardiac procedure has a very high mortality rate as the heart is often punctured during injection leaving the fish prone to infection, massive blood loss or fatal organ damage. Drawing on our experience with the mouse, we have developed a new injection procedure in the zebrafish in which the injection site is behind the eye and into the retro-orbital venous sinus. This retro-orbital (RO) injection technique has been successfully employed in both the injection of drugs in the adult fish as well as transplantation of whole kidney marrow cells. RO injection has a much lower mortality rate than traditional intra-cardiac injection. Fish that are injected retro-orbitally tend to bleed less following injection and are at a much lower risk of injury to a major organ like the heart. Further, when performed properly, injected cells and/or drugs quickly enter the bloodstream allowing compounds to exert their effect on the whole fish and kidney cells to easily home to their niche. Thus, this new injection technique minimizes mortality while allowing efficient delivery of material into the bloodstream of adult fish. Here we exemplify this technique by retro-orbital injection of Tg(globin:GFP) cells into adult casper fish as well as injection of a red fluorescent dye (dextran, Texas Red ) into adult casper fish. We then visualize successful injections by whole animal fluorescence microscopy.

Here we show how to do retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.

רטרו מסלולית הזרקה של דג הזברה למבוגרים

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

Dissection של איברים מן דג הזברה למבוגרים

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Intraperitoneal Injection into Adult Zebrafish

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, this method makes it difficult to know how much reagent is absorbed or taken up per fish. Some experimental questions, particularly those related to metabolic studies, may be better addressed by delivering a defined quantity to each fish, based on weight. Here we present a method for intraperitoneal (IP) injection into adult zebrafish. Injection is into the abdominal cavity, posterior to the pelvic girdle. This procedure is adapted from veterinary methods used for larger fish. It is safe, as we have observed zero mortality. Additionally, we have seen bleeding at the injection site in only 5 out of 127 injections, and in each of those cases the bleeding was brief, lasting several seconds, and the quantity of blood lost was small. Success with this procedure requires gentle handling of the fish through several steps including fasting, weighing, anesthetizing, injection, and recovery. Precautions are required to minimize stress throughout the procedure. Our precautions include using a small injection volume and a 35G needle. We use Cortland salt solution as the vehicle, which is osmotically balanced for freshwater fish. Aeration of the gills is maintained during the injection procedure by first bringing the fish into a surgical plane of anesthesia, which allows slow operculum movements, and second, by holding the fish in a trough within a water-saturated sponge during the injection itself. We demonstrate the utility of IP injection by injecting glucose and monitoring the rise in blood glucose level and its subsequent return to normal. As stress is known to increase blood glucose in teleost fish, we compare blood glucose levels in vehicle-injected and non-injected adults and show that the procedure does not cause a significant rise in blood glucose.

We demonstrate intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish. We use a 10 &mu;l NanoFil microsyringe controlled by a Micro4 controller and UltraMicroPump III. This demonstration includes the use of cold water as an anesthetic.

הזרקה לתוך intraperitoneal דג הזברה למבוגרים

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

Dissection של הכליה דג הזברה למבוגרים

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work examining post-embryonic through adult cardiac development has been limited7-10. Examining the changing morphology of the maturing and aging heart are restricted by the lack of techniques available for staging and isolating juvenile and adult hearts. In order to analyze heart development over the fish's lifespan, we dissect zebrafish hearts at numerous stages and photograph them for further analysis11. The morphological features of the heart can easily be quantified and individual hearts can be further analyzed by a host of standard methods. Zebrafish grow at variable rates and maturation correlates better with fish size than age, thus, post-fixation, we photograph and measure fish length as a gauge of fish maturation. This protocol explains two distinct, size dependent dissection techniques for zebrafish, ranging from larvae 3.5mm standard length (SL) with hearts of 100&mu;m ventricle length (VL), to adults, with SL of 30mm and VL 1mm or larger. Larval and adult fish have quite distinct body and organ morphology. Larvae are not only significantly smaller, they have less pigment and each organ is visually very difficult to identify. For this reason, we use distinct dissection techniques.
We used pre-dissection fixation procedures, as we discovered that hearts dissected directly after euthanization have a more variable morphology, with very loose and balloon like atria compared with hearts removed following fixation. The fish fixed prior to dissection, retain in vivo morphology and chamber position (data not shown). In addition, for demonstration purposes, we take advantage of the heart (myocardial) specific GFP transgenic Tg(myl7:GFP)twu34 (12), which allows us to visualize the entire heart and is particularly useful at early stages in development when the cardiac morphology is less distinct from surrounding tissues. Dissection of the heart makes further analysis of the cell and molecular biology underlying heart development and maturation using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RNA extraction or other analytical methods easier in post-embryonic zebrafish. This protocol will provide a valuable technique for the study of cardiac development maturation and aging.

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

A clear, standardized method for dissection and isolation of the zebrafish heart at multiple developmental stages are described. Annotation and quantification techniques are also discussed.

הלב Dissection ב הזחל, דג הזברה לנוער ו למבוגרים, Danio rerio</em

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

ב electroporation vivo של Morpholinos לתוך הרשתית דג הזברה למבוגרים

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

ב electroporation vivo של Morpholinos לתוך למבוגרים התחדשות זנב סנפיר דג הזברה

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

הדם אוסף של ניתוח ביוכימי דג הזברה למבוגרים בלבד

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

An Assay for Lateral Line Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line development and regeneration. The zebrafish is particularly attractive for such studies because of its rapid development time and its high regenerative capacity. To date, zebrafish studies of lateral line regeneration have mainly utilized fish of the embryonic and larval stages because of the lower number of neuromasts at these stages. This has made quantitative analysis of lateral line regeneration/and or development easier in the earlier developmental stages. Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish and not in the embryo/larvae, we focused on developing a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay in adult zebrafish so that an assay was available that could be applied to current adult zebrafish disease models. Building on previous studies by Van Trump et al.17&#160;that described procedures for ablation of hair cells in adult Mexican blind cave fish and zebrafish (Danio rerio), our assay was designed to allow quantitative comparison between control and experimental groups. This was accomplished by developing a regenerative neuromast standard curve based on the percent of neuromast reappearance over a 24 hr time period following gentamicin-induced necrosis of hair cells in a defined region of the lateral line. The assay was also designed to allow extension of the analysis to the individual hair cell level when a higher level of resolution is required.

Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish rather than the embryo/larvae, we developed a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay that can be applied to adult zebrafish disease models. The assay involved resolution at the 1) neuromast and 2) individual hair cell levels.