אנו מודים איימי חן על עזרתה בהכנה לצילומי הווידאו ולהפגין את הטכניקה. עבודה זו שנערכה על ידי ENIGMA: מערכות אקולוגיות ורשתות משולבות עם גנים והרכבות מולקולריות (http://enigma.lbl.gov), תכנית אזור המוקד מדעי במעבדה הלאומית לורנס ברקלי, נתמכת על ידי משרד מדע, המשרד הביולוגי ו מחקר סביבתי, של משרד אנרגיה של ארה&quot;ב תחת חוזה מס &#39;DE-AC02-05CH11231.

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יש הסופרים שאין ניגוד עניינים לחשוף.

שיטת DAP-השבב שתוארה כאן הייתה הצלחה בשימוש כדי לקבוע את מטרות הגן במשך כמה RRs בDesulfovibrio vulgaris 7 Hildenborough של איזה מהם מוצג כאן כתוצאה נציג. לDVU3023 RR, בחירת יעד גן מועמד הייתה פשוטה. DVU3025 ממוקם מייד במורד הזרם של גן RR, וגני RR והיעד הם נשמרים בכמה מיני Desulfovibrio, ובנוס...

היכולת של חיידקים לשרוד ולשגשג תלויה באופן קריטי על כמה טוב הם מסוגלים לקלוט ולהגיב להפרעות בסביבתם, וזה בתורו הוא תלוי במערכות העברת אותותיהם. מספר מערכות אזעקת encodes חיידק כבר נקרא &quot;IQ של חיידקים&quot; שלה ויכול להיות אינדיקציה של שתי השתנות של סביבתו ואת יכולתו לחוש אותות מרובים ולכוונן את תגובתה 1. שתי מערכות רכיב אות התמרה (TCS) הן מערכות האיתות הנפוצות ביותר בשימוש על ידי חיידקים, והם מורכבים מקינאז היסטידין (HK) שחש את האות החיצונית ומעביר באמצעות זירחון לרגולטור תגובת מפעיל (RR) 2. RRs יכול להיות מגוון של תחומים פלט ומצבים שונים ובכך מפעיל, אבל התגובה הנפוצה ביותר היא תקנת תעתיק באמצעות DNA מחייב תחום 1. האותות חשו ופונקציות המקבילה vasלא רוב TCSs אינו ידוע. למרות in vivo שיטות כגון שבב שבב משמשות באופן שיגרתי לקביעת אתרי קישור הגנומי של שעתוק גורמי 3, הם יכולים לשמש רק לRRs שתי מערכת מרכיב חיידקים אם התנאים להפעלה או אותות ידועים. לעתים קרובות הרמזים הסביבתיים המפעילים TCS הם יותר קשים לקבוע ממטרות הגן שלהם. במבחנה microarray assay המבוסס המתואר כאן ניתן להשתמש ביעילות ובמהירות כדי לקבוע את מטרות הגן ולחזות פונקציות של TCSs. assay זה מנצל את העובדה שניתן phosphorylated RRs וכך הופעל במבחנה באמצעות תורמי מולקולה קטנים כמו פוספט אצטיל 4. בשיטה זו, בשם DAP-שבבים עבור ה-DNA זיקה מטוהר שבב (איור 1), גן RR של עניין הוא משובט עם התג שלו בE. coli, וטהר לאחר מכן חלבון מתויג מותר דוnd לטעון הדנ&quot;א הגנומי. ה-DNA חייב החלבון מועשר לאחר מכן על ידי זיקה לטיהור, ה-DNA המועשר וקלט הם מוגברות, שכותרתו fluorescently, אספו יחד והכלאה למגוון ריצוף כי הוא עשה מותאם אישית לאורגניזם של עניין (איור 1). ניסויי microarray כפופים לחפצים, ולכן צעדים נוספים מועסקים כדי לייעל את assay. צעד אחד כזה הוא לנסות ולקבוע יעד אחד לRR תחת מחקר באמצעות מבחני משמרת ניידות electrophoretic (EMSA) (ראה זרימת עבודה באיור 2). לאחר מכן, בעקבות מחייב הדנ&quot;א הגנומי וצעדי DAP, ה-DNA חייב החלבון והקלט נבדקים על ידי qPCR כדי לראות אם היעד החיובי הוא מועשר בשבריר מאוגד החלבון ביחס לשבריר הקלט, ובכך אישרה תנאים אופטימליים מחייב עבור RR (איור 2). לאחר הכלאת מערך, הנתונים מנותחים למצוא פסגות של אות בעוצמה גבוהה המעידות על לוקוסים הגנומי שבו שעות החלבוןמודעה קשורה. פונקציות יכולות להיות חזויה עבור RR מבוסס על מטרות הגן שהושגו. הלוקוסים הגנומי היעד משמשים כדי לחזות מוטיבים אתר מחייב, אשר לאחר מכן בניסוי תוקף באמצעות EMSAs (איור 2). התחזיות פונקציונליות ומטרות גן לRR יכולים אז להיות מורחבות למינים קשורות באופן הדוק המקודדים RRs orthologous ידי סריקת הגנום אלה למוטיבים המחייבים דומים (איור 2). שיטת DAP-השבב יכולה לספק שפע של מידע לTCS בהם בעבר לא היה כלום. גם השיטה יכולה לשמש לכל רגולטור תעתיק אם החלבון יכול להיות מטוהרת וניתן לקבוע תנאים המחייבים DNA, ולכל אורגניזם של עניין עם רצף הגנום זמין. <img alt="איור 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> איור 1. מטוהר-DNA-זיקת השבב (DAP-אסטרטגית שבב) 7. גן RR מהאורגניזם של עניין הוא משובט עם התג שלו carboxy-מסוף לE. זן ביטוי coli. חלבון שלו מתויג מטוהר מופעל על ידי זירחון עם פוספט אצטיל, ומעורבב עם הדנ&quot;א הגנומי טעון. Aliquot של התגובה מחייבת נשמר כDNA קלט, ואילו השאר הוא נתון לטיהור זיקה באמצעות שרף Ni-נ.ת. ע. הקלט ואת ה-DNA הנכנס RR הוא הגנום כולו מוגבר, ושכותרתו עם Cy3 וCy5, בהתאמה. ה-DNA שכותרתו היא אספו יחד והכלאה למגוון ריצוף, אשר לאחר מכן נותח על מנת לקבוע מטרות הגן. איור שונה והודפס מחדש באמצעות הרישיון של Creative Commons מ7. <img alt="איור 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51715/51715fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> איור 2. סיכום של זרימת עבודה. לכל מטוהר protei מתויגn, להתחיל על ידי קביעת יעד באמצעות EMSA. אפשר לחלבון לקשור הדנ&quot;א הגנומי ולאחר מכן ה-DNA זיקה לטהר (DAP) והגנום כולו להגביר את ה-DNA והקלט המועשר (WGA). אם יעד גן ידוע, השתמש qPCR כדי להבטיח כי היעד הידוע הוא מועשר בשבריר מאוגד החלבון. אם לא ניתן לקבוע יעד, להמשיך ישירות לתיוג ה-DNA וכלת מערך. אם העשרה על ידי qPCR לא יכולה להיות שנצפתה, ולאחר מכן לחזור על החלבון מחייב-gDNA וצעדי DAP-WGA המשתמשים בכמויות חלבון שונות. השתמש בניתוח מערך למצוא פסגות ולמפות אותם כדי למקד את הגנים. השתמש באזורים במעלה הזרם של גנים המטרה לחזות מוטיבים אתר קישור. לאמת את המוטיבים בניסוי באמצעות EMSAs. השתמש במוטיב לסרוק את הגנום של מינים קרובים קידוד orthologs של RR תחת מחקר, ולחזות גנים ממוקדים במינים אלה גם כן. בהתבסס על מטרות הגן השיגו, התפקוד הפיזיולוגי של RR וorthologs ניתן לחזות. איור שונה והודפס מחדש באמצעות ג יצירתייםommons רישיון מ7.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="719">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:248px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">HisTrapFF column (Ni-Sepharose column)</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5255-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Akta explorer (FPLC instrument)</td>
			<td colspan="2">GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">HiPrep 26/10 Desalting column</td>
			<td>GE Lfe Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17-5087-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick Gel extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28704</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Biotin-labeled oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">6% polyacrylamide-0.5X TBE precast mini DNA retardation gel</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td>EC63652BOX</td>
			<td>Alternately, you can pour your own gel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nylon membrane</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA</td>
			<td>INYC00010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Trans-Blot SD Semi-dry electrophoretic transfer cell</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Extra thick blot paper, 8 x 13.5 cm</td>
			<td>Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>170-3967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">UV crosslinker Model XL-1000</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">11-992-89</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nucleic Acid chemiluminescent detection kit (Pierce)</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA</td>
			<td align="right">89880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Ni-NTA agarose resin</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">30210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="119">
			<td height="119" style="height:119px;width:255px;">GenomePlex Whole genome amplification kit (Fragmentation buffer, library preparation buffer, library stabilization solution, library preparation enzyme, 10X amplification master mix, WGA polymerase )</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>WGA2-50RXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Nanodrop ND-1000</td>
			<td colspan="2">Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA</td>
			<td>For quantitation of DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Perfecta Sybr Green SuperMix, with ROX</td>
			<td>Quanta biosciences</td>
			<td>95055-500</td>
			<td>Any Sybr Green PCR mix may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">PlateMax Ultra clear heat sealing film for qPCR</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">96 well clear low profile PCR microplate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">PCR-96-LP-AB-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Applied Biosystems StepOne Plus Real time PCR system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA</td>
			<td align="right">4376600</td>
			<td>Any real time PCR system may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Qiaquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA</td>
			<td align="right">28104</td>
			<td>Any PCR clean up kit may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Cy3/Cy5-labeled nonamers</td>
			<td>Trilink biotechnologies, San Diego, CA, USA</td>
			<td colspan="2">N46-0001, N46-0002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Klenow polymerase 50,000U/ml, 3&#39;-5&#39; exo-</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA</td>
			<td>M0212M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">Hybridization system</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This company no longer makes arrays or related items, so alternate sources such as Agilent or Affymetrix will need to be used,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Custom printed microarrays and mixers</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:255px;">Hybridization kit (2X Hybridization buffer, Hybridization component A, Alignment oligo)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Wash buffer kit (10X Wash buffer I, II, III, 1 M DTT)</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix 4200A microarray scanner</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td>This model has been replaced by superior ones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:255px;">GenePix Pro microarray software</td>
			<td colspan="2">Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:255px;">Nimblescan v.2.4, ChIP-chip analysis software</td>
			<td>Roche-Nimblegen, Madison, WI, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna-affinity-purified chip (dap-chip) method to determine gene targets for bacterial two component regulatory systems

בשיטות vivo כגון שבב שבב טכניקות מבוססות היטב המשמשות לקביעת מטרות גן הגלובליות לגורמי שעתוק. עם זאת, הם של שימוש מוגבל בחקר שתי מערכות רגולציה מרכיב חיידקים עם תנאי הפעלת uncharacterized. מערכות כאלה להסדיר שעתוק רק כאשר מופעלים בנוכחות אותות ייחודיים. מאז האותות הללו הם לעתים קרובות לא ידועים, חוץ גופית בשיטה microarray מבוססת שבתוארה במאמר זה וידאו יכול לשמש כדי לקבוע מטרות גן ואתרי קישור לרגולטורי תגובה. שיטה מטוהרת-DNA-זיקת שבב זה עשויה לשמש לכל רגולטור מטוהר בכל אורגניזם עם הגנום רצף. הפרוטוקול כרוך מאפשר מטוהר החלבון מתויג להיקשר הדנ&quot;א הגנומי טעון ולאחר מכן טיהור זיקת DNA הנכנס החלבון, ואחריו ניאון תיוג של ה-DNA וכלאה למערך ריצוף מותאם אישית. שקדמו לצעדים שעשויים לשמש כדי לייעל את assay לספציפיהרגולטורים ג גם מתוארים. הפסגות שנוצרו על ידי ניתוח נתוני מערך משמשות כדי לחזות מוטיבים אתר קישור, אשר לאחר מכן הם תוקף באופן ניסיוני. תחזיות המוטיב יכולות לשמש נוספת כדי לקבוע מטרות גן של רגולטורים תגובת orthologous במינים קרובים. אנו מדגימים את תחולתה של שיטה זו על ידי קביעת מטרות הגן ומחייב מוטיבים אתר ובכך לחזות את הפונקציה עבור DVU3023 רגולטור תגובת sigma54 תלוי בחיידק הסביבתי Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.

השיטה הנ&quot;ל יושמה כדי לקבוע את מטרות הגן הגלובליות של RRs בסולפט מודל הפחתת חיידק Desulfovibrio vulgaris 7 Hildenborough. יש אורגניזם זה מספר גדול של TCSs מיוצג על ידי מעל 70 RRs, המעיד על המגוון הרחב של אותות אפשריים שהוא חש ומגיב ל. בvivo מנתח על הפונקציות של מערכות אזעקה אלה ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems at JoVE.com

DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

מאמר וידאו זה מתאר שיטת microarray מבוסס במבחנה כדי לקבוע את מטרות הגן ואתרי קישור לשני רגולטורים תגובת מערכת רכיב.

שיטת צ&#39;יפ (DAP-שבב) מטוהרת-DNA-זיקה לקביעת מטרות גן לחיידקית שתי מערכות רגולטוריות רכיב

In vivo methods such as ChIP-chip are well-established techniques used to determine global gene targets for transcription factors. However, they are of ...

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DNA-affinity-purified Chip (DAP-chip) Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

16.6K Views.  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.  מאמר וידאו זה מתאר שיטת microarray מבוסס במבחנה כדי לקבוע את מטרות הגן ואתרי קישור לשני רגולטורים תגובת מערכת רכיב. 

Video: DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Gene Expression חיידקית ניתוח שימוש microarrays

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

Hi-C: שיטה לחקר ארכיטקטורה תלת ממדי של הגנום.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited from their latent state in the cytoplasm to cell surface receptors where they are activated by phosphorylation at a single tyrosine residue1. They then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to drive the transcription of target genes, affecting growth, differentiation, homeostasis and the immune response. Not surprisingly, given their widespread involvement in normal cell processes, dysregulation of STAT function contributes to human disease, particularly to cancers2 and autoimmune diseases3. It is well established that transcription is regulated by alterations to the chromatin template4,5. These alterations include the activities of ATP-dependent complexes, as well as covalent histone modifications and DNA methylation6. Because STAT activation of gene expression is both rapid and transient, it requires specific mechanisms for modulating the chromatin template at STAT-dependent gene loci. To define these mechanisms, we characterize the histone modifications and the enzymatic activities that generate them at gene loci that respond to STAT signaling. This protocol describes chromatin immunoprecipitation, a method that is valuable for the study of STAT signaling to chromatin in activated gene expression.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

This protocol describes how chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is used to study the dynamic alterations to the chromatin template that regulate transcription induced by a signal transduction pathway.

הכרומטין immunoprecipitation (שבב) לשינוי Assay דינמי היסטון בביטוי הגנים המופעלת בתא האדם

In response to a variety of extracellular ligands, the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factors are rapidly recruited ...

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the protein domains that bind to specific histone modifications. One such domain is the plant homeodomain (PHD), found in several chromatin-binding proteins. The epigenetic factor RBP2 has multiple PHD domains, however, they have different functions (Figure 4). In particular, the C-terminal PHD domain, found in a RBP2 oncogenic fusion in human leukemia, binds to trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4me3)1. The transcript corresponding to the RBP2 isoform containing the C-terminal PHD accumulates during differentiation of promonocytic, lymphoma-derived, U937 cells into monocytes2. Consistent with both sets of data, genome-wide analysis showed that in differentiated U937 cells, the RBP2 protein gets localized to genomic regions highly enriched for H3K4me33. Localization of RBP2 to its targets correlates with a decrease in H3K4me3 due to RBP2 histone demethylase activity and a decrease in transcriptional activity. In contrast, two other PHDs of RBP2 are unable to bind H3K4me3. Notably, the C-terminal domain PHD of RBP2 is absent in the smaller RBP2 isoform4. It is conceivable that the small isoform of RBP2, which lacks interaction with H3K4me3, differs from the larger isoform in genomic location. The difference in genomic location of RBP2 isoforms may account for the observed diversity in RBP2 function. Specifically, RBP2 is a critical player in cellular differentiation mediated by the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Consistent with these data, previous genome-wide analysis, without distinction between isoforms, identified two distinct groups of RBP2 target genes: 1) genes bound by RBP2 in a manner that is independent of differentiation; 2) genes bound by RBP2 in a differentiation-dependent manner.
To identify differences in localization between the isoforms we performed genome-wide location analysis by ChIP-Seq. Using antibodies that detect both RBP2 isoforms we have located all RBP2 targets. Additionally we have antibodies that only bind large, and not small RBP2 isoform (Figure 4). After identifying the large isoform targets, one can then subtract them from all RBP2 targets to reveal the targets of small isoform. These data show the contribution of chromatin-interacting domain in protein recruitment to its binding sites in the genome.

Here we are presenting a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) procedure for genome-wide location analysis of protein isoforms that differ in a histone-binding domain. We are applying it to ChIP-Seq analysis to identify the targets of the KDM5A/JARID1A/RBP2 histone demethylase.

הגנום כולו ניתוח באמצעות שבב זיהוי איזופורם ספציפי מטרות ג&#39;ין

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

באמצעות רצף מעצר SecM ככלי לבודד פוליפפטידים כרוכים הריבוזום

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent probes are particularly useful in determining the bio-distribution of administered large molecules, where the addition of a small-molecule fluorescent label is unlikely to affect the kinetics or bio-distribution of the compound. A variety of methods exist to examine bio-distribution that vary significantly in the amount of effort required and whether the resulting measurements are fully quantitative, but using multiple methods in conjunction can provide a rapid and effective system for analyzing bio-distributions.
Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a method that can be used to quickly compare the relative concentrations of fluorescent molecules within tissues and between multiple types of tissues or treatment groups. Using an imaging platform designed for live-animal or whole-organ imaging, fluorescence within intact tissues can be determined without further processing, saving time and labor while providing an accurate picture of the overall bio-distribution. This process is ideal in experiments attempting to determine the tissue specificity of a compound or for the comparison of multiple different compounds. Quantitative tissue histology on the other hand requires extensive further processing of tissues in order to create a quantitative measure of the labeled compounds. To accurately assess bio-distribution, all tissues of interest must be sliced, scanned, and analyzed relative to standard curves in order to make comparisons between tissues or groups. Quantitative tissue histology is the gold standard for determining absolute compound concentrations within tissues.
Here, we describe how both methods can be used together effectively to assess the ability of different administration methods and compound modifications to target and deliver fluorescently labeled molecules to the central nervous system1.

The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a rapid method for determining the relative concentrations of fluorescently labeled compounds within and between tissues or treatment groups. Conversely, quantitative fluorescence histology, while more labor intensive, allows for the quantification of the absolute tissue levels of labeled molecules.

השימוש של<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; הדמיה Whole-איברים היסטולוגיה רקמות כמותי כדי לקבוע את ביו-הפצה של מולקולות שכותרתו fluorescently

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

באמצעות שיטת הר שלמה Immunohistochemical ללמוד את שימור של דרכי המרה<em&gt; סונקוס מורן</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a simple protocol to monitor this process is described. Moreover, typical results and experimental validation of the method under autophagy-inducing conditions in various types of cultured mammalian cells are provided. During bulk autophagy, autophagosomes sequester cytosol, and thereby also soluble cytosolic proteins, alongside other autophagic cargo. LDH is a stable and highly abundant, soluble cytosolic enzyme that is non-selectively sequestered into autophagosomes. The amount of LDH sequestration therefore reflects the amount of bulk autophagic sequestration. To efficiently and accurately determine LDH sequestration in cells, we employ an electrodisruption-based fractionation protocol that effectively separates sedimentable from cytosolic LDH, followed by measurement of enzymatic activity in sedimentable fractions versus whole-cell samples. Autophagic sequestration is determined by subtracting the proportion of sedimentable LDH in untreated cells from that in treated cells. The advantage of the LDH sequestration assay is that it gives a quantitative measure of the autophagic sequestration of endogenous cargo, as opposed to other methods that either involve ectopic expression of sequestration probes or semi-quantitative protease protection analyses of autophagy markers or receptors.

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &amp;#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Here a simple and well-validated protocol for measuring bulk autophagic sequestration activity in mammalian cells is described. The method is based on quantifying the proportion of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in sedimentable cell fractions compared to total cellular LDH levels.

לקטט דהידרוגנאז פחמיות וזמינותו — שיטה פשוטה ואמינה לקביעת נפח פעילות פחמיות Autophagic בתאים בתרבית

Bulk autophagy is characterized by the sequestration of large portions of cytoplasm into double/multi-membrane structures termed autophagosomes. Here a ...

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental inputs into stress tolerance, pathogenicity, and other key components of fitness. This manuscript describes a microscope-based assay that tracks approximately 105&#160;Saccharomyces cerevisiae microcolonies per experiment. After automated time-lapse imaging of yeast immobilized in a multiwell plate, microcolony growth rates are easily analyzed with custom image-analysis software. For each microcolony, expression and localization of fluorescent proteins and survival of acute stress can also be monitored. This assay allows precise estimation of strains&#39; average growth rates, as well as comprehensive measurement of heterogeneity in growth, gene expression, and stress tolerance within clonal populations.

Yeast growth phenotypes are precisely measured through highly parallel time-lapse imaging of immobilized cells growing into microcolonies. Simultaneously, stress tolerance, protein expression, and protein localization can be monitored, generating integrated datasets to study how environmental and genetic differences, as well as gene-expression heterogeneity among isogenic cells, modulate growth.

הדמיה חיה בעלת תפוקה גבוהה של מיקרוקולוניות למדידת הטרוגניות בצמיחה ובביטוי גנים

Precise measurements of between- and within-strain heterogeneity in microbial growth rates are essential for understanding genetic and environmental ...

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their recruited proteins, lead to temporal and spatial control of gene expression. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&#38;Tag) is an enzyme-tethering method in which the specific chromatin protein is firstly recognized by its specific antibody, and then the antibody tethers a protein A-transposase (pA-Tn5) fusion protein, which cleaves the targeted chromatin in situ by the activation of magnesium ions. Here, we provide our previously published CUT&#38;Tag protocol using intact nuclei isolated from allortetraploid cotton leaves with modification. This step-by-step protocol can be used for epigenomic research in plants. In addition, substantial modifications for plant nuclei isolation are provided with critical comments.

Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&amp;Tag) is an efficient chromatin epigenomic profiling strategy. This protocol presents a refined CUT&amp;Tag strategy for the profiling of histone modifications in plants.

יצירת פרופיל של שינוי H3K4me3 בצמחים באמצעות מחשוף תחת מטרות ותגיות

Epigenomic regulation at the chromatic level, including DNA and histone modifications, behaviors of transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs with their ...