We would like to thank the Texas Pierce&#8217;s Disease Research and Education Program and USDA-APHIS for their funding support for this project. We would also like to thank Hema Kothari at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler for her assistance with confocal microscopy.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html> חששות עולים בנוגע לזרם של מינים חקלאיים פולשני שיובילו לגידול בביקוש למתודולוגיות חדשות להגנה מפני מזיקים ופתוגנים המתעוררים. מוקד מניעת מחלות וניהול כרוך בניהול של וקטורי הפתוגן והיה היעד העיקרי של מחקר זה. כלכלה לשחק תפקיד חיוני בהחלטה לייצר סוג זה של biopesticide ל...

הצלף מזוגגת המכונף (Homalodisca vitripennis Germar 1821) זוהה כווקטור העיקרי של fastidiosa (fastidiosa X.) Xylella, הסוכן סיבתי של מחלת פירס של גפן (PD) בצפון אמריקה 1. ניהול אוכלוסיית חרקים הפך במהירות למוקד של מחקר כדי להילחם בבעיה הרסנית הזאת לתעשיית גידול הגפנים בקליפורניה וברחבי ארצות הברית הדרום. חיובי תחושה, וירוס RNA חד גדילים השייכת למשפחה Dicistroviridae, Homalodisca-01 וירוס (HoCV-01) זוהה coagulata בה הפראית אוכלוסיות vitripennis והוצג להגדלת תמותה באוכלוסיות אלה 2-4, תוך הפחתת ההתנגדות של החרקים לחומרי הדברה. פיתוח שיטות ליעילות אחורי נגוע ח vitripennis לבגרות במעבדת הגדרה היה קשה משום ש <eמ &#39;&gt; H. יש לי vitripennis הצרכים בשלב מסוים שונים תזונתיים הדורשים מגוון רחב של צמחי מארח 5-8. מתקנים ספציפיים נדרשים לה &#39;חי אחורי vitripennis בארצות הברית; לכן, תרבית תאים היא חסכונית יותר וחלופה, כמו גם חיונית יותר ויותר לHoCV-01 זיהוי ושכפול 2,9. בעוד שיטות בסיסיות להקמת תרביות תאים של ה vitripennis מתוארים, שיטות אלה עדיין לא נוצלו לייצור מסחרי של סוכני הדברה ביולוגיים, כגון וירוסים 2. המטרה הכוללת של ההליכים הבאים היא לייצר ריכוז גבוה של HoCV-01 מתאים לניצול כסוכן הדברה ביולוגי. שכפול נגיפי דורש תא חי, וזאת הסיבה שהצלחת טיפוח וייעול ה &#39; תרבויות vitripennis היא חיוניות להתקדמות של הפקת רמות רווחיות של וירוס.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Corning cell culture flasks</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>CLS430168</td><td>Surface area 25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, canted neck, cap (plug seal)</td></tr><tr><td>Olympus DP30BW, IX2-SP, IX71</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td>Inverted microscope and camera</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T4049</td><td>0.25%, sterile-filtered, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, 2.5 g porcine trypsin and 0.2 g EDTA &amp;bull; 4Na per liter of Hanks&amp;prime; Balanced Salt Solution with phenol red</td></tr><tr><td>Greiner CELLSTAR multiwell culture plates</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M8937</td><td>48 wells (TC treated with lid)</td></tr><tr><td>DETCA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>228680</td><td>Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate</td></tr><tr><td>Corning bottle-top vacuum filter system</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>CLS431206</td><td>Cellulose acetate membrane, pore size 0.45 &amp;mu;m, membrane area 54.5 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, filter capacity 500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Brij 52</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>388831</td><td>Polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffer solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5244</td><td>Received as 100 mM diluted to 10 mM with sterile water</td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol LS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10296-028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A5304</td><td>For electrophoresis</td></tr><tr><td>Ethidium bromide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E7637</td><td>BioReagent, for molecular biology, powder</td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28704</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuantiTect qRT-PCR kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>204243</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4% paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td>Reagent grade, crystalline</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5368</td><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>X100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2153</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rhodamine red-conjugated phalloidin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>R415</td><td>Rhodamine phalloidin is a high-affinity F-actin probe conjugated to the red-orange fluorescent dye, tetramethylrhodamine</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM510 Meta Confocal System</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM Zen 2007 Software</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grace&amp;rsquo;s Insect medium (supplemented, 1x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G8142</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>L-histidine monohydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H8125</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Medium 199 (10x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M4530</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Medium 1066 (1x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C0422</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Hank&amp;rsquo;s Balanced Salts (1x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>51322C</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine (100x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G3126</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>MEM, amino acid mix (50x)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>56419C</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>1 M MgCl solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M8266</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Pen-Strep (w/ glutamine)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G6784</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Nystatin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>N6261</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamycin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>46305</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Dextrose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9434</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F2442</td><td>H2G+ leafhopper medium component</td></tr></tbody></table>

propagation of homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via homalodisca vitripennis cell culture

הצלף מזוגגת מכונף (Homalodisca vitripennis) הוא חרקים vagile וpolyphagous מאוד למצוא בכל רחבי מערב ארצות הברית. חרקים אלה הם הווקטורים העיקריים של (fastidiosa X.) fastidiosa Xylella, חיידק מוגבל עצה שהוא הסוכן סיבתי למחלתו של פירס (PD) של גפן. מחלתו של פירס היא מבחינה כלכלית מזיקה; וכך, ה &#39; vitripennis הפך יעד לאסטרטגיות ניהול הפתוגן. Dicistrovirus זוהה כוירוס-01 coagulata Homalodisca (HoCV-01) נמצא קשור לסיכון מוגבר לתמותה בח אוכלוסיות vitripennis. בגלל נדרש תא מארח עבור שכפול HoCV-01, תרבית תאים מספקת סביבה אחידה לשכפול ממוקד שהוא מבחינה לוגיסטית וכלכלי רב ערך לייצור biopesticide. במחקר זה, מערכת להפצה בקנה מידה גדולה של ה &#39; תאי vitripennis באמצעות תרבית רקמה פותחו, עמ &#39;roviding מנגנון שכפול נגיפי. HoCV-01 היה שחולץ מן החרקים בכל גוף ומשמש ללחסן ה התרבותית תאי vitripennis ברמות שונות. מדיום התרבות הוסר כל שעה 24 ל168 שעה, RNA חילוץ וניתח עם qRT-PCR. תאים הוכתמו trypan הכחול ונספרו לכמת שרידות תא באמצעות מיקרוסקופ אור. חלקיקי נגיף שלמים הוצאו עד 96 שעות לאחר הדבקה, שהייתה נקודת הזמן שנקבעה להיות לפני קריסה מוחלטת תרבית תאים התרחשה. תאים גם היו נתונים לצביעת ניאון ונצפו באמצעות מיקרוסקופ confocal לחקור פעילות נגיפית בשלמות התקשרות וגרעיני F-אקטין. המסקנה של מחקר זה היא כי ה &#39; תאי vitripennis מסוגלים להיות מתורבת ומשמש לייצור המוני של HoCV-01 ברמה מתאימה שיאפשר ייצור של biopesticide.

מצורף תא והצמיחה נתפסו בתוך 48 שעות של מעבר בשני צלוחיות התרבות הקטנות וגדולות, מתרבויות עיקריות ומעברים המשיכו. גידול פיברובלסטים ופיתוח נצפו גם בתוך מסגרת זמן זו. כאשר צלוחיות זורעים עתה הופרעו לפני 48 שעה, חלה ירידה ניכרת בקובץ מצורף תא, שמוביל לתרבויות איטיות הולך ?...

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Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

כאן אנו מציגים פרוטוקול להפיץ תאי vitripennis Homalodisca וHoCV-1 במבחנה. בינוני הוסר מHoCV-1 תרבויות חיוביות וRNA שחולץ כל שעה 24 ל168 שעה. שרידות תא הייתה לכמת ידי מכתים trypan הכחול. חלקיקי נגיף שלמים חולצו לאחר פגיעה. RNA שחולץ היה לכמת ידי qRT-PCR.

רביה של<em&gt; וירוס-01 coagulata Homalodisca</em&gt; דרך<em&gt; Homalodisca vitripennis</em&gt; תרבות תא

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) is a highly vagile and polyphagous insect found throughout the southwestern United States. These ...

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Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

11.7K Views.  University of Texas at Tyler.  כאן אנו מציגים פרוטוקול להפיץ תאי vitripennis Homalodisca וHoCV-1 במבחנה. בינוני הוסר מHoCV-1 תרבויות חיוביות וRNA שחולץ כל שעה 24 ל168 שעה. שרידות תא הייתה לכמת ידי מכתים trypan הכחול. חלקיקי נגיף שלמים חולצו לאחר פגיעה. RNA שחולץ היה לכמת ידי qRT-PCR. 

Video: Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. One strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. In this article, we describe how to handle, process, and screen field-collected mosquitoes for infectious virus by Vero cell culture assay. Mosquitoes are sorted by trap location and species, and grouped into pools containing &le;50 individuals. Pooled specimens are homogenized in buffered saline using a mixer-mill and the aqueous phase is inoculated onto confluent Vero cell cultures (Clone E6). Cell cultures are monitored for cytopathic effect from days 3-7 post-inoculation and any viruses grown in cell culture are identified by the appropriate diagnostic assays. By utilizing this approach, we have isolated 9 different viruses from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, and among these, 5 are known to cause human disease. Three of these viruses (West Nile virus, Potosi virus, and La Crosse virus) represent new records for North America or the New England region since 1999. The ability to detect a wide diversity of viruses is critical to monitoring both established and newly emerging viruses in the mosquito population.

We describe a method to process and screen field-collected mosquitoes for a diversity of viruses by Vero cell culture assay. By employing this technique, we have detected 9 different viruses from 4 taxonomic families in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

איתור של וירוסים זיהומיות מהשטח, שנאספו על ידי יתושים Assay תרבות Vero Cell

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous emergence of new influenza virus strains due to mutation and re-assortment complicates the control of the virus and necessitates the permanent development of novel drugs and vaccines. The laboratory-based study of influenza requires a reliable and cost-effective method for the propagation of the virus. Here, a comprehensive protocol is provided for influenza A virus propagation in fertile chicken eggs, which consistently yields high titer viral stocks. In brief, serum pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs are incubated at 37 &#176;C and 55-60% humidity for 10 &#8211; 11 days. Over this period, embryo development can be easily monitored using an egg candler. Virus inoculation is carried out by injection of virus stock into the allantoic cavity using a needle. After 2 days of incubation at 37 &#176;C, the eggs are chilled for at least 4 hr at 4 &#176;C. The eggshell above the air sac and the chorioallantoic membrane are then carefully opened, and the allantoic fluid containing the virus is harvested. The fluid is cleared from debris by centrifugation, aliquoted and transferred to -80 &#176;C for long-term storage. The large amount (5-10 ml of virus-containing fluid per egg) and high virus titer which is usually achieved with this protocol has made the usage of eggs for virus preparation our favorable method, in particular for in vitro studies which require large quantities of virus in which high dosages of the same virus stock are needed.

Fertile chicken eggs are widely used to produce large amounts of human influenza A virus as they provide a convenient and cost-effective system to prove high yields of virus.

רביה וירוס השפעת בembryonated עוף ביצים

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

גישה פשוטה ויעילה לבנות וקטורי וירוס Vaccinia Mutant

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Adenovirus-mediated Genetic Removal of Signaling Molecules in Cultured Primary Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction analysis. One particular method to achieve this conditional deletion is via the use of the Cre-loxP system. This method involves flanking the gene of interest with loxP sites, which are specific recognition sequences for the Cre recombinase protein. Exposure of the so-called floxed (flanked by loxP site) DNA to this enzyme results in a Cre-mediated recombination event at the loxP sites, and subsequent excision of the intervening gene3. Several different methods exist to administer Cre recombinase to the site of interest. In this video, we demonstrate the use of an adenovirus containing the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from embryos containing a floxed Rac1 allele1. Our rationale for selecting Rac1 MEFs for our experiments is that clear morphological changes can be seen upon deletion of Rac1, due to alterations in the actin cytoskeleton2,5. 72 hours following viral transduction and Cre expression, cells were stained using the actin dye phalloidin and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was observed that MEFs which had been exposed to the adeno-Cre virus appeared contracted and elongated in morphology compared to uninfected cells, consistent with previous reports2,5. The adenovirus method of Cre recombinase delivery is advantageous as the adeno-Cre virus is easily available, and gene deletion via Cre in nearly 100% of the cells can be achieved with optimized adenoviral infection.

In this video we use an adenovirus carrying the Cre recombinase gene to infect primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts carrying a floxed Rac1 allele.

Adenovirus בתיווך הסרת גנטית של מולקולות איתות ב Cultured Fibroblasts עכבר ראשיים עובריים

The ability to genetically remove specific components of various cell signalling cascades has been an integral tool in modern signal transduction ...

Biology

Generating Recombinant Avian Herpesvirus Vectors with CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is an ideal viral vector for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases, such as avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), and infectious bursal disease (IBD), using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis or conventional recombination methods. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been successfully used in many settings for gene editing, including the manipulation of several large DNA virus genomes. We have developed a rapid and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing pipeline to generate recombinant HVT. To maximize the potential use of this method, we present here detailed information about the methodology of generating recombinant HVT expressing the VP2 protein of IBDV. The VP2 expression cassette is inserted into the HVT genome via an NHEJ (nonhomologous end-joining)-dependent repair pathway. A green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression cassette is first attached to the insert for easy visualization and then removed via the Cre-LoxP system. This approach offers an efficient way to introduce other viral antigens into the HVT genome for the rapid development of recombinant vaccines.

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is widely used as a vector platform for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases. This article describes a simple and rapid approach for the generation of recombinant HVT-vectored vaccines using an integrated NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-Lox system.

יצירת וקטורים ההרפס העופות רקומביננטי עם CRISPR/Cas9 ג'ין עריכה

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is an ideal viral vector for the generation of recombinant vaccines against a number of avian diseases, such as avian ...

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our knowledge of prevention and treatment of viral infection. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be one of the most efficient and productive model organisms to screen for antiviral factors and investigate virus-host interaction, due to powerful genetic tools and highly conserved innate immune signaling pathways. The procedure described here demonstrates a nano-injection method to establish viral infection and induce systemic antiviral responses in adult flies. The precise control of the viral injection dose in this method enables high experimental reproducibility. Protocols described in this study include the preparation of flies and the virus, the injection method, survival rate analysis, the virus load measurement, and an antiviral pathway assessment. The influence effects of viral infection by the flies' background were mentioned here. This infection method is easy to perform and quantitatively repeatable; it can be applied to screen for host/viral factors involved in virus-host interaction and to dissect the crosstalk between innate immune signaling and other biological pathways in response to viral infection.

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster

This protocol describes how to establish viral infection in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster using the nano-injection method and basic techniques to analyze virus-host interaction.

הקמתה של זיהום נגיפי וניתוח של התערבות מארח-וירוס דרוזופילה Melanogaster

Virus spreading is a major cause of epidemic diseases. Thus, understanding the interaction between the virus and the host is very important to extend our ...

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

The occasional direct transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) and H7N9 to humans and their lethality are serious public health issues and suggest the possibility of an epidemic. However, our molecular understanding of the virus is rudimentary, and it is necessary to study the biological properties of its envelope proteins as therapeutic targets and to develop strategies to control infection. We developed a solid viral pseudotyped particle (pp) platform to study avian influenza virus, including the functional analysis of its hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) envelope glycoproteins, the reassortment characteristics of the HAs and NAs, receptors, tropisms, neutralizing antibodies, diagnosis, infectivity, for the purposes of drug development and vaccine design. Here, we describe an experimental procedure to establish pps with the envelope glycoproteins (HA, NA) from two influenza A strains (HAPI H5N1 and 2013 avian H7N9). Their generation is based on the capacity of some viruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), to incorporate envelope glycoproteins into a pp. In addition, we also detail how these pps are quantified with RT-qPCR, and the infectivity detection of native and mismatched virus pps depending on the origin of the HAs and NAs. This system is highly flexible and adaptable and can be used to establish viral pps with envelope glycoproteins that can be incorporated in any other type of enveloped virus. Thus, this viral particle platform can be used to study wild viruses in many research investigations.

This protocol describes an experimental process to produce high-titer infectious viral pseudotyped particles (pp) with envelope glycoproteins from two influenza A strains and how to determine their infectivity. This protocol is highly adaptable to develop pps of any other type of enveloped viruses with different envelope glycoproteins.

ייצור של שפעת מדבקת גבוהה-Titer חלקיקים מוקלדים עם מעטפה גליקורופנס מH5N1 פתוגניים מאוד H7N9 וירוסים העופות

The occasional direct transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) and H7N9 to humans and their lethality are serious ...

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Hepatitis E virus is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and liver failure with increasing prevalence worldwide. The single-stranded RNA virus is predominantly transmitted by blood transfusions, inadequate sanitary conditions and contaminated food products. To date the off-label drug ribavirin (RBV) is the treatment of choice for many patients. Nonetheless, a specific HEV treatment remains to be identified. So far, the knowledge about the HEV life cycle and pathogenesis has been severely hampered because of the lack of an efficient HEV cell culture system. A robust cell culture system is essential for the study of the viral life cycle which also includes the viral pathogenesis. With the method described here one can produce viral titers of up to 3 x 106 focus forming unit/mL (FFU/mL) of non-enveloped HEV and up to 5 x 104 FFU/mL of enveloped HEV. Using these particles, it is possible to infect a variety of cells of diverse origins including primary cells and human, as well as animal cell lines. The production of infectious HEV particles from plasmids poses an infinite source, which makes this protocol exceedingly efficient.

Described here is an effective method on how to produce high viral titer stocks of hepatitis E virus (HEV) to efficiently infect hepatoma cells. With the presented method, both non-enveloped, as well as enveloped viral particles can be harvested and used for inoculating various cell lines.

מודל תרבות התא להפקת צהבת מניות וירוס מסוג Titer גבוהה

Hepatitis E virus is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and liver failure with increasing prevalence worldwide. The single-stranded RNA virus is ...

Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes

With the broad application of sequencing technologies, many novel virus-like sequences have been discovered in arthropods, including mosquitoes. The two main categories of these new mosquito-associated viruses are &#34;mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs)&#34; and &#34;mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs)&#34;. These novel viruses might be pathogenic to both vertebrates and mosquitoes, or they could just be symbiotic with mosquitoes. Entity viruses are essential to confirm the biological characters of these viruses. Thus, a detailed protocol has been described here for virus isolation and amplification from field-collected mosquitoes. First, the mosquito samples were prepared as supernatants of mosquito homogenates. After centrifugation twice, the supernatants were then inoculated into either mosquito cell line C6/36 or vertebrate cell line BHK-21 for virus amplification. After 7 days, the supernatants were collected as the P1 supernatants and stored at -80 &#176;C. Next, P1 supernatants were passaged twice more in C6/36 or BHK-21 cells while the cell status was being checked daily. When cytopathogenic effect (CPE) on the cells was discovered, these supernatants were collected and used to identify viruses. This protocol serves as the foundation for future research on mosquito-associated viruses, including MBVs and MSVs.

Numerous novel virus-like sequences have been found in mosquitoes due to the extensive use of sequencing technologies. We provide an effective procedure for isolating and amplifying viruses using vertebrate and mosquito cell lines, which might serve as the basis for future studies on mosquito-associated viruses, including mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses.

בידוד וירוסים הקשורים ליתושים מיתושים שנאספו בשטח

With the broad application of sequencing technologies, many novel virus-like sequences have been discovered in arthropods, including mosquitoes. The two ...

Cellular Impedance-Based Survival Kinetics Assay to Assess Virus Survival

Source: Labadie, T. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61133">Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
This video describes a cellular impedance-based technique to study the survival kinetics of viruses that induce cytopathic effects. The method measures the electrical impedance of virus-infected adherent cells pre-treated with saline.

בדיקת קינטיקה הישרדותית מבוססת עכבה תאית להערכת הישרדות הנגיף

Source: Labadie, T. et al., Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
This video describes ...

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