אנו מודים אנדריאס רדברוך לדיונים חשובים. אנו מודים לסבין Gruczek, פטריק טימן והמנואלה Ohde לקבלת סיוע בטיפול בבעלי החיים ורוברט גינטר לקבלת סיוע טכני מעולה. אנו מודים המדרגים המיומנים שלנו לורה Oehme, Jannike ביאת-Sarmadi, Karolin Pollok, קתרין רוט, פירנצה Pache וקתרינה הורן להערכת דגימות היסטולוגיה ורנדי Lindquist להגהה של כתב היד. אנו מודים ג &#39;ונ&#39; לי, Mayo Clinic, סקוטסדייל, אריזונה, ארצות הברית לנוגדני MBP הספציפיים. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי DFG HA5354 / 4-1, על ידי ג&#39;ימי-מענק רשת מתקן גרעין DFG למיקרוסקופיה intravital ועל ידי TRR130 / TP17, וDFG ל2,165 (HA5354 / 6-1) לAEHSZ נתמכה על ידי הבינלאומי מקס פלנק בית הספר למחלות זיהומיות ואימונולוגיה (IMPRS-IDI), ברלין.

<ol>
	<li>Kunisaki, Y., Frenette, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+secrets+of+the+bone+marrow+niche:+Enigmatic+niche+brings+challenge+for+HSC+expansion.">The secrets of the bone marrow niche: Enigmatic niche brings challenge for HSC expansion.</a> Nat Med. 18, 864-865 (2012).</li><li>Morrison, S. J., Scadden, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bone+marrow+niche+for+haematopoietic+stem+cells.">The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells.</a> Nature. 505, 327-334 (2014).</li><li>Tokoyoda, K., Egawa, T., Sugiyama, T., Choi, B. I., Nagasawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+niches+controlling+B+lymphocyte+behavior+within+bone+marrow+during+development.">Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behavior within bone marrow during development.</a> Immunity. 20, 707-718 (2004).</li><li>Cariappa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perisinusoidal+B+cells+in+the+bone+marrow+participate+in+T-independent+responses+to+blood-borne+microbes.">Perisinusoidal B cells in the bone marrow participate in T-independent responses to blood-borne microbes.</a> Immunity. 23, 397-407 (2005).</li><li>Sapoznikov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivascular+clusters+of+dendritic+cells+provide+critical+survival+signals+to+B+cells+in+bone+marrow+niches.">Perivascular clusters of dendritic cells provide critical survival signals to B cells in bone marrow niches.</a> Nat Immunol. 9, 388-395 (2008).</li><li>Tokoyoda, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Professional+memory+CD4++T+lymphocytes+preferentially+reside+and+rest+in+the+bone+marrow.">Professional memory CD4+ T lymphocytes preferentially reside and rest in the bone marrow.</a> Immunity. 30, 721-730 (2009).</li><li>Mazo, I. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow+is+a+major+reservoir+and+site+of+recruitment+for+central+memory+CD8++T+cells.">Bone marrow is a major reservoir and site of recruitment for central memory CD8+ T cells.</a> Immunity. 22, 259-270 (2005).</li><li>Lin, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+4-1BBL+on+radioresistant+cells+in+providing+survival+signals+through+4-1BB+expressed+on+CD8(+)+memory+T+cells+in+the+bone+marrow.">Contribution of 4-1BBL on radioresistant cells in providing survival signals through 4-1BB expressed on CD8(+) memory T cells in the bone marrow.</a> Eur J Immunol. 42, 2861-2874 (2012).</li><li>Zehentmeier, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+and+dynamic+components+synergize+to+form+a+stable+survival+niche+for+bone+marrow+plasma+cells.">Static and dynamic components synergize to form a stable survival niche for bone marrow plasma cells.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44, 2306-2317 (2014).</li><li>Nagasawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironmental+niches+in+the+bone+marrow+required+for+B-cell+development.">Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 6, 107-116 (2006).</li><li>Luche, H., Weber, O., Nageswara Rao, T., Blum, C., Fehling, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faithful+activation+of+an+extra-bright+red+fluorescent+protein+in+'knock-in'+Cre-reporter+mice+ideally+suited+for+lineage+tracing+studies.">Faithful activation of an extra-bright red fluorescent protein in 'knock-in' Cre-reporter mice ideally suited for lineage tracing studies.</a> Eur J Immunol. 37, 43-53 (2007).</li><li>Schwenk, F., Baron, U., Rajewsky, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cre-transgenic+mouse+strain+for+the+ubiquitous+deletion+of+loxP-flanked+gene+segments+including+deletion+in+germ+cells.">A cre-transgenic mouse strain for the ubiquitous deletion of loxP-flanked gene segments including deletion in germ cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 5080-5081 (1995).</li><li>Kawamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+new+adhesive+film+for+the+preparation+of+multi-purpose+fresh-frozen+sections+from+hard+tissues,+whole-animals,+insects+and+plants.">Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.</a> Arch Histol Cytol. 66, 123-143 (2003).</li><li>Kawamoto, T., Kawamoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+thin+frozen+sections+from+nonfixed+and+undecalcified+hard+tissues+using+Kawamot's+film+method.">Preparation of thin frozen sections from nonfixed and undecalcified hard tissues using Kawamot's film method.</a> Arch Histol Cytol. 1130 (2012), 149-164 (2012).</li><li>Smith, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+confocal+microscopy.">Basic confocal microscopy.</a> Current protocols in neuroscience / editorial board, Jacqueline N. Crawley ... [et al.]. 2 (Unit 2.2), (2001).</li><li>Otsu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+threshold+selection+method+from+gray-level+histograms.">A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.</a> IEEE Trans. Sys., Man., Cyber. 9, 62-66 (1979).</li><li>Hughes, I., Hase, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measurements and Their Uncertainties: A Practical Guide To Modern Error Analysis. , (2010).</li><li>Quinn, G. P., Keough, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. , (2002).</li><li>Kiel, M. J., Morrison, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncertainty+in+the+niches+that+maintain+haematopoietic+stem+cells.">Uncertainty in the niches that maintain haematopoietic stem cells.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8, 290-301 (2008).</li><li>MacQueen, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+Methods+for+classification+and+Analysis+of+Multivariate+Observations.">Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations.</a> Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability Vol. 1. , 666 (1967).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li><li>Jarjour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+reveals+origin+and+dynamics+of+lymph+node+follicular+dendritic+cells.">Fate mapping reveals origin and dynamics of lymph node follicular dendritic cells.</a> J Exp Med. 211, 1109-1122 (2014).</li><li>Gerner, M. Y., Kastenmuller, W., Ifrim, I., Kabat, J., Germain, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histo-cytometry:+a+method+for+highly+multiplex+quantitative+tissue+imaging+analysis+applied+to+dendritic+cell+subset+microanatomy+in+lymph+nodes.">Histo-cytometry: a method for highly multiplex quantitative tissue imaging analysis applied to dendritic cell subset microanatomy in lymph nodes.</a> Immunity. 37, 364-376 (2012).</li><li>Moreau, H. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+in+situ+cytometry+uncovers+T+cell+receptor+signaling+during+immunological+synapses+and+kinapses+in+vivo.">Dynamic in situ cytometry uncovers T cell receptor signaling during immunological synapses and kinapses in vivo.</a> Immunity. 37, 351-363 (2012).</li><li>Siffrin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+partially+reversible+th17+cell-induced+neuronal+dysfunction+in+the+course+of+encephalomyelitis.">In vivo imaging of partially reversible th17 cell-induced neuronal dysfunction in the course of encephalomyelitis.</a> Immunity. 33, 424-436 (2010).</li><li>Shen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+SVZ+stem+cells+lie+in+a+vascular+niche:+a+quantitative+analysis+of+niche+cell-cell+interactions.">Adult SVZ stem cells lie in a vascular niche: a quantitative analysis of niche cell-cell interactions.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 289-300 (2008).</li><li>Danielsson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Euclidian+distance+mapping.">Euclidian distance mapping.</a> Computer Graphics and Image Processing. 14, 21 (1980).</li><li>Tellier, J., Kallies, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+a+home+for+plasma+cells+-+a+niche+to+survive.">Finding a home for plasma cells - a niche to survive.</a> Eur J Immunol. , (2014).</li><li>Winter, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Megakaryocytes+constitute+a+functional+component+of+a+plasma+cell+niche+in+the+bone+marrow.">Megakaryocytes constitute a functional component of a plasma cell niche in the bone marrow.</a> Blood. 116, 1867-1875 (2010).</li><li>Rozanski, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+antibody+responses+depend+on+CD28+function+in+bone+marrow-resident+plasma+cells.">Sustained antibody responses depend on CD28 function in bone marrow-resident plasma cells.</a> J Exp Med. 208, 1435-1446 (2011).</li><li>Rodriguez Gomez, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basophils+support+the+survival+of+plasma+cells+in+mice.">Basophils support the survival of plasma cells in mice.</a> J Immunol. 185, 7180-7185 (2010).</li><li>Belnoue, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homing+and+adhesion+patterns+determine+the+cellular+composition+of+the+bone+marrow+plasma+cell+niche.">Homing and adhesion patterns determine the cellular composition of the bone marrow plasma cell niche.</a> J Immunol. 188, 1283-1291 (2012).</li><li>Kohler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-CSF-mediated+thrombopoietin+release+triggers+neutrophil+motility+and+mobilization+from+bone+marrow+via+induction+of+Cxcr2+ligands.">G-CSF-mediated thrombopoietin release triggers neutrophil motility and mobilization from bone marrow via induction of Cxcr2 ligands.</a> Blood. 117, 4349-4357 (2011).</li></ol>

Juan Escribano Navarro is affiliated with Wimasis GmbH, Munich, Germany. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

למרות ההתקדמות בשיטות הדמיה אופטיות מודרניות, הניתוח של נתונים היסטולוגית עדיין לעתים קרובות הפריע חוסר הכלים המתאימים כימות ושיטות, או על ידי ניתוח מוטה המתמקדים באזור קטן של עניין. הגישה סינרגיסטי מוצגת כאן משלבת ניתוח תמונה המכסה את האזור כולו מח עצם, פילוח אוטומ...

בשל ההתפתחויות האחרונות טכנולוגיות מהירות במיקרוסקופ, כוללים הדמיה אופטית, הניתוח של תאים בהקשר של כל הרקמה הפך לנגיש יותר ויותר לאימונולוגים. האפיון של תאים בודדים בהשעיה מייצג שיטת ערך והחיונית להבנת תפקוד תאי ומולקולרי. עם זאת, הניתוח של התאים בתוך סביבת -anatomical (מיקרו) שלהם הוא חיוני להבנת יחסי הגומלין בין סוגי תאים שונים המשתפים פעולה בתהליכים מורכבים כגון הפיתוח של מערכת חיסונית. אמנם קל יחסית לmicroscopists להשיג מידע איכותי מתמונות, זה עדיין מהווה אתגר לכמת נתונים אלה, בין ההיתר בשל העובדה ששיטות ניתוח בתחום זה מפגרות מאחור בהשוואה למה שאפשרי ברכישת תמונה. חוקרים רבים עדיין מסתמכים על ספירת תאים ידנית בתמונות היסטולוגיה זמן רב,כך מציג הטיה בין מדרגים שונים ופוגע שכפול על ידי קבוצות אחרות. לעתים קרובות, תמונה אחת נציג נבחרה כדי להדגיש הצהרה על עמדה סלולרית או שיתוף לוקליזציה בפרסום, מה שהופך את זה קשה לקורא לשפוט את הרלוונטיות הסטטיסטיות של אירוע כזה. יחד עם העובדה שתוכן המידע המלא של נתוני תמונה מנוצל לעתים רחוקות, זה מדגיש את הצורך בגישה יותר משוחדת, מהר יותר ומקיפה לנתח תמונות היסטולוגית. מח העצם הוא רקמה מורכבת, אשר לוקחת על פונקציות חיוניות חשובות כמו האיבר של hematopoiesis בבעלי חוליות מבוגרות. מלבד היותו מקום הולדתו לתאי hematopoietic 1,2 ולשחק תפקיד חשוב בהתפתחות B לימפוציטים 3, היא פועלת גם כאתר שבו תגובה חיסונית הם יזמו 4 ותומך, הסירקולציה המחודשת תאי B בוגרים 5. בנוסף, תפקידה בשמירת iזיכרון mmunological הפך ממוערך יותר ויותר בעשור האחרון, כמספר סוגים של תאים המהווים זיכרון חיסוני נמצאו מתגוררים בי 6-9. בין הארכיטקטורה המורכבת הרקמה של מוח העצם ואת תפקידיו ביחס עדיין להישאר חמקמק. שלא כמו איברי הלימפה משניים, אשר מאורגנים במקרו-תאים כגון אזורי תא T ו- B, מח העצם חסר מאקרו-מידור ברור. עד כה תאים שונים במוח עצם מוגדרים על ידי קרבתם לקליפת מוח העצם או לכלי דם. החשיבות של אוכלוסיות תאי סטרומה תושב השונות במוח העצם עבור מספר התהליכים כגון תאי גזע תמיכה, פיתוח של תאי B או תחזוקה של אוכלוסיות תאי זיכרון חיסוניים (כגון תאי פלזמה חיים ארוכים (מחשבים), CD4 + ו CD8 + תאי T הזיכרון) עולה בבירור כי יש מידה מסוימת של מיקרו-מידור במח העצם. <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; תצפיות אלה הובילו לרעיון של נישות microanatomical שונות, אשר מתמחים בפונקציות מסוימות (גזע תחזוקת תא, פיתוח תאי B בשלבים שונים, ותחזוקה של זיכרון חיסוני) במח העצם. למרות שנראה שיש מידה מסוימת של הטרוגניות בין הנישות המשרתות פונקציות שונות, חלק מהגורמים המיוצרים על ידי תאי סטרומה, כגון יגנד CXC-chemokine 12 (CXCL12) או interleukin 7 (IL-7), הם מרכיבים חיוניים ל כמה נישות אלה 10. ההדמיה והאפיון של תאי סטרומה במח העצם קשה בשל תכונות המורפולוגיות שלהם עם סיומות ארוכות, דקות דנדריטים יצירת רשת בכל רחבי מוח העצם, וחוסר הסמנים מתאימים להפלות תת-אוכלוסיות סטרומה. זה עדיין לא ברור באיזו מידת הנישות הללו חולקות תכונות משותפות ביחס לCompositio התאי והמולקולרי שלהםn, ובו אלמנטים להפוך נישה מסוימת ייחודית. בנוסף לתאי סטרומה, סוגי hematopoietic תא הוכחו לשחק תפקיד מכריע במתן אותות מסוימים לפחות לחלק מהנישות. ברור, את המורכבות של הרכב הנישה דורשת הניתוח שלהם באתר, וזה הפך להיות חשוב יותר ויותר עבור אימונולוגים והמטולוגים כדי להתמקד על מייקרו-ארכיטקטורת מח עצם, למשל, על ידי ניתוח היחסים מרחביים בין המרכיבים התאיים שלה. כאן, אסטרטגיה לכמת יחסי שיתוף לוקליזציה ושכונה סלולריים במח העצם בצורה אוטומטית ובלתי משוחדת מוצגת. עבודה מפורטת הכולל את הדור של עכברי chimeric, חסת תאי ניאון סטרומה ותאי hematopoietic לא פלורסנט, הכנת סעיפים היסטולוגית מעצמות undecalcified, רכישה של תמונות confocal מכסים את כל העצם, כמו גם ניתוח התמונה האוטומטית של ג הסלולריo-לוקליזציה והאימות / אפליתה ממיקום האקראי על ידי כלי סימולציה מסופקת (איור 8).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1864">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:1200px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Neomycin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">N6386 SIGMA</td>
			<td>Neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate, EU hazard code: GHS08; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Ursovit AD3EC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Serumwerke Bernburg</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>1 ml contains: 50.000 I.E retinyl palmitate,&#160; 5.000 I.E. cholecalciferol, 30 mg tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg ascorbic acid, 1 mg sorbic acid, 200 mg polyoxyl 35 castor oil, 0,5 mg propyl gallate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Transfer buffer (100ml PBS, 1ml 1M HEPES, 50U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">P4333&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; H3375&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to chicken gamma globulin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Chicken gamma globulin (CGG) 100 mg</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D602-0100</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">20 % Paraformaldehyde solution (EM-grade)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Science Services</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15713</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS05, GHS07, GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">D(+)-Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4621.1</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma.Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">179124 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">208752 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek cryomolds (standard)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4557</td>
			<td>25 x 20 x 5 mm; www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4583</td>
			<td>&#160;www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s SCEM embedding medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryosection preparation kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryofilm type 2C(9)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Microtome blade MX35 Premier Plus, Low Profile</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3052835</td>
			<td>L X W: 80 x 8 mm (31.5 x 3.13&#34;), thickness: 0.25 mm (0.01&#34;);www.thermoscientific.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">polyclonal rabbit anti-RFP antibody, biotinylated</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">600-406-379</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Alexa Fluor 555 streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S-32355</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-MBP</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">J. and N. Lee</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from: J. and N. Lee, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ , U.S.A., clone MT-14.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">goat anti-rat-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A-21247</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-B220 - Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone RA3.6B2, Alexa Fluor 594 from Life Technologies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">mouse anti-l1 light chain -FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone LS136</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-k light chain - FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone 187.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D9542 SIGMA</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fluorescent mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">DAKO</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S3023</td>
			<td>www.dako.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Cover slips (24mm x 24mm x 0.13-0.16 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">H875.2</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Superfrost slides glasses (75 mm x 25 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">48311-703</td>
			<td>www.vwr.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Laser scanning confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>equipped with laser lines of 405, 488, 561, 594, 633 nm and a 20x/0.8 NA air objective lens; We used a Zeiss LSM710 and Zen 2010 Version 6.0 software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Automated image analysis tools for bone marrow</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Wimasis, Munich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>The cell contact tool and cell vicinity tool will be made available by Wimasis upon request: www.wimasis.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VC2012 Runtime</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30679</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Simulation tool for random cell positioning</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from us, upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:365px;">Image analysis software with image segmentation functions</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>We used Volocity (Perkin Elmer) for measuring cell size distributions of hematopoietic cell types in bone marrow (Figure 5). Alternatives are Definiens Image Analysis (Definiens) or Cell Profiler (free download: http://www.cellprofiler.org)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fiji image analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://fiji.sc/Fiji. Fiji was used by trained raters for manual cell count (Figure 3).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated quantification of hematopoietic cell &#8211; stromal cell interactions in histological images of undecalcified bone

מיקרוסקופיה Confocal היא שיטת בחירה של הניתוח של לוקליזציה של סוגי תאים מרובים בתוך רקמות מורכבות כמו מוח העצם. עם זאת, הניתוח והכימות של לוקליזציה סלולרית הוא קשה, כמו במקרים רבים הוא מסתמך על ספירה ידנית, ובכך נושא בסיכון של החדרת הטיה מדרג תלוי והפחתת אמינות interrater. יתר על כן, לעתים קרובות קשה לשפוט אם שיתוף הלוקליזציה בין שני תאי תוצאות ממיקום אקראי, במיוחד כאשר סוגי תאים שונים מאוד בתדירות הופעתם. כאן, שיטה לכימות משוחדת של שיתוף לוקליזציה סלולרית במח העצם הוא הציג. הפרוטוקול מתאר את הכנת המדגם ששמשה לסעיפים היסטולוגית של עצמות ארוכות עכבריות כל כוללים מח העצם, כמו גם את הפרוטוקול מכתים ורכישה של תמונות ברזולוציה גבוהה. עבודה ניתוח פורש מההכרה בhematopoietic ולא hematסוגי תאי opoietic בתמונות מח 2 ממדי עצם (2D) לכימות של מגעים הישירים בין התאים אלה מוצגים. זה כולל גם ניתוח שכונה, כדי לקבל מידע על מייקרו-הסביבה הסלולרית המקיפה סוג תא מסוים. על מנת להעריך האם שיתוף לוקליזציה של שני סוגי תאים היא התוצאה בלבד של מיצוב תא אקראי או משקפת עמותות מועדפים בין התאים, כלי סימולציה אשר מתאים לבדיקת השערה זו במקרה של היווצרות הדם, כמו גם תאי סטרומה, הוא בשימוש. גישה זו אינה מוגבלת למוח העצם, וניתן להרחיב לרקמות אחרות, כדי לאפשר ניתוח לשחזור, כמותי של נתונים היסטולוגית.

חיתוך cryosections של עצם undecalcified עם שיטת קלטת Kawamoto מאפשר כל העצם להיחתך כסעיף בשלמות, עם מח העצם של אזור endosteal עדיין מחובר לעצם mineralized, הן בdiaphysis כמו גם באזורי epiphyseal עימם צפיפות גבוהה של עצם trabecular (איור 1). הכתמה גרעינית של הסעיפים עולה, כי למרות שלא ניתן להימנע מסדקים...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell â€“ Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone at JoVE.com

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &amp;#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

אוטומטי כימות של תא המטופואטיות - אינטראקציות תא סטרומה בתמונות היסטולוגית של עצם Undecalcified

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. ...

automated-quantification-hematopoietic-cell-stromal-cell-interactions

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

11.4K Views.  German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute. A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

Video: Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

Quantification of  Colonic Stem Cell Mutations

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce mutations that potentially lead to cancer. The use of an enzymatic assay to quantify stem cell mutations in the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been previously reported.1 This method requires the preparation of frozen sections and incubation of the sectioned tissue with a reaction mixture that yields a blue color if the cells produce functional glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme. If not, the cells appear whitish. We have modified the reaction mixture using Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (OCT) medium in place of polyvinyl alcohol. This facilitates pH measurement, increases solubilization of the G6PD staining components and restricts diffusion of the G6PD enzyme. To demonstrate that a mutation occurred in a stem cell, the entire crypt must lack G6PD enzymatic activity. Only if a stem cell harbors a phenotypic G6PD mutation will all of the progeny in the crypt lack G6PD enzymatic activity. To identify crypts with a stem cell mutation, four consecutive adjacent frozen sections (a level) were cut at 7 &#181;m thicknesses. This approach of making adjacent cuts provides conformation that a crypt was fully mutated since the same mutated crypt will be observed in adjacent sections. Slides with tissue samples that were more than 50 &#181;m apart were prepared to assess a total of &#62;104 crypts per mouse. The mutation frequency is the number of observed mutated (white) crypts &#247; by the number of wild type (blue) crypts in a treatment group.

We report significant improvements for the reproducible measurement of somatic colonic stem cell mutations after exposure of mice to potential DNA damaging agents.

כימות של מוטציות בתאי גזע המעי הגס

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce ...

Competitive Transplants to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fitness

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to reestablish blood cell production for the lifespan of the recipient. This protocol explains how to set up a functional assay to compare the HSC capacities of two different populations of cells, such as bone marrow from mice of two different genotypes, and how to analyze the recipient mice by flow cytometry. The protocol uses HSC equivalents rather than cell sorting for standardization and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. We further discuss different variations to the basic protocol, including serial transplants, limiting dilution assays, homing assays and non-competitive transplants, including the advantages and preferred uses of these varied approaches. These assays are central for the study of HSC function and could be used not only for the investigation of fundamental HSC intrinsic aspects of biology but also for the development of preclinical assays for bone marrow transplant and HSC expansion in culture.

This protocol provides step-by-step guidelines for setting up competitive mouse bone marrow transplant experiments to study hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function without prior purification of stem cells by cell sorting.

השתלות תחרותיות להערכת כושר תאי גזע Hematopoietic

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

סידור זמני של נתוני התבטאות דינמיים מן הביטוי המרחבי מפורט מפות

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

בידוד ואפיון של תאי סטרומה mesenchymal מן טבורי אדם העובר שליה

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

רומן חדש פאט שומן טכניקת השתלת לדמיין את כלי השיט הדור של כלי הדם בתאי גזע אנדותל

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

הנדסת ביו-הנדסה של Microenvironments מוח העצם של עכבר ויזואליזציה שלהם על ידי הדמיה חיה

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide suffering from corneal vision loss1. To address the demand for viable human corneas, significant progress in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering has been made2,3,4. These cornea models range from simple monolayer systems to multilayered models, leading to 3D full-thickness corneal equivalents2.
However, the use of a 3D tissue-engineered cornea in the context of in vitro disease models studied to date lacks resemblance to the multilayered 3D corneal tissue structure, function, and the networking of different cell types (i.e., nerve, epithelium, stroma, and endothelium)2,3. In addition, the demand for in vitro cornea tissue models has increased in an attempt to reduce animal testing for pharmaceutical products. Thus, more sophisticated models are required to better match systems to human physiological requirements, and the development of a model that is more relevant to the patient population is absolutely necessary. Given that multiple cell types in the cornea are affected by diseases and dystrophies, such as Keratoconus, Diabetic Keratopathy, and Fuchs, this model includes a 3D co-culture model of primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) from healthy donors and neurons from the SH-SY5Y cell line. This allows us for the first time to investigate the interactions between the two cell types within the human corneal tissue. We believe that this model could potentially dissect the underlying mechanisms associated with the stromal-nerve interactions of corneal diseases that exhibit nerve damages. This 3D model mirrors the basic anatomical and physiological nature of the corneal tissue in vivo and can be used in the future as a tool for investigating corneal defects as well as screening the efficacy of various agents before animal testing.

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

This protocol describes a novel three-dimensional in vitro model, where corneal stromal cells and differentiated neuronal cells are cultured together to assist in the examination and understanding of the interactions of the two cell types.

הנדסת רקמות הקרנית: במבחנה מודל של אינטראקציות סטרומה-עצב של הקרנית האנושית

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide ...

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

מבוסס רנקל אוסטאוקלסט תרבות וזמינותו של העכבר מח העצם כדי לחקור את התפקיד של mTORC1 במבנה אוסטאוקלסט

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

Single-Cell Quantification of Protein Degradation Rates by Time-Lapse Fluorescence Microscopy in Adherent Cell Culture

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used approaches to determine protein half-life are either limited to population averages from lysed cells or require the use of protein synthesis inhibitors. This protocol describes a method to measure protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using SNAP-tag fusion proteins in combination with fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Any protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag can be covalently bound by a fluorescent, cell permeable dye that is coupled to a benzylguanine derivative, and the decay of the labeled protein population can be monitored after washout of the residual dye. Subsequent cell tracking and quantification of the integrated fluorescence intensity over time results in an exponential decay curve for each tracked cell, allowing for determining protein degradation rates in single cells by curve fitting. This method provides an estimate for the heterogeneity of half-lives in a population of cultured cells, which cannot easily be assessed by other methods. The approach presented here is applicable to any type of cultured adherent cells expressing a protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag. Here we use mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells grown on E-cadherin-coated cell culture plates to illustrate how single cell degradation rates of proteins with a broad range of half-lives can be determined.

This protocol describes a method to determine protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using pulse labeling and fluorescence time-lapse imaging of SNAP-tag fusion proteins.

תא בודד כימות של חלבון השפלה המחירים על-ידי קרינה פלואורסצנטית זמן לשגות מיקרוסקופ בתרבות תא חסיד

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used ...

Clonal Analysis of Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Precursors Using Single Cell Index Sorting Combined with Endothelial Cell Niche Co-culture

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early embryo and the lack of assays that functionally identify the long-term multilineage engraftment potential of individual putative HSC precursors. Here, we describe methodology that enables the isolation and characterization of functionally validated HSC precursors at the single cell level. First, we utilize index sorting to catalog the precise phenotypic parameter of each individually sorted cell, using a combination of phenotypic markers to enrich for HSC precursors with additional markers for experimental analysis. Second, each index-sorted cell is co-cultured with vascular niche stroma from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, which supports the maturation of non-engrafting HSC precursors to functional HSC with multilineage, long-term engraftment potential in transplantation assays. This methodology enables correlation of phenotypic properties of clonal hemogenic precursors with their functional engraftment potential or other properties such as transcriptional profile, providing a means for the detailed analysis of HSC precursor development at the single cell level.

Here we present methodology for the clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem cell precursors during murine embryonic development. We combine index sorting of single cells from the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region with endothelial cell co-culture and transplantation to characterize the phenotypic properties and engraftment potential of single hematopoietic precursors.

ניתוח המשובטים של תא גזע Hematopoietic מבשרי באמצעות אינדקס תא בודד מיון משולב עם תאי אנדותל נישה תרבות משותפת

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early ...