La Universidad Rockefeller Center Bioscience comparativo proporcionó apoyo para este proyecto. Agradecemos Monnas Janelle de asistencia técnica.

1. Preparación de la solución anestésica <ol><li> Preparar una solución de 150 mg / L de MS-222 en agua sistema, ya sea a partir de una solución madre o de la forma en polvo. </li><li> Verificar el pH con un medidor de pH. </li><li> Tampón con bicarbonato de sodio, según sea necesario hasta que el pH es de entre 7-7,5. </li><li> Prepare un tanque de agua del sistema libre de MS-222 para los peces para recuperar pulg El tiempo de recuperación es generalmente menos de 1 min. </li></ol> 2. Preparación del Aparato de alimentación forzada <ol><li> Cortar el tubo de implantación clara 22-G a un poco más que la longitud aproximada de la boca a la bombilla intestinal de los peces. Al principio, le sugerimos anestesiar un pez para cada nuevo grupo que se utiliza para obtener la mejor estimación de la longitud necesaria. </li><li> Empuje el tubo de corte implantación clara sobre la aguja 22-G ½ pulgadas hasta que es seguro y no hay riesgo de desprendimiento. Si una aguja ½ 22-C no está disponible, cortar una aguja más larga a la aplicaciónroximately que la longitud. </li><li> Cuando se completa, el tubo de implantación del catéter se debe extender sobre 1 cm de la punta de la aguja, o más cortas si los peces son más pequeños. </li><li> Coloque la base de la aguja 22-G a un luerlok jeringa de 1 cc. </li></ol> 3. Preparación para Gavage <ol><li> Corte una ranura en una esponja con una hoja de bisturí. </li><li> Sumerja la esponja en agua sistema libre de MS-222. </li><li> Colocar la esponja humedecida en una superficie plana. </li><li> Elaboración de la solución al 5 l adecuado para una sonda en el tubo del catéter 22-G y una jeringa de 1 cc. </li></ol> 4. Anestesia y Gavage <ol><li> Rápido el pescado durante al menos 24 horas antes del procedimiento. </li><li> Coloque el pescado en la solución de MS-222 hasta que pierde su reflejo de enderezamiento, y no responde a una aleta de pinzamiento del rabo, pero mantiene el movimiento opercular. Esto suele tardar unos 2-3 min. </li><li> Retire el pescado de la solución anestésica y colóquelo enla ranura en la esponja con la cabeza ligeramente sobresale de la esponja, pero las branquias cubiertas por la esponja. </li><li> Mover la esponja en una posición vertical. </li><li> Abra la boca del pez cebra mediante el tubo de catéter 22-G. </li><li> Introduzca suavemente el tubo hasta que la punta está más allá de las branquias (aproximadamente 1 cm o la longitud de la tubería). El tubo de implantación no debería necesitar ser forzado. Resistencia sugiere el tubo puede estar golpeando el arco branquial o del corazón. </li><li> Si hay resistencia, retirar con cuidado, vuelva a colocar y vuelva a intentarlo. </li><li> Inyectar el material lentamente. </li><li> Si bien la inyección, asegúrese de que la solución no sale a través de las branquias o la boca. </li><li> Retire el pescado de la esponja y el lugar en el depósito de recuperación. </li><li> La recuperación se produce normalmente en menos de 1 min y se indica por el pez nadando en posición vertical y mantener el equilibrio. </li><li> Supervisar los peces para la regurgitación como se muestra mediante la visualización de los peces expulsa el material de su boca, o ningún movimiento opercular. </li><li> El pescado puede ser devuelto a su tanque normal una vez que se han recuperado. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Royes, J. -. A. B., Chapman, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Preparing Your Own Fish Feeds. , (2009).</li><li>Gomez-Gil, B., Cabanillas-Ramos, J., Paez-Brambila, A., Roque, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+the+bioencapsulation+of+enrofloxacin+and+oxytetracycline+in+Artemia+fransciscana+Kellogg.">Standardization of the bioencapsulation of enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline in Artemia fransciscana Kellogg.</a> Aquaculture. 196, 1-12 (1906).</li><li>Langdon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microparticle+types+for+delivering+nutrients+to+marine+fish+larvae.">Microparticle types for delivering nutrients to marine fish larvae.</a> Aquaculture. 227, 259-275 (2003).</li><li>Langdon, C., Nordgreen, A., Hawkyard, M., Hamre, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+wax+spray+beads+for+delivery+of+low-molecular+weight,+water+soluble+nutrients+and+antibiotics+to+Artemia.">Evaluation of wax spray beads for delivery of low-molecular weight, water soluble nutrients and antibiotics to Artemia.</a> Aquaculture. 284, 151-158 (2008).</li><li>Zang, L., Morikane, D., Shimada, Y., Tanaka, T., Nishimura, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Protocol+for+the+Oral+Administration+of+Test+Chemicals+to+Adult+Zebrafish.">A Novel Protocol for the Oral Administration of Test Chemicals to Adult Zebrafish.</a> Zebrafish. 8, 203-210 (2011).</li><li>Goldsmith, J. R., Jobin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Think+Small:+Zebrafish+as+a+Model+System+of+Human+pathology.">Think Small: Zebrafish as a Model System of Human pathology.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. , (2012).</li><li>Tysnes, K. R., Jorgensen, A., Poppe, T., Midtlyng, P. J., Robertson, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+expermients+on+use+of+zebrafish+as+a+laboratory+model+for+Giardia+duodenalis+infection.">Preliminary expermients on use of zebrafish as a laboratory model for Giardia duodenalis infection.</a> Acta Parasitologica. 57, 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Marie, B., Huet, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+toxic+cyanobacterial+bloom+(Planktothris+agardhii)+on+fish:+Insights+from+histopathological+and+quantitative+proteomic+assessments+following+the+oral+exposure+of+medaka+fish+(Oryzias+latipes).">Effects of a toxic cyanobacterial bloom (Planktothris agardhii) on fish: Insights from histopathological and quantitative proteomic assessments following the oral exposure of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes).</a> Aquatic Toxicology. 114-115, 39-48 (2012).</li><li>Canadian Council on Animal Care. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CCAC guidelines on: the care and use of fish in research, teaching and testing. , (2005).</li><li>Harper, C., Lawrence, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Laboratory Zebrafish. , (2011).</li><li>De Tolla, L. J., Srinivas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+Care+and+Use+of+Fish+in+Research.">Guidelines for the Care and Use of Fish in Research.</a> ILAR Journal. 37 (4), (1995).</li><li>Topic Popovic, N., Strunjak-Perovic, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tricaine+methane-sulfonate+(MS-222)+application+in+fish+anaesthesia.">Tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) application in fish anaesthesia.</a> Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 28, 553-564 (2012).</li><li>Field, H. A., Kelley, K. A., Martell, L., Goldstein, A. M., Serluca, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+gastrointestinal+physiology+using+a+novel+intestinal+transit+assay+in+zebrafish.">Analysis of gastrointestinal physiology using a novel intestinal transit assay in zebrafish.</a> Neurogastroenterology &amp; Motility. 21, 304-312 (2009).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

Significado Esta técnica es una mejora y proporciona varias ventajas con respecto a las dos técnicas descritas anteriormente para gavage adultos de pez cebra. En primer lugar, el uso de una esponja para contener los peces permite a una persona para llevar a cabo el procedimiento, en lugar de una técnica descrita anteriormente requiere dos personas. 7 En segundo lugar, la tubería implantación del catéter es más flexible que los catéteres IV, que puede ayudar a minimizar el tra...

Los métodos actuales para la administración por vía oral de compuestos pez cebra incluyen compuestos administración superior con recubrimiento en piensos, mezclados en las dietas de gelatina, 1 bioencapsulado en salmuera camarones 2, mezclados con lípidos en dietas encapsuladas 3, cera perlas rociado 4 ya través de las dietas a base de gluten. 5 Limitaciones de estos métodos de administración oral incluyen altas tasas de lixiviación y el consumo incompleto o impredecible compuesto por cada ejemplar. Estas variables son problemáticos debido a que en estudios de enfermedades infecciosas, sabiendo que la dosis infecciosa administrados a los peces puede ser crítico para el éxito del estudio. Además, el trabajo previo ha demostrado que ciertos compuestos administrados en baños de agua causan lesión tóxica al pez cebra branquias antes de que los efectos intestinales que pueden ser objeto de estudio se producen. 6 Alimentación forzada es un método estándar utilizado en otras especies de animales de laboratorio para administrar cantidades precisas de un producto con akconcentración nown de estudio en la investigación biomédica y farmacéutica. Sólo recientemente los métodos para gavage pez cebra ha descrito en la literatura. Una técnica se describe un método de dos persona que utiliza una vaina de catéter 24-G unida a una pipeta de 2-20 para entregar 5 l de solución. 7 El método descrito tenía una tasa de mortalidad del 8,7% y 39% en la primera y segunda ensayo, respectivamente, la mayor parte de la mortalidad se atribuyó a las hembras grávidas. La segunda técnica de alimentación forzada describe jeringas por sonda de punta roma se utilizan para administrar 5 l de solución a medakas (latipes latipes). 8 La información sobre la mortalidad no fue proporcionada y el proceso exacto de la realización de la sonda no se describió. De acuerdo con el Consejo Canadiense de Cuidado de Animales y el pez cebra de laboratorio, hasta el 1% del peso corporal de los peces puede ser administrado a través de una sonda. 9,10 Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un método reproducible, segura y eficaz de entregar los volúmenes precisos de comlibra por vía oral a adultos de pez cebra de ambos sexos y en todas las etapas de la reproducción. Este procedimiento sería aplicable para cualquier estudio en el que se requiere la administración oral precisa de un compuesto.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A sponge</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1-cc luer lock syringe</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson &amp; Co</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>22-G Micro-Renathane Implantation tubing (cut)</td>
 <td>Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 22-G needle (cut, if needed)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson &amp; Co</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pH meter</td>
 <td>Hanna probe</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 scalpel blade</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>[header]</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent/Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MS-222 (Finquel)</td>
 <td>Argent Laboratories</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

gavaging adult zebrafish

El pez cebra se ha convertido en un importante modelo in vivo en la investigación biomédica. Métodos eficaces deben desarrollarse y utilizarse para suministrar compuestos o agentes en soluciones para la investigación científica. Los métodos actuales para la administración de compuestos por vía oral a adultos de pez cebra son inexactos debido a la variabilidad en el consumo voluntario por los peces. Un procedimiento de alimentación forzada fue desarrollado para suministrar cantidades precisas de agentes infecciosos al pez cebra para el estudio en la investigación biomédica. Pez cebra adulto de más de 6 meses de edad fueron anestesiados con 150 mg / l de buffer MS-222 y alimentadas por sonda con 5 l de solución mediante tubos flexibles implantación del catéter conectado a una corte 22G punta de la aguja. El tubo flexible se redujo en la cavidad oral del pez cebra hasta que la punta de la tubería de extenderse más allá de las branquias (aproximadamente 1 cm). A continuación, la solución se inyecta lentamente en el tracto intestinal. Este método fue eficaz 88% del tiempo, con la recuperación de los peces sin incidentes. Esteprocedimiento también es eficaz como una persona puede alimentación por sonda 20-30 peces en una hora. Este método se puede utilizar para administrar con precisión agentes para estudios de enfermedades infecciosas, o estudios de otros compuestos en adultos de pez cebra.

Ambos sexos de los peces, incluyendo hembras grávidas fueron alimentadas por sonda con éxito (Figura 1). Un procedimiento exitoso tarda menos de un minuto con el líquido no visto que sale de las branquias o la boca. El tubo entra fácilmente, sin violencia, sin sangre visto después de la retirada del catéter. El procedimiento es rápido, requiere aproximadamente 10 min a la alimentación forzada de 3 a 4 peces, con un promedio de 30-45 seg por pez. El pez cebra no debe ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gavaging Adult Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

El creciente uso de pez cebra como modelo animal requiere el desarrollo de métodos eficaces para la entrega de cantidades conocidas de compuestos y soluciones. El procedimiento de alimentación forzada se describe a continuación permite la administración oral de volúmenes precisos de la solución de forma fiable, segura y eficiente para adultos de pez cebra.

Gavage adultos de pez cebra

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.7K vistas.  The Rockefeller University. El creciente uso de pez cebra como modelo animal requiere el desarrollo de métodos eficaces para la entrega de cantidades conocidas de compuestos y soluciones. El procedimiento de alimentación forzada se describe a continuación permite la administración oral de volúmenes precisos de la solución de forma fiable, segura y eficiente para adultos de pez cebra.

Video: Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

El trasplante de médula del riñón entero en adultos de pez cebra

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

Investigación

Biología

Retro-orbital Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is often the most effective and noninvasive form of delivery of an agent of interest. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), IV injection of drugs has long been a challenge because of the small vessel diameter. This has also proved a significant hurdle for the injection of cells during hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Historically, injections into the bloodstream were done directly through the heart. However, this intra-cardiac procedure has a very high mortality rate as the heart is often punctured during injection leaving the fish prone to infection, massive blood loss or fatal organ damage. Drawing on our experience with the mouse, we have developed a new injection procedure in the zebrafish in which the injection site is behind the eye and into the retro-orbital venous sinus. This retro-orbital (RO) injection technique has been successfully employed in both the injection of drugs in the adult fish as well as transplantation of whole kidney marrow cells. RO injection has a much lower mortality rate than traditional intra-cardiac injection. Fish that are injected retro-orbitally tend to bleed less following injection and are at a much lower risk of injury to a major organ like the heart. Further, when performed properly, injected cells and/or drugs quickly enter the bloodstream allowing compounds to exert their effect on the whole fish and kidney cells to easily home to their niche. Thus, this new injection technique minimizes mortality while allowing efficient delivery of material into the bloodstream of adult fish. Here we exemplify this technique by retro-orbital injection of Tg(globin:GFP) cells into adult casper fish as well as injection of a red fluorescent dye (dextran, Texas Red ) into adult casper fish. We then visualize successful injections by whole animal fluorescence microscopy.

Here we show how to do retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.

Retro-orbital de inyección en adultos de pez cebra

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

La disección de los órganos del pez cebra adultos

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Intraperitoneal Injection into Adult Zebrafish

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, this method makes it difficult to know how much reagent is absorbed or taken up per fish. Some experimental questions, particularly those related to metabolic studies, may be better addressed by delivering a defined quantity to each fish, based on weight. Here we present a method for intraperitoneal (IP) injection into adult zebrafish. Injection is into the abdominal cavity, posterior to the pelvic girdle. This procedure is adapted from veterinary methods used for larger fish. It is safe, as we have observed zero mortality. Additionally, we have seen bleeding at the injection site in only 5 out of 127 injections, and in each of those cases the bleeding was brief, lasting several seconds, and the quantity of blood lost was small. Success with this procedure requires gentle handling of the fish through several steps including fasting, weighing, anesthetizing, injection, and recovery. Precautions are required to minimize stress throughout the procedure. Our precautions include using a small injection volume and a 35G needle. We use Cortland salt solution as the vehicle, which is osmotically balanced for freshwater fish. Aeration of the gills is maintained during the injection procedure by first bringing the fish into a surgical plane of anesthesia, which allows slow operculum movements, and second, by holding the fish in a trough within a water-saturated sponge during the injection itself. We demonstrate the utility of IP injection by injecting glucose and monitoring the rise in blood glucose level and its subsequent return to normal. As stress is known to increase blood glucose in teleost fish, we compare blood glucose levels in vehicle-injected and non-injected adults and show that the procedure does not cause a significant rise in blood glucose.

We demonstrate intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish. We use a 10 &mu;l NanoFil microsyringe controlled by a Micro4 controller and UltraMicroPump III. This demonstration includes the use of cold water as an anesthetic.

Inyección intraperitoneal en adultos de pez cebra

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, ...

Transplantation of Cells Directly into the Kidney of Adult Zebrafish

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic diseases1. However, most organs are not easily accessible, necessitating the need to develop surgical methods to gain access to these structures. In this video article, we describe a method for transplanting cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish, a popular model to study regeneration and disease2. Recipient fish are pre-conditioned by irradiation to suppress the immune rejection of the injected cells3. We demonstrate how the head kidney can be exposed by a lateral incision in the flank of the fish, followed by the injection of cells directly in to the organ. Using fluorescently labeled whole kidney marrow cells comprising a mixed population of renal and hematopoietic precursors, we show that nephron progenitors can engraft and differentiate into new renal tissue - the gold standard of any cell-based regenerative therapy. This technique can be adapted to deliver purified stem or progenitor cells and/or small molecules to the kidney as well as other internal organs and further enhances the zebrafish as a versatile model to study regenerative medicine.

Cell transplantation is an essential technique for studying tissue regeneration and for developing cell-based therapies of disease. We demonstrate here a microsurgical technique that permits the transplantation of genetically labeled cells directly into the kidney of adult zebrafish fish.

El trasplante de células directamente en el riñón de adultos de pez cebra

Regenerative medicine based on the transplantation of stem or progenitor cells into damaged tissues has the potential to treat a wide range of chronic ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

La disección del riñón adultos de pez cebra

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal neurons. In contrast, the adult zebrafish retina possesses the robust ability to spontaneously regenerate any neuronal class that is lost in a variety of different retinal damage models, including retinal puncture, chemical ablation, concentrated high temperature, and intense light treatment 1-8. Our lab extensively characterized regeneration of photoreceptors following constant intense light treatment and inner retinal neurons after intravitreal ouabain injection 2, 5, 9. In all cases, resident M&uuml;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitors, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the proper retinal layer, where they differentiate into the deficient neurons. 
	We characterized five different stages during regeneration of the light-damaged retina that were highlighted by specific cellular responses. We identified several differentially expressed genes at each stage of retinal regeneration by mRNA microarray analysis 10. Many of these genes are also critical for ocular development. To test the role of each candidate gene/protein during retinal regeneration, we needed to develop a method to conditionally limit the expression of a candidate protein only at times during regeneration of the adult retina. 
	Morpholino oligos are widely used to study loss of function of specific proteins during the development of zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse, and tumors in human xenografts 11-14. These modified oligos basepair with complementary RNA sequence to either block the splicing or translation of the target RNA. Morpholinos are stable in the cell and can eliminate or "knockdown" protein expression for three to five days 12. 
	Here, we describe a method to efficiently knockdown target protein expression in the adult zebrafish retina. This method employs lissamine-tagged antisense morpholinos that are injected into the vitreous of the adult zebrafish eye. Using electrode forceps, the morpholino is then electroporated into all the cell types of the dorsal and central retina. Lissamine provides the charge on the morpholino for electroporation and can be visualized to assess the presence of the morpholino in the retinal cells. 
	Conditional knockdown in the retina can be used to examine the role of specific proteins at different times during regeneration. Additionally, this approach can be used to study the role of specific proteins in the undamaged retina, in such processes as visual transduction and visual processing in second order neurons.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Adult Zebrafish Retina

A method to conditionally knockdown a target protein&#x2019;s expression in the adult zebrafish retina is described, which involves intravitreally injecting antisense morpholinos and electroporating them into the retina. The resulting protein is knocked down for several days, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in the regenerating or intact retina.

En electroporación in vivo de Morpholinos en la retina de pez cebra adultos

Many devastating inherited eye diseases result in progressive and irreversible blindness because humans cannot regenerate dying or diseased retinal ...

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration of adult tissues, such as the heart1, retina2, spinal cord3, optic nerve4, sensory hair cells5, and fins6.
The zebrafish fin is a relatively simple appendage that is easily manipulated to study multiple stages in epimorphic regeneration. Classically, fin regeneration was characterized by three distinct stages: wound healing, blastema formation, and fin outgrowth. After amputating part of the fin, the surrounding epithelium proliferates and migrates over the wound. At 33 &deg;C, this process occurs within six hours post-amputation (hpa, Figure 1B)6,7. Next, underlying cells from different lineages (ex. bone, blood, glia, fibroblast) re-enter the cell cycle to form a proliferative blastema, while the overlying epidermis continues to proliferate (Figure 1D)8. Outgrowth occurs as cells proximal to the blastema re-differentiate into their respective lineages to form new tissue (Figure 1E)8. Depending on the level of the amputation, full regeneration is completed in a week to a month.
The expression of a large number of gene families, including wnt, hox, fgf, msx, retinoic acid, shh, notch, bmp, and activin-betaA genes, is up-regulated during specific stages of fin regeneration9-16. However, the roles of these genes and their encoded proteins during regeneration have been difficult to assess, unless a specific inhibitor for the protein exists13, a temperature-sensitive mutant exists or a transgenic animal (either overexpressing the wild-type protein or a dominant-negative protein) was generated7,12. We developed a reverse genetic technique to quickly and easily test the function of any gene during fin regeneration.
Morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to study loss of specific proteins during zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, and mouse development17-19. Morpholinos basepair with a complementary RNA sequence to either block pre-mRNA splicing or mRNA translation. We describe a method to efficiently introduce fluorescein-tagged antisense morpholinos into regenerating zebrafish fins to knockdown expression of the target protein. The morpholino is micro-injected into each blastema of the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and electroporated into the surrounding cells. Fluorescein provides the charge to electroporate the morpholino and to visualize the morpholino in the fin tissue.
This protocol permits conditional protein knockdown to examine the role of specific proteins during regenerative fin outgrowth. In the Discussion, we describe how this approach can be adapted to study the role of specific proteins during wound healing or blastema formation, as well as a potential marker of cell migration during blastema formation.

In vivo Electroporation of Morpholinos into the Regenerating Adult Zebrafish Tail Fin

We describe a method to conditionally knockdown the expression of a target protein during adult zebrafish fin regeneration. This technique involves micro-injecting and electroporating antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos into fin tissue, which allows testing the protein&#x2019;s role in various stages of fin regeneration, including wound healing, blastema formation, and regenerative outgrowth.

En electroporación in vivo de Morpholinos en la regeneración de adultos de pez cebra Aleta de cola

Certain species of urodeles and teleost fish can regenerate their tissues. Zebrafish have become a widely used model to study the spontaneous regeneration ...

Blood Collection for Biochemical Analysis in Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of molecular events and therapeutic strategies as well as for evaluating the physiological mechanisms of some pathologies1. 
There are relatively few publications related to adult zebrafish physiology of organs and systems2, which may lead researchers to infer that the basic techniques needed to allow the exploration of zebrafish systems are lacking3. Hematologic biochemical values of zebrafish were first reported in 2003 by Murtha and colleagues4 who employed a blood collection technique first described by Jagadeeswaran and colleagues in 1999. Briefly, blood was collected via a micropipette tip through a lateral incision, approximately 0.3 cm in length, in the region of the dorsal aorta5. Because of the minute dimensions involved, this is a high-precision technique requiring a highly skilled practitioner. The same technique was used by the same group in another publication in that same year6. In 2010, Eames and colleagues assessed whole blood glucose levels in zebrafish7. They gained access to the blood by performing decapitations with scissors and then inserting a heparinized microcapillary collection tube into the pectoral articulation. They mention difficulties with hemolysis that were solved with an appropriate storage temperature based on the work Kilpatrick et al.8. When attempting to use Jagadeeswaran's technique in our laboratory, we found that it was difficult to make the incision in precisely the right place as not to allow a significant amount of blood to be lost before collection could be started. 
Recently, Gupta et al.9 described how to dissect adult zebrafish organs, Kinkle et al.10 described how to perform intraperitoneal injections, and Pugach et al.11 described how to perform retro-orbital injections. However, more work is needed to more fully explore basic techniques for research in zebrafish.
The small size of zebrafish presents challenges for researchers using it as an experimental model. Furthermore, given this smallness of scale, it is important that simple techniques are developed to enable researchers to explore the advantages of the zebrafish model.

This paper presents a technique for collection of blood from the dorsal aorta of Zebrafish. It also provides instructions for obtaining serum for use in biochemical analyses, such as tests for determining cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Extracción de sangre para análisis bioquímicos en adultos de pez cebra

The zebrafish has been used as an animal model for studies of several human diseases. It can serve as a powerful preclinical platform for studies of ...

An Assay for Lateral Line Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish

Due to the clinical importance of hearing and balance disorders in man, model organisms such as the zebrafish have been used to study lateral line development and regeneration. The zebrafish is particularly attractive for such studies because of its rapid development time and its high regenerative capacity. To date, zebrafish studies of lateral line regeneration have mainly utilized fish of the embryonic and larval stages because of the lower number of neuromasts at these stages. This has made quantitative analysis of lateral line regeneration/and or development easier in the earlier developmental stages. Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish and not in the embryo/larvae, we focused on developing a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay in adult zebrafish so that an assay was available that could be applied to current adult zebrafish disease models. Building on previous studies by Van Trump et al.17&#160;that described procedures for ablation of hair cells in adult Mexican blind cave fish and zebrafish (Danio rerio), our assay was designed to allow quantitative comparison between control and experimental groups. This was accomplished by developing a regenerative neuromast standard curve based on the percent of neuromast reappearance over a 24 hr time period following gentamicin-induced necrosis of hair cells in a defined region of the lateral line. The assay was also designed to allow extension of the analysis to the individual hair cell level when a higher level of resolution is required.

Because many zebrafish models of neurological and non-neurological diseases are studied in the adult fish rather than the embryo/larvae, we developed a quantitative lateral line regenerative assay that can be applied to adult zebrafish disease models. The assay involved resolution at the 1) neuromast and 2) individual hair cell levels.