The authors are thankful to the nurses at the AMC that have facilitated the tissue collection. We would also like to acknowledge A.M.A. van der Laan for excellent technical support with the SHG and the two-photon imaging.

<ol>
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המחברים הגישו בקשה לפטנט לטיפול במחלת Dupuytren: תרבות איבר 3D. # GB1307200. חוזי רישיון והשירות מסחריים זמינים.

השלבים הקריטיים ביותר של culturing רקמות חיבור אנושיים vivo לשעבר הם השימוש המיידי של הרקמות לאחר ניתוח להסרת על מנת להבטיח יכולת קיום; הרקמה צריכה להישאר בפתרון בינוני או מלוח בכל העת; לשמור על תרבות סטרילי; חלקים רוחביים של רקמה צריכים להיות עובי 200 מיקרומטר מרבי; להג...

מחלת Dupuytren (DD), מחלה fibroproliferative שפירה גורמת כיפוף קבוע של האצבעות עקב היווצרות של גושים וחוטים בכף היד. למרות התפשטות המחלה היא גבוהה במיוחד בקרב לבנים של צפון אירופה, אטיולוגיה הגנטית הבסיסית של המחלה אינה ידועה 1. המאפיין העיקרי של DD הוא הייצור העודף של מטריצה ​​תאית חלבונים (ECM) (למשל, קולגן), המהווים רקמה סיבית קשה כובשת את המרחב בין הגידים והעור של כף היד והאצבעות, באופן קבוע משבש את התנועות העדינות של היד 2, 3. ההישנות של המחלה מצביעה על שינויים גנטיים בסיסי כגורם לסיסטיק 1, 4. טיפול יעיל יכול להיות למקד ישירות מנגנוני fibrotic בלתי נשלט ברמה התאית ומולקולרית. העבודה האחרונה שלנו על סיסטיק הובילה אותנו לפיתוחמערכת חדשנית 3D תרבות המאפשרת תרבות לטווח הקצר של רקמת fibrotic אדם עם הפוטנציאל של בדיקות סמים. מערכת זו סייעה להתגבר על הגישה המגבילה של תרבויות פיברובלסטים 2D ולהגדיר תפקיד עבור מטה הרגולציה החלקית, שהושג על ידי דילוג על אקסון, של הפעלת מסלול TGFβ בתיווך סיסטיק 5. אנחנו פיתחנו שיטה לתרבות לשעבר vivo דגימות כריתה אנושית מחולי DD ללמוד את האינטראקציה בין myofibroblasts וECM 5 שמסביב, 6. המחקר של סיסטיק רקמת חיבור DD כמו גם המחלות fibrotic אחרות מסתמכת על ניתוח histopathological של נכרת כירורגית דגימות, בידוד של fibroblasts מהרקמה והקמת תרבויות עיקריות או נהלי מיון תא. גישות אלה הן די סטטית שכן הם אינם מאפשרים מניפולציה אקסוגני של נכסי מחלה או התערבות טיפולית על ידי הנסיין. בנוסף, ce העיקריתרבויות ll נוטות להסתגל לתנאי התרבות ומאפייני ביטוי הגנים שלהם שונים במהותה מהמצב בvivo על כל מעבר, גם בקטעים מוקדמים (בין קטע 3 ו -6) 7, 8. יש לנו הצלחנו לשמור על החומר כירורגית הפסולת ב תנאי vivo לשעבר תרבות לתקופת זמן המאפשרת לימוד של מאפייני המטופל ספציפי והקרנה של תרכובות תרופה אנטי-fibrotic או אנטי-דלקתיות. המערכת מבוססת על קרום nitrocellulose המאפשר מגע של הרקמות עם המדיום אבל לא עם הפלסטיק, ובכך, מונע את השינוי של הרקמה על קובץ מצורף, כפי שנצפה בעבר כאשר culturing fibroblasts DD כמו גם סוגי תאים אחרים 9. לא ג&#39;ל קולגן או מצע חלבון ECM אחר נדרש, שכן רקמת DD עצמו מייצרת כמויות גדולות של החלבונים האלה. זהו יתרון לשמירה על מייקרו-סביבת ECM ילידים וחטא מחזורמצעי מטריצת ce הם רגולטור חשוב של אדריכלות ותפקוד 10, 11 רקמות. לדוגמא, חלבוני ECM כגון פיברונקטין, laminin וקולגן, עשויים להשפיע על קוטביות קדמית אחורית של fibroblasts כדומה מוצג לקוטביות הפסגה-בסיס בתאי האפיתל 12, 13 . יש לי תאים מקוטב הפצת א-סימטרית של מולקולות תאיים הקובעת נדידת תאים וביטוי גנים, למשל, נגישות integrin α1β1 על הקרום משפיעה הידבקות תא להקליד אני קולגן 14. מאז מטרתו העיקרית של מודל זה 3D הייתה לשמר את המיקרו-הסביבה המקומית, שימש לא מצע מטריצת ECM מלאכותי. בקצרה: דגימות כריתה נחתכות באותה מידה בסביבת סטרילית והניחו על קרומי nitrocellular. אם נדרש טיפול מנוהל באמצעות הזרקת הרקמות מוזרקות לאחר שהונחו על הקרום. אם טיפול אינו דורש להיות מנוהל באמצעות injection אז המתחם מתווסף לתקשורת והתרבות (בינוני של הנשר (DMEM) השתנה Dulbecco, עם 1% בסרום עגל עוברי (FCS), 1% פניצילין, סטרפטומיצין (P / S)). התרבויות נשמרות לתקופה מקסימלית של עשרה ימים לאחר שהרקמה קבועה בparaformaldehyde 4% (PFA), מעובד באמצעות פתרון סוכרוז 30%, משובץ במתחם OCT ומאוחסן ב -80 ° C, כפי שתוארו בעבר 5.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>high glucose, heat inactivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture inserts</td>
			<td>Millicell</td>
			<td>PIHA01250</td>
			<td>0.45um pore size, 12mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-collagen type I</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>1310-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti- &#945; smooth muscle actin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-collagen type III</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>1330-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor555 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-31570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOPRO-3</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methylsalicylate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Tek OCT</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsccope glass coverslips</td>
			<td>Menzel-Glaser</td>
			<td>BB024060A1</td>
			<td>24x60mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope SuperFrost slides</td>
			<td>Menzel-Glaser</td>
			<td>AA00000102E</td>
			<td>76x26mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD HardSet Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS SP5 II confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Argon-488, 514 nm and HeNe-633 nm laser lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss 710 NLO upright confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Jena, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>equipped with femtosecond Spectra - Physics Deep See MP laser (Santa Clara, United States) using a Plan -Apochromat 20x/1.0 NA 
			water-immersion objective.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

human dupuytren's ex vivo culture for the study of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix interactions

Organ fibrosis or &#8220;scarring&#8221; is known to account for a high death toll due to the extensive amount of disorders and organs affected (from cirrhosis to cardiovascular diseases). There is no effective treatment and the in vitro tools available do not mimic the in vivo situation rendering the progress of the out of control wound healing process still enigmatic.
To date, 2D and 3D cultures of fibroblasts derived from DD patients are the main experimental models available. Primary cell cultures have many limitations; the fibroblasts derived from DD are altered by the culture conditions, lack cellular context and interactions, which are crucial for the development of fibrosis and weakly represent the derived tissue. Real-time PCR analysis of fibroblasts derived from control and DD samples show that little difference is detectable. 3D cultures of fibroblasts include addition of extracellular matrix that alters the native conditions of these cells. 
As a way to characterize the fibrotic, proliferative properties of these resection specimens we have developed a 3D culture system, using intact human resections of the nodule part of the cord. The system is based on transwell plates with an attached nitrocellulose membrane that allows contact of the tissue with the medium but not with the plastic, thus, preventing the alteration of the tissue. No collagen gel or other extracellular matrix protein substrate is required. The tissue resection specimens maintain their viability and proliferative properties for 7 days. This is the first &#8220;organ&#8221; culture system that allows human resection specimens from DD patients to be grown ex vivo and functionally tested, recapitulating the in vivo situation.

השיטה של vivo לשעבר, תרבות 3D של רקמת חיבור היא מערכת להגדיר קלה וחזקה כדי להבין את הקשר בין ECM ומרכיבי תא אחרים המהווים את רקמת DD וסוגים אחרים של פוטנציאל סיסטיק גם כן. יתר על כן מערכת זו מאפשרת שיטה אמינה כדי לבחון את ההשפעה של תרכובות בסוגי תאים שונים והשפעתם על עומ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Dupuytren's Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions at JoVE.com

Human Dupuytren&#039;s Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions

מחלת Dupuytren (DD) היא מחלה fibroproliferative של כף היד. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לדגימות כריתת התרבות מDD במערכת תלת-ממדי (3D) תרבות. מערכת תרבות לטווח קצר כזה מאפשרת שימור של מבנה 3D ותכונות מולקולריות של רקמת fibrotic.

אדם Dupuytren של<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; תרבות לחקר myofibroblasts והתאי מטריקס האינטראקציות

Organ fibrosis or &#8220;scarring&#8221; is known to account for a high death toll due to the extensive amount of disorders and organs affected (from ...

human-dupuytren-s-ex-vivo-culture-for-study-myofibroblasts

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Human Dupuytren's Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions

10.3K Views.  Leiden University Medical Center.  מחלת Dupuytren (DD) היא מחלה fibroproliferative של כף היד. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לדגימות כריתת התרבות מDD במערכת תלת-ממדי (3D) תרבות. מערכת תרבות לטווח קצר כזה מאפשרת שימור של מבנה 3D ותכונות מולקולריות של רקמת fibrotic. 

Video: Human Dupuytren's Ex Vivo Culture for the Study of Myofibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Interactions

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue &amp; Examination of Gene Delivery

This video describes the use of patient tissue as an ex vivo model for the study of gene delivery. Fresh patient tissue obtained at the time of surgery is sliced and maintained in culture. The ex vivo model system allows for the physical delivery of genes into intact patient tissue and gene expression is analysed by bioluminescence imaging using the IVIS detection system. The bioluminescent detection system demonstrates rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression within individual slices without the need for tissue sacrifice. This slice tissue culture system may be used in a variety of tissue types including normal and malignant tissue and allows us to study the effects of the heterogeneous nature of intact tissue and the high degree of variability between individual patients. This model system could be used in certain situations as an alternative to animal models and as a complementary preclinical mode prior to entering clinical trial.

Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue &amp; Examination of Gene Delivery

This article describes the culture of patient tissue slices for gene delivery studies and subsequent analysis of gene expression using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

אקס תרבות Vivo של רקמות החולה &amp; בחינת משלוח ג&#39;ין

This video describes the use of patient tissue as an ex vivo model for the study of gene delivery.  Fresh patient tissue obtained at the time of surgery ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

האדם תאים סרטניים נוירואנדוקריניים קווים כמו מודל תלת ממדי לחקר הטיפול האנושי גידול נוירואנדוקריניים

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

A Human Ex Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Model to Study Lesion Biology

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vasculature. There are various methods to study the inflammatory compound in atherosclerotic lesions. Mouse models are an important tool to investigate inflammatory processes in atherogenesis, but these models suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between the murine and human immune system. In vitro cell experiments are used to specifically evaluate cell type-dependent changes caused by a substance of interest, but culture-dependent variations and the inability to analyze the influence of specific molecules in the context of the inflammatory compound in atherosclerotic lesions limit the impact of the results. In addition, measuring levels of a molecule of interest in human blood helps to further investigate its clinical relevance, but this represents systemic and not local inflammation. Therefore, we here describe a plaque culture model to study human atherosclerotic lesion biology ex vivo. In short, fresh plaques are obtained from patients undergoing endarterectomy or coronary artery bypass grafting and stored in RPMI medium on ice until usage. The specimens are cut into small pieces followed by random distribution into a 48-well plate, containing RPMI medium in addition to a substance of interest such as cytokines or chemokines alone or in combination for defined periods of time. After incubation, the plaque pieces can be shock frozen for mRNA isolation, embedded in Paraffin or OCT for immunohistochemistry staining or smashed and lysed for western blotting. Furthermore, cells may be isolated from the plaque for flow cytometry analysis. In addition, supernatants can be collected for protein measurement by ELISA. In conclusion, the presented ex vivo model opens the possibility to further study inflammatory lesional biology, which may result in identification of novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

A Human Ex Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Model to Study Lesion Biology

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process. This manuscript illustrates an easy to use ex vivo model to investigate fresh carotid or coronary artery plaques. The ex vivo model allows for the investigation of potential substances on the inflammatory milieu in human atherosclerotic lesions and results can be analyzed by various methods.

אדם<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; טרשת רובד מודל ללמוד ביולוגיה נגע

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vasculature. There are various methods to study the inflammatory compound in atherosclerotic ...

Procedure for Human Saphenous Veins Ex Vivo Perfusion and External Reinforcement

The mainstay of contemporary therapies for extensive occlusive arterial disease is venous bypass graft. However, its durability is threatened by intimal hyperplasia (IH) that eventually leads to vessel occlusion and graft failure. Mechanical forces, particularly low shear stress and high wall tension, are thought to initiate and to sustain these cellular and molecular changes, but their exact contribution remains to be unraveled. To selectively evaluate the role of pressure and shear stress on the biology of IH, an ex&#160;vivo perfusion system (EVPS) was created to perfuse segments of human saphenous veins under arterial regimen (high shear stress and high pressure). Further technical innovations allowed the simultaneous perfusion of two segments from the same vein, one reinforced with an external mesh. Veins were harvested using a no-touch technique and immediately transferred to the laboratory for assembly in the EVPS. One segment of the freshly isolated vein was not perfused (control, day 0). The two others segments were perfused for up to 7 days, one being completely sheltered with a 4 mm (diameter) external mesh. The pressure, flow velocity, and pulse rate were continuously monitored and adjusted to mimic the hemodynamic conditions prevailing in the femoral artery. Upon completion of the perfusion, veins were dismounted and used for histological and molecular analysis. Under ex&#160;vivo conditions, high pressure perfusion (arterial, mean = 100 mm Hg) is sufficient to generate IH and remodeling of human veins. These alterations are reduced in the presence of an external polyester mesh.

Procedure for Human Saphenous Veins Ex Vivo Perfusion and External Reinforcement

The mechanisms leading to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and vein graft failure are still poorly understood. This study describes an ex&#160;vivo system to perfuse human veins under controlled flow and pressure. Furthermore the efficiency of external mesh reinforcement to limit the development of IH was evaluated.

נוהל saphenous אדם הוורידים<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; זלוף וחיצוני חיזוק

The mainstay of contemporary therapies for extensive occlusive arterial disease is venous bypass graft. However, its durability is threatened by intimal ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; דגם לחקר הורמוני פעולה בשד האדם

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo לשעבר vivo גישות לחקר סרטן השחלות גרורתי התיישבות של מבני ספוט החלב בהצפק שומני

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing

The use of patient-derived xenografts for modeling cancers has provided important insight into cancer biology and drug responsiveness. However, they are time consuming, expensive, and labor intensive. To overcome these obstacles, many research groups have turned to spheroid cultures of cancer cells. While useful, tumor spheroids or aggregates do not replicate cell-matrix interactions as found in vivo. As such, three-dimensional (3D) culture approaches utilizing an extracellular matrix scaffold provide a more realistic model system for investigation. Starting from subcutaneous or intracranial xenografts, tumor tissue is dissociated into a single cell suspension akin to cancer stem cell neurospheres. These cells are then embedded into a human-derived extracellular matrix, 3D human biogel, to generate a large number of microtumors. Interestingly, microtumors can be cultured for about a month with high viability and can be used for drug response testing using standard cytotoxicity assays such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and live cell imaging using Calcein-AM. Moreover, they can be analyzed via immunohistochemistry or harvested for molecular profiling, such as array-based high-throughput kinomic profiling, which is detailed here as well. 3D microtumors, thus, represent a versatile high-throughput model system that can more closely replicate in vivo tumor biology than traditional approaches.

Patient-derived xenografts of glioblastoma multiforme can be miniaturized into living microtumors using 3D human biogel culture system. This in vivo-like 3D tumor assay is suitable for drug response testing and molecular profiling, including kinomic analysis.

דור של Microtumors שימוש 3D אדם Biogel תרבות מערכת תאי Glioblastoma נגזרות חולות להרכבת פרופיל Kinomic ובדיקת תגובה לתרופה

The use of patient-derived xenografts for modeling cancers has provided important insight into cancer biology and drug responsiveness. However, they are ...

Strategic Endothelial Cell Tube Formation Assay: Comparing Extracellular Matrix and Growth Factor Reduced Extracellular Matrix

Malignant tumors require a blood supply in order to survive and spread. These tumors obtain their needed blood from the patient's blood stream by hijacking the process of angiogenesis, in which new blood vessels are formed from existing blood vessels. The CXCR2 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2) receptor is a transmembrane G-protein-linked molecule found in many cells that is closely associated with angiogenesis1. Specific blockade of the CXCR2 receptor inhibits angiogenesis, as measured by several assays such as the endothelial tube formation assay. The tube formation assay is useful for studying angiogenesis because it is an excellent method of studying the effects that any given compound or environmental condition may have on angiogenesis. It is a simple and quick in vitro assay that generates quantifiable data and requires relatively few components. Unlike in vivo assays, it does not require animals and can be carried out in less than two days. This protocol describes a variation of the extracellular matrix supporting endothelial tube formation assay, which tests the CXCR2 receptor.

This manuscript describes a tube formation assay to quantify the effects of a given compound or condition on angiogenesis by using endothelial cell tube formation in a controlled environment.

Assay גיבוש האנדותל תא Tube אסטרטגי: השוואת מטריקס ו- Growth Factor מופחתת מטריקס

Malignant tumors require a blood supply in order to survive and spread. These tumors obtain their needed blood from the patient's blood stream by ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

שלבי הכנה מדידה של תגובתיות ב העכבר רבים ברשתית Vivo לשעבר

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...

Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.

A protocol for an ex vivo corneal organ culture model useful for wound healing studies is described. This model system can be used to assess the effects of agents to promote regenerative healing or drug toxicity in an organized 3D multicellular environment.