私たちは貴重な議論アンドレアスRadbruchに感謝。私たちは、優れた技術支援のための動物のケアとロバート·ギュンターの支援のためのザビーネGruczek、パトリックThiemannとマヌエラOhdeに感謝しています。私たちは、原稿の校正のための組織学サンプルの評価とランディリンドクイストのために私たちの訓練を受けた評価者ローラ·Oehme、Jannikeバヤット-Sarmadi、Karolinポロック、カトリン·ロス、フィレンツェPacheとカタリーナ·ホーンに感謝。私たちは、MBP特異的抗体のためのJ.とN·リー、メイヨークリニック、スコッツデール、アリゾナ州、米国に感謝します。 この作品は、生体顕微鏡用JIMI-DFG中核施設ネットワークグラントによって及びTRR130 / TP17により、DFG HA5354 / 4-1によってサポートされていました、そしてAEHSZに2165 FOR DFG（HA5354 / 6-1）は、国際マックス·プランクによってサポートされていました感染症や免疫（IMPRS-IDI）、ベルリンのための学校。

<ol>
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I., Nagasawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+niches+controlling+B+lymphocyte+behavior+within+bone+marrow+during+development.">Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behavior within bone marrow during development.</a> Immunity. 20, 707-718 (2004).</li><li>Cariappa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perisinusoidal+B+cells+in+the+bone+marrow+participate+in+T-independent+responses+to+blood-borne+microbes.">Perisinusoidal B cells in the bone marrow participate in T-independent responses to blood-borne microbes.</a> Immunity. 23, 397-407 (2005).</li><li>Sapoznikov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivascular+clusters+of+dendritic+cells+provide+critical+survival+signals+to+B+cells+in+bone+marrow+niches.">Perivascular clusters of dendritic cells provide critical survival signals to B cells in bone marrow niches.</a> Nat Immunol. 9, 388-395 (2008).</li><li>Tokoyoda, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Professional+memory+CD4++T+lymphocytes+preferentially+reside+and+rest+in+the+bone+marrow.">Professional memory CD4+ T lymphocytes preferentially reside and rest in the bone marrow.</a> Immunity. 30, 721-730 (2009).</li><li>Mazo, I. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+Methods+for+classification+and+Analysis+of+Multivariate+Observations.">Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations.</a> Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability Vol. 1. , 666 (1967).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li><li>Jarjour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+reveals+origin+and+dynamics+of+lymph+node+follicular+dendritic+cells.">Fate mapping reveals origin and dynamics of lymph node follicular dendritic cells.</a> J Exp Med. 211, 1109-1122 (2014).</li><li>Gerner, M. 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Juan Escribano Navarro is affiliated with Wimasis GmbH, Munich, Germany. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

現代の光学イメージング法の進歩にもかかわらず、組織学的データの分析は、依然として多くの場合、適切な定量化ツールおよび方法の欠如によって、または関心対象の小領域に集中偏った分析によって妨げられる。ここに提示相乗的なアプローチは、全体の骨髄領域を覆う画像解析を組み合わせた自動セグメンテーションおよび様々な造血細胞および間質細胞型、共局在化分析、新しいお?...

、光学イメージングを含む顕微鏡における近年の急速な技術開発、に、全組織のコンテキスト内の細胞の解析は、免疫学者のためにますますアクセス可能となっています。懸濁液中の単一細胞の特徴は、細胞および分子の機能を理解するための貴重な不可欠な方法を表す。しかし、それらの（マイクロ）-anatomical環境内の細胞の解析は、免疫応答の発生のような複雑なプロセスに協力種々の細胞型の間の相互作用を理解するために不可欠である。 顕微鏡研究は、画像から定性的な情報を取得することが比較的容易であるが、それは部分的にはこの分野での分析方法は、画像取得が可能であるものと比較して遅れているという事実のために、これらのデータを定量化するための課題である。多くの研究者は、まだ、時間がかかり、その組織学的画像におけるマニュアル細胞計数を頼るしたがって、異なる評価者の間でバイアスを導入し、他のグループによって複製を妨げる。多くの場合、1代表画像は、それがハード読者はこのようなイベントの統計的関連性を判断できるようにすること、出版物における細胞の位置や共局在に関する声明を下線に選択される。 一緒にされた画像データの完全な情報内容はほとんど利用されないという事実と、この組織学的画像を分析するためのより公平な、迅速かつ包括的アプローチの必要性を強調している。 骨髄は、大人の脊椎動物の造血器官として重要な生体機能にかかる複雑な組織である。造血細胞1,2-ための出生地であるとBリンパ球の発達3に重要な役割を果たしている他に、免疫反応は4を開始し、成熟した、循環B細胞5をサポートしているサイトとして作用する。私の維持に加えて、その役割免疫記憶を構成する細胞のいくつかの種類が存在6-9存在することが判明しているようにmmunologicalメモリは、ますます10年間で明らかになり、理解されている。 骨髄およびその機能の複雑な組織構造との関係は依然としてとらえどころのないままである。そのようなTおよびB細胞のゾーンとしてマクロ区画に編成されて二次リンパ器官とは異なり、骨髄をクリアマクロ区画を欠いている。これまでのところ、骨髄中の個別のコンパートメントは、骨皮質に、または血管系への近接によって定義されています。そのような幹細胞を支持するようなプロセスの数の骨髄中の様々な常駐間質細胞集団の重要性は、そのような長命形質細胞（パソコン）などの免疫記憶細胞集団（CD4 +のB細胞またはメンテナンスの開発およびCD8 +メモリーT細胞）は、明らかに、骨髄中の微小区画のある程度があることを示している。 <pクラスは= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;これらの観​​察は、骨髄中の（様々な段階での細胞の維持、B細胞の発達の幹、および免疫記憶の維持）特定の機能に特化して別個の微細解剖ニッチの概念をもたらした。異なる機能を果たすニッチ間の異質性のある程度があるように思われるが、そのようなCXCケモカインリガンド12（CXCL12）またはインターロイキン7（IL-7）、などの間質細胞によって産生される因子のいくつかはのための決定的な要素であるこれらのニッチ10のいくつか。骨髄間質細胞の可視化および特徴付けにより、細長い樹状骨髄全体ネットワークを形成する拡張機能、および間質亜集団を区別するための適切なマーカーの欠如との形態学的特徴のために困難である。 これらのニッチは、それらの細胞および分子は複合に対する共通の特徴を共有してどの程度としてはまだ明らかではないn、および要素は、特定のニッチが一意レンダリング。間質細胞に加えて、造血細胞型は、ニッチのいくつかについて、少なくとも特定の信号を提供することによって、重要な役割を果たすことが示されている。明らかに、ニッチ組成の複雑さは、 その場でそれらの分析を必要とし、免疫学者や血液学者がその細胞成分間の空間的関係を分析することによって、例えば 、骨髄マイクロアーキテクチャにズームインすることがますます重要になってきた。 ここでは、自動化された公平な方法で、骨髄における細胞の共局在及び近隣関係を定量化するための戦略が提示されている。蛍光性の間質細胞及び非蛍光造血細胞を保有するキメラマウスの生成を含むワークフローの詳細、脱灰骨からの組織切片の調製、骨全体を覆って共焦点画像の取得、並びに携帯cは自動画像解析O-ローカライズおよびシミュレーションツールによってランダムポジショニングからの検証/差別が（ 図8）が設けられている。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1864">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:1200px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Neomycin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">N6386 SIGMA</td>
			<td>Neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate, EU hazard code: GHS08; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Ursovit AD3EC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Serumwerke Bernburg</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>1 ml contains: 50.000 I.E retinyl palmitate,&#160; 5.000 I.E. cholecalciferol, 30 mg tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg ascorbic acid, 1 mg sorbic acid, 200 mg polyoxyl 35 castor oil, 0,5 mg propyl gallate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Transfer buffer (100ml PBS, 1ml 1M HEPES, 50U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">P4333&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; H3375&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to chicken gamma globulin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Chicken gamma globulin (CGG) 100 mg</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D602-0100</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">20 % Paraformaldehyde solution (EM-grade)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Science Services</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15713</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS05, GHS07, GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">D(+)-Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4621.1</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma.Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">179124 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">208752 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek cryomolds (standard)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4557</td>
			<td>25 x 20 x 5 mm; www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4583</td>
			<td>&#160;www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s SCEM embedding medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryosection preparation kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryofilm type 2C(9)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Microtome blade MX35 Premier Plus, Low Profile</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3052835</td>
			<td>L X W: 80 x 8 mm (31.5 x 3.13&#34;), thickness: 0.25 mm (0.01&#34;);www.thermoscientific.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">polyclonal rabbit anti-RFP antibody, biotinylated</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">600-406-379</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Alexa Fluor 555 streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S-32355</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-MBP</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">J. and N. Lee</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from: J. and N. Lee, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ , U.S.A., clone MT-14.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">goat anti-rat-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A-21247</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-B220 - Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone RA3.6B2, Alexa Fluor 594 from Life Technologies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">mouse anti-l1 light chain -FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone LS136</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-k light chain - FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone 187.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D9542 SIGMA</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fluorescent mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">DAKO</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S3023</td>
			<td>www.dako.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Cover slips (24mm x 24mm x 0.13-0.16 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">H875.2</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Superfrost slides glasses (75 mm x 25 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">48311-703</td>
			<td>www.vwr.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Laser scanning confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>equipped with laser lines of 405, 488, 561, 594, 633 nm and a 20x/0.8 NA air objective lens; We used a Zeiss LSM710 and Zen 2010 Version 6.0 software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Automated image analysis tools for bone marrow</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Wimasis, Munich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>The cell contact tool and cell vicinity tool will be made available by Wimasis upon request: www.wimasis.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VC2012 Runtime</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30679</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Simulation tool for random cell positioning</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from us, upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:365px;">Image analysis software with image segmentation functions</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>We used Volocity (Perkin Elmer) for measuring cell size distributions of hematopoietic cell types in bone marrow (Figure 5). Alternatives are Definiens Image Analysis (Definiens) or Cell Profiler (free download: http://www.cellprofiler.org)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fiji image analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://fiji.sc/Fiji. Fiji was used by trained raters for manual cell count (Figure 3).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated quantification of hematopoietic cell &#8211; stromal cell interactions in histological images of undecalcified bone

共焦点顕微鏡は、骨髄のような複雑な組織内の複数の細胞型の局在の分析のために選択される方法である。多くの場合、それは、このように評価者に依存するバイアスを導入し者間信頼性を低下させる危険性を有する、手動カウントに依存しているしかし、細胞局在の分析及び定量化は困難である。また、細胞型は、それらの出現頻度に強く異なる場合は特に、ランダムな位置からの二つのセルの結果の間の共局在するかどうかを判断することはしばしば困難である。ここでは、骨髄中の細胞の共局在の公平な定量化するための方法が導入される。プロトコルは、骨髄を​​含む全マウスの長骨の組織学的切片を得るために使用される試料調製、ならびに染色プロトコルと高解像度画像の取得を記載している。造血細胞および非ヘマトの認識及ぶ分析のワークフローこれらの細胞間の直接的なコンタクトの定量に2次元（2D）骨髄画像におけるopoietic細胞型が提示される。これはまた、特定の細胞型を、周囲の細胞微小環境に関する情報を取得するために、近傍分析を含む。 2つの細胞型の共局在は、ランダムセル測位の単なる結果であるか、または細胞間の優先的な関連性を反映しているかどうかを評価するために、造血ならびに間質細胞の場合には、この仮説をテストするのに適したシミュレーションツールは、ある使用。このアプローチは、骨髄に限定されず、組織学的データの再現性のある、定量的な分析を可能にする他の組織にも拡張することができる。

カワモトテープ法で脱灰骨の凍結切片を切断し骨幹ならびにそれらと骨端領域の両方で、まだ石灰化した骨に取り付けられた内膜領域の骨髄を、骨全体が完全な部分として切断することができ骨梁の高密度（ 図1）。切片の核染色は、調製物中の小さな亀裂を完全に回避することはできないが、正弦波と動脈の構造ならびに実質の網状ネットワークがそのままとどまることがわか...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell â€“ Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone at JoVE.com

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &amp;#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

造血細胞の自動定量化 - 脱灰骨の組織学的画像における間質細胞の相互作用

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. ...

automated-quantification-hematopoietic-cell-stromal-cell-interactions

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

11.5K ビュー.  German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute. A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

ビデオ: Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

Quantification of  Colonic Stem Cell Mutations

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce mutations that potentially lead to cancer. The use of an enzymatic assay to quantify stem cell mutations in the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been previously reported.1 This method requires the preparation of frozen sections and incubation of the sectioned tissue with a reaction mixture that yields a blue color if the cells produce functional glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme. If not, the cells appear whitish. We have modified the reaction mixture using Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (OCT) medium in place of polyvinyl alcohol. This facilitates pH measurement, increases solubilization of the G6PD staining components and restricts diffusion of the G6PD enzyme. To demonstrate that a mutation occurred in a stem cell, the entire crypt must lack G6PD enzymatic activity. Only if a stem cell harbors a phenotypic G6PD mutation will all of the progeny in the crypt lack G6PD enzymatic activity. To identify crypts with a stem cell mutation, four consecutive adjacent frozen sections (a level) were cut at 7 &#181;m thicknesses. This approach of making adjacent cuts provides conformation that a crypt was fully mutated since the same mutated crypt will be observed in adjacent sections. Slides with tissue samples that were more than 50 &#181;m apart were prepared to assess a total of &#62;104 crypts per mouse. The mutation frequency is the number of observed mutated (white) crypts &#247; by the number of wild type (blue) crypts in a treatment group.

We report significant improvements for the reproducible measurement of somatic colonic stem cell mutations after exposure of mice to potential DNA damaging agents.

結腸幹細胞変異の定量

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce ...

発生生物学

Competitive Transplants to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fitness

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to reestablish blood cell production for the lifespan of the recipient. This protocol explains how to set up a functional assay to compare the HSC capacities of two different populations of cells, such as bone marrow from mice of two different genotypes, and how to analyze the recipient mice by flow cytometry. The protocol uses HSC equivalents rather than cell sorting for standardization and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. We further discuss different variations to the basic protocol, including serial transplants, limiting dilution assays, homing assays and non-competitive transplants, including the advantages and preferred uses of these varied approaches. These assays are central for the study of HSC function and could be used not only for the investigation of fundamental HSC intrinsic aspects of biology but also for the development of preclinical assays for bone marrow transplant and HSC expansion in culture.

This protocol provides step-by-step guidelines for setting up competitive mouse bone marrow transplant experiments to study hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function without prior purification of stem cells by cell sorting.

競争力の移植は、造血幹細胞のフィットネスを評価します

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

詳細な空間式マップからダイナミック発現データの時間的順序

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

血管内皮幹細胞の血管形成を視覚化するための新規乳腺脂肪移植技術

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

マウスにおけるヒト化骨髄微小環境のバイオエンジニアリングとライブイメージングによるそれらの可視化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide suffering from corneal vision loss1. To address the demand for viable human corneas, significant progress in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering has been made2,3,4. These cornea models range from simple monolayer systems to multilayered models, leading to 3D full-thickness corneal equivalents2.
However, the use of a 3D tissue-engineered cornea in the context of in vitro disease models studied to date lacks resemblance to the multilayered 3D corneal tissue structure, function, and the networking of different cell types (i.e., nerve, epithelium, stroma, and endothelium)2,3. In addition, the demand for in vitro cornea tissue models has increased in an attempt to reduce animal testing for pharmaceutical products. Thus, more sophisticated models are required to better match systems to human physiological requirements, and the development of a model that is more relevant to the patient population is absolutely necessary. Given that multiple cell types in the cornea are affected by diseases and dystrophies, such as Keratoconus, Diabetic Keratopathy, and Fuchs, this model includes a 3D co-culture model of primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) from healthy donors and neurons from the SH-SY5Y cell line. This allows us for the first time to investigate the interactions between the two cell types within the human corneal tissue. We believe that this model could potentially dissect the underlying mechanisms associated with the stromal-nerve interactions of corneal diseases that exhibit nerve damages. This 3D model mirrors the basic anatomical and physiological nature of the corneal tissue in vivo and can be used in the future as a tool for investigating corneal defects as well as screening the efficacy of various agents before animal testing.

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

This protocol describes a novel three-dimensional in vitro model, where corneal stromal cells and differentiated neuronal cells are cultured together to assist in the examination and understanding of the interactions of the two cell types.

角膜組織工学: In Vitroのモデル人間の角膜の神経間質相互作用

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide ...

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

RANKL による破骨細胞文化アッセイのマウス骨髄破骨細胞形成における mTORC1 の役割を調査するには

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

Single-Cell Quantification of Protein Degradation Rates by Time-Lapse Fluorescence Microscopy in Adherent Cell Culture

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used approaches to determine protein half-life are either limited to population averages from lysed cells or require the use of protein synthesis inhibitors. This protocol describes a method to measure protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using SNAP-tag fusion proteins in combination with fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Any protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag can be covalently bound by a fluorescent, cell permeable dye that is coupled to a benzylguanine derivative, and the decay of the labeled protein population can be monitored after washout of the residual dye. Subsequent cell tracking and quantification of the integrated fluorescence intensity over time results in an exponential decay curve for each tracked cell, allowing for determining protein degradation rates in single cells by curve fitting. This method provides an estimate for the heterogeneity of half-lives in a population of cultured cells, which cannot easily be assessed by other methods. The approach presented here is applicable to any type of cultured adherent cells expressing a protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag. Here we use mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells grown on E-cadherin-coated cell culture plates to illustrate how single cell degradation rates of proteins with a broad range of half-lives can be determined.

This protocol describes a method to determine protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using pulse labeling and fluorescence time-lapse imaging of SNAP-tag fusion proteins.

単一細胞付着性細胞培養のタイムラプス蛍光顕微鏡による蛋白質分解率の定量化

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used ...

Clonal Analysis of Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Precursors Using Single Cell Index Sorting Combined with Endothelial Cell Niche Co-culture

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early embryo and the lack of assays that functionally identify the long-term multilineage engraftment potential of individual putative HSC precursors. Here, we describe methodology that enables the isolation and characterization of functionally validated HSC precursors at the single cell level. First, we utilize index sorting to catalog the precise phenotypic parameter of each individually sorted cell, using a combination of phenotypic markers to enrich for HSC precursors with additional markers for experimental analysis. Second, each index-sorted cell is co-cultured with vascular niche stroma from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, which supports the maturation of non-engrafting HSC precursors to functional HSC with multilineage, long-term engraftment potential in transplantation assays. This methodology enables correlation of phenotypic properties of clonal hemogenic precursors with their functional engraftment potential or other properties such as transcriptional profile, providing a means for the detailed analysis of HSC precursor development at the single cell level.

Here we present methodology for the clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem cell precursors during murine embryonic development. We combine index sorting of single cells from the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region with endothelial cell co-culture and transplantation to characterize the phenotypic properties and engraftment potential of single hematopoietic precursors.

並べ替え内皮細胞ニッチ共培養と組み合わせて 1 つのセル インデックスを使用して胚性造血幹細胞前駆体のクローン解析

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early ...

Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Assess the Origin of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are defined by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplasia, and a propensity for transformation to acute leukemia. NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) transgenic mice recapitulate human MDS in terms of peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplasia, and transformation to acute leukemia. We previously demonstrated that MDS could be transferred from a genetically engineered mouse with MDS to wild-type recipients by transplanting MDS bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC). To more clearly understand the MDS cell of origin, we have developed approaches to transplant specific, immunophenotypically defined hematopoietic subsets. In this article, we describe the process of isolating and transplanting specific populations of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Following transplantation, we describe approaches to assess the efficiency of transplantation and persistence of the donor MDS cells.

We describe the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to assess the malignant potential of genetically engineered hematopoietic cells. HSCT is useful for evaluating various malignant hematopoietic cells in vivo as well as generating a large cohort of mice with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or leukemia to evaluate novel therapies.

骨髄異形成症候群の起源を評価するために造血幹細胞移植の使用

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are defined by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood ...