This work lies within the multidisciplinary Southampton Musculoskeletal Research Unit (Southampton University Hospitals Trust/University of Southampton) and the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis. The authors wish to thank their funding sources; Arthritis Research UK for funding of laboratory equipment (Grant No: 18512) and Vicon Motion System, Oxford UK for providing funding for a PhD studentship (M.Warner). The authors also wish to thank the participants, and Kate Scott and Lindsay Pringle for their help with participant recruitment.

<ol>
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None of the authors had any affiliation with any organization that could influence the outcome of this work.

הבחירה של המתודולוגיה לקביעת קינמטיקה גלימה היא קריטית, והתחשבות בתוקף, האמינות וההתאמה שלה למחקר יש לתת. שיטות שונות אומצו לאורך כל הספרות אך לכל שיטה יש את מגבלותיו. אשכול סמן acromion מתגבר מספר המגבלות אלה, כגון שגיאות הקרנה מהדמית 2D או שמצריך פרשנות חוזרת ונשנית של ה...

מדידה אובייקטיבית, כמותיים של קינמטיקה הגלימה יכולה לספק הערכה של דפוסים חריגים תנועה הקשורים לתפקוד לקוי של כתף 1, כגון סיבוב כלפי מעלה מופחת והטיה אחורית במהלך העלאת זרוע נצפתה בפגיעה בכתף 2-8. מדידה של קינמטיקה גלימה, עם זאת, קשה בשל מיקום של העצם העמוק והטבע מחליק מתחת לפני שטח עור 1. טכניקות אופייניות kinematic מדידה של צירוף סמנים רעיוני על ציוני דרך אנטומי לא כראוי לעקוב אחר עצם השכם כפי שמחליק מתחת לפני שטח העור 9. שיטות שונות אומצו לאורך כל הספרות להתגבר על קשיים אלה, ובכלל זה; הדמיה (רנטגן או תהודה מגנטית) 10-14, goniometers 15,16 סיכות, עצם 17-22, מישוש ידני 23,24, ושיטת acromion 3,5,19,25. כל שיטה, לעומת זאת, יש מגבלות שלה, אשר כוללות: לשעברposure לקרינה, שגיאות הקרנה במקרה של ניתוח תמונה דו-ממדי המבוסס, דורשות חזרו פרשנות סובייקטיבית של המיקום של עצם השכמה, הם סטטי בטבע או שהם פולשני מאוד (למשל סיכות עצם). פתרון ללהתגבר על חלק מהקשיים אלה הוא להעסיק את שיטת acromion בי חיישן אלקטרומגנטים מחובר לחלק השטוח של acromion 25, חלק שטוח של עצם המשתרע anteriorly בחלק הצדדי ביותר של עצם השכמה המוביל מעמוד השדרה של עצם השכם. הרעיון מאחורי העיקרון בשיטת acromion הוא להפחית חפץ תנועת העור, כacromion הוכח לי את הכמות המינימאלית של חפץ תנועת עור בהשוואה לאתרים אחרים בהשכמות 26. שיטת acromion אינה פולשני ומספקת מדידה תלת-ממדית דינמית של קינמטיקה עצם השכם. מחקרים הראו אימות שיטת acromion להיות תקף עד 120 מעלות בזרוע אלשלב evation בעת שימוש בחיישנים אלקטרומגנטיים 17,27. כאשר סדרה של סמנים מסודרים באשכול, אשכול סמן acromion (AMC) באמצעות מכשירי לכידת תנועת סמן מבוסס, נדרש והוכח בתוקף בעת שימוש במערכת לכידת תנועה פעיל-מרקר 28 ותוך שימוש פסיבי-מרקר מערכת לכידת תנועה בגובה זרוע וזרוע הורדת 29. השימוש בAMC עם התקן לכידה תנועת סמן פסיבי למדידת קינמטיקה גלימה נעשה שימוש כדי להעריך את השינויים בקינמטיקה הגלימה הבאים התערבות כדי לטפל בפגיעה בכתף 30. השימוש חוקי בשיטה זו, עם זאת, תלויה ביכולת ליישם את האשכול של סמנים מדויקים, את עמדתו של אשר הוכחה להשפיע על תוצאות 31, לכייל ציוני דרך אנטומי 32 ותנועות זרוע הבטחה נמצאות בטווח חוקי של תנועה (כלומר להלן 120 ° גובה זרוע) 29. זהגם הוצע reapplication של אשכול הסמן, בעת השימוש במערכת לכידת תנועת סמן מבוסס פעילה, נמצא כי מקור השגיאה מוגברת להטיה אחורית גלימה 28. זהו, אם כן, חשוב לקבוע את האמינות בין-היום של שיטת acromion כדי להבטיח שהיא מספקת מדד יציב של קינמטיקה עצם השכם. להבטיח שמדידות הן אמינות יאפשר שינויים בקינמטיקה גלימה, בשל התערבות, למשל, שיש למדוד ובדק. השיטות המשמשות למדידת קינמטיקה הגלימה תוארו במקום אחר 29,33; מטרת המחקר הנוכחי הייתה לספק כלי מדריך והתייחסות צעד-אחר-צעד ליישום שיטות אלה באמצעות מערכת לכידת תנועה פסיבית-מרקר, תוך התחשבות במקורות הפוטנציאליים של שגיאה, ולבחון את אמינותה של שיטת המדידה .

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measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics using an acromion marker cluster to minimize skin movement artifact

המדידה של קינמטיקה גלימה הדינמית היא מורכבת בשל אופי הזזה של עצם השכמה מתחת לפני השטח של העור. מטרת המחקר הייתה לתאר את שיטת אשכול סמן acromion (AMC) קביעת קינמטיקה גלימה בעת שימוש במערכת לכידת תנועת סמן פסיבית, עם התחשבות במקורות של שגיאה שעלולה להשפיע על התוקף והמהימנות של מדידות באופן ברור. שיטת AMC כוללת הצבת מקבץ של סמנים מעל acromion האחורי, ובאמצעות כיול של ציוני דרך אנטומי ביחס לאשכול הסמן ניתן להשיג מדידות תקפות של קינמטיקה עצם השכם. האמינות של השיטה נבדקה בין יומיים בקבוצה של 15 אנשים בריאים (19-38 שנים בגילים, שמונה גברים) כפי שהם ביצעו העלאת זרוע, עד 120 מעלות, והורידה בחזיתי, הגלימה ומטוסי sagittal. תוצאות מחקר הראו כי האמינות בין-היום הייתה טובה לסיבוב כלפי מעלה גלימה (מקדם Multמתאם iple; CMC = 0.92) והטיה אחורית (CMC = 0.70), אך הוגנת לסיבוב פנימי (CMC = 0.53) בשלב העלאת זרוע. שגיאת צורת הגל הייתה נמוכה יותר עבור סיבוב כלפי מעלה (2.7 ° עד 4.4 מעלות) והטיה אחורית (1.3 ° עד 2.8 מעלות), בהשוואה לסיבוב פנימי (5.4 ° עד 7.3 מעלות). האמינות בשלב הנמכה הייתה דומה לתוצאות שנצפו בשלב ההעלאה. אם הפרוטוקול שתואר במחקר זה הוא דבק, AMC מספק מדידה אמינה של סיבוב כלפי מעלה והטיה אחורית במהלך ההעלאה והורדה של שלבי תנועת זרוע.

חמש עשרה משתתפים שלא ידוע ההיסטוריה של פציעות כתף, צוואר או זרוע גויסו על המחקר (טבלה 2). כדי להעריך תוך מדרג (בין-יום) אמינות, משתתפים השתתפו בשני מפגשי איסוף הנתונים מופרדים על ידי לפחות 24 שעות ועד למקסימום של 7 ימים. במהלך כל מפגש איסוף נתונים, אותו החוקר ביצע ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

דוח זה מציג את הפרטים של איך לאמץ את שיטת אשכול סמן acromion קבלת קינמטיקה גלימה בעת שימוש במכשיר לכידה תנועת סמן פסיבי. כפי שכבר תואר בספרות, בשיטה זו מספקת מדידה חזקה, לא פולשנית, תלת ממדים, דינמית ותקפה של קינמטיקה גלימה, מזעור חפץ תנועת עור.

מדידה דינמי הגלימה קינמטיקה באמצעות Cluster acromion מרקר למזעור Artifact תנועת עור

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

measurement-dynamic-scapular-kinematics-using-an-acromion-marker

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.0K Views.  University of Southampton.  דוח זה מציג את הפרטים של איך לאמץ את שיטת אשכול סמן acromion קבלת קינמטיקה גלימה בעת שימוש במכשיר לכידה תנועת סמן פסיבי. כפי שכבר תואר בספרות, בשיטה זו מספקת מדידה חזקה, לא פולשנית, תלת ממדים, דינמית ותקפה של קינמטיקה גלימה, מזעור חפץ תנועת עור. 

Video: Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

מדידה מדויקת ופשוטה 1β-IL Pro-ציטוקין דלקתי באמצעות גירוי Assay Whole Blood

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

ויזואליזציה כמותי וזיהוי של סרטן העור באמצעות הדמיה תרמית Dynamic

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

המדידה והטיפול בדיכוי בעין עצלה

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

תנועת סבה באמצעות משוב בזמן אמת של ביצועים

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

באמצעות PCR כמוני בזמן אמת לקביעת engraftment תא התורם במודל תחרותי Murine מח עצם השתלה

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

הדמיית תהודה מגנטית משופרת ניגודיות דינמית של דגם orthotopic סרטן לבלב עכבר

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis.
The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject&#39;s height or leg length.
Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 &#177; 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 &#177; 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p &#60; 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p &#62; 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle.
The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

ניתוח וידאו התנועה באמצעות טלפונים חכמים (ViMAS): מחקר פיילוט

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

אולטראסאונד תלת-ממד הדמיה: Morphometry מהירה וחסכונית של רקמת שריר-שלד

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

A Novel Approach to Overcome Movement Artifact When Using a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging System for Alternating Speeds of Blood Microcirculation

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic responses, the LSCI is used in the same way as a conventional Laser Doppler Imager (LDI). However, with a maximum skin depth of approximately 1 mm, the LSCI is designed to focus on mainly superficial blood flow. It is used to measure skin surface areas of up to 15 cm x 20 cm. The new technique introduced in this paper accounts for alternating speeds of microcirculations; i.e. both slow and fast flow flux measurement using the LSCI. The novel technique also overcomes LSCI&#39;s biggest shortcoming, which is high sensitivity to artifact movement. An adhesive opaque patch (AOP) is introduced for satisfactory recording of microcirculatory blood flow, by subtracting the LSCI signal from the AOP from the laser speckle skin signal. The optimal setting is also defined because the LSCI is most powerful when flux changes are measured relative to a reference baseline, with blood microcirculatory flux expressed as a percentage change from the baseline. These changes may be used for analyzing the status of the blood flow system.

This study introduces a novel technique for the measurement and analysis of alternating speeds of blood microcirculation in a single experiment using a laser speckle contrast imager.

גישה מוזרה כדי להתגבר על החפץ תנועה בעת שימוש ניגוד חודרני לייזר מערכת הדמיה עבור לסירוגין מהירויות פיפטות לקיחת דם

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic ...

Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion pressure. However, it is difficult to monitor the dynamic changes of the coronary arterioles and the capillaries in the whole heart, primarily due to its motion and non-stop beating. Here we describe a method that enables monitoring of arterial perfusion rate, pressure and the diameter changes of the arterioles and capillaries in mouse right ventricular papillary muscles. The mouse septal artery is cannulated and perfused at a constant flow or pressure with the other dynamically measured. After perfusion with a fluorescently labeled lectin (e.g., Alexa Fluor-488 or -633 labeled Wheat-Germ Agglutinin, WGA), the arterioles and capillaries (and other vessels) in right ventricle papillary muscle and septum could be readily imaged. The vessel-diameter changes could then be measured in the presence or absence of heart contractions. When genetically encoded fluorescent proteins were expressed, specific features could be monitored. For examples, pericytes were visualized in mouse hearts that expressed NG2-DsRed. This method has provided a useful platform to study the physiological functions of capillary pericytes in heart. It is also suitable for studying the effect of reagents on the blood flow in heart by measuring the vascular/capillary diameter and the arterial luminal pressure simultaneously. This preparation, combined with a state-of-the-art optic imaging system, allows one to study the blood flow and its control at cellular and molecular level in the heart under near-physiological conditions.

Presented here is a protocol to study the coronary microcirculation in living murine heart tissue by ex vivo monitoring of the arterial perfusion pressure and flow that maintains the pressure, as well as vascular tree components including the capillary beds and pericytes, as the septal artery is cannulated and pressurized.

מדידה והדמיה דינמיות של נימים, עורקים ופריציטים בלב העכבר

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion ...