We thank Marleen De Meulemeester for demonstrating the assay technique in the video film. B. I. R. is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Research Foundation &#8211; Flanders (FWO &#8211; Vlaanderen). L.M.M. is a recipient of an Emmanuel van der Schueren grant from the Flemish League against Cancer (Vlaamse Liga tegen Kanker).

<ol>
	<li>Mareel, M. M., Bracke, M. E., Van Roy, F. M., de Baetselier, P., JR, B. e. r. t. i. n. o. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+cancer+invasion.">Molecular mechanisms of cancer invasion.</a> Encyclopedia of Cancer. 2, 1072-1083 (1997).</li><li>Mareel, M., Kint, J., Meyvisch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+of+study+of+the+invasion+of+malignant+C3H+mouse+fibroblasts+into+embryonic+chick+heart+in+vitro.">Methods of study of the invasion of malignant C3H mouse fibroblasts into embryonic chick heart in vitro.</a> Virchows Arch. B. Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 30 (1), 95-111 (1979).</li><li>Albini, A., Noonan, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+&#8216;chemoinvasion&#8217;+assay,+25+years+and+still+going+strong:+the+use+of+reconstituted+basement+membranes+to+study+cell+invasion+and+angiogenesis.">The &#8216;chemoinvasion&#8217; assay, 25 years and still going strong: the use of reconstituted basement membranes to study cell invasion and angiogenesis.</a> Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 22 (5), 677-689 (2010).</li><li>De Wever, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+and+spheroid+collagen+type+I+invasion+assay.">Single cell and spheroid collagen type I invasion assay.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 1070, 12-35 (2014).</li><li>Wolff, E., Schneider, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=La+transplantation+prolong&#233;e+d&#8217;un+sarcome+de+souris+sur+des+organes+embryonnaires+de+poulet+cultiv&#233;s+in+vitro.">La transplantation prolong&#233;e d&#8217;un sarcome de souris sur des organes embryonnaires de poulet cultiv&#233;s in vitro.</a> C.R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 151 (7), 1291-1292 (1957).</li><li>Easty, G. C., Easty, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+organ+culture+system+for+the+examination+of+tumor+invasion.">An organ culture system for the examination of tumor invasion.</a> Nature. 199, 1104-1105 (1963).</li><li>Schleich, A. B., Frick, M., Mayer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+invasive+growth+in+vitro.+Human+decidua+graviditatis+confronted+with+established+human+cell+lines+and+primary+human+explants.">Patterns of invasive growth in vitro. Human decidua graviditatis confronted with established human cell lines and primary human explants.</a> J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56 (2), 221-237 (1976).</li><li>Sys, G. M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+In+ovo+CAM-assay+as+a+Xenograftodel+for+Sarcoma.">The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograftodel for Sarcoma.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (77), e50522 (2013).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., Van Larebeke, N. A., Vyncke, B. M., Mareel, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+modulates+both+invasion+and+plasma+membrane+ruffling+of+MCF-7+human+mammary+carcinoma+cells+in+vitro.">Retinoic acid modulates both invasion and plasma membrane ruffling of MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cells in vitro.</a> Br. J. Cancer. 63 (6), 867-872 (1991).</li><li>Vermeulen, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+from+the+noninvasive+to+the+invasive+phenotype+and+loss+of+alpha-catenin+in+human+colon+cancer+cells.">Transition from the noninvasive to the invasive phenotype and loss of alpha-catenin in human colon cancer cells.</a> Cancer Res. 55 (20), 4722-4728 (1995).</li><li>Parmar, V. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-invasive+activity+of+3,7-dimethoxyflavone+in+vitro.">Anti-invasive activity of 3,7-dimethoxyflavone in vitro.</a> J. Pharma. Sci. 83 (9), 1217-1221 (1994).</li><li>Parmar, V. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-invasive+activity+of+alkaloids+and+polyphenolics+in+vitro.">Anti-invasive activity of alkaloids and polyphenolics in vitro.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. 5 (8), 1609-1619 (1997).</li><li>Gaillard, P. J., MB, V. i. s. s. e. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+culture+technique+using+embryologic+watch+glasses.">Organ culture technique using embryologic watch glasses.</a> Methods in Medical Research. 2, 241-24 (1951).</li><li>Romeis, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Das+mikrotom.">Das mikrotom.</a> Mikroskopische Technik. 15 Verb. Aufl. Kapitel. 7, 114-120 (1948).</li><li>Van Marck, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P-cadherin+promotes+cell-cell+adhesion+and+counteracts+invasion+in+human+melanoma.">P-cadherin promotes cell-cell adhesion and counteracts invasion in human melanoma.</a> Cancer Res. 65 (19), 8774-8783 (2005).</li><li>Attia, M. A., Weiss, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+of+spontaneous+mammary+carcinomas+in+mice.+V.+Acquired+tumor+resistance+and+enhancement+in+strain+A+mice+infected+with+mammary+tumor+virus.">Immunology of spontaneous mammary carcinomas in mice. V. Acquired tumor resistance and enhancement in strain A mice infected with mammary tumor virus.</a> Cancer Res. 26 (8), 1787-1800 (1966).</li><li>Katritzky, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=QSAR+modeling+of+anti-invasive+activity+of+organic+compounds+using+structural+descriptors.">QSAR modeling of anti-invasive activity of organic compounds using structural descriptors.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (20), 6933-6939 (2006).</li><li>McKinnell, R. G., Bruyneel, E. A., Mareel, M. M., Seppanen, E. D., Mekala, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+in+vitro+by+explants+of+Lucke+renal+carcinoma+cocultered+with+normal+tissue+is+temperature+dependent.">Invasion in vitro by explants of Lucke renal carcinoma cocultered with normal tissue is temperature dependent.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 4 (4), 237-243 (1986).</li><li>Wanson, J. C., de Ridder, L., Mosselmans, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+of+hyperplastic+nodule+cells+from+diethylnitrosamine+treated+cells.">Invasion of hyperplastic nodule cells from diethylnitrosamine treated cells.</a> Cancer Res. 41 (12 Pt 1), 5162-5175 (1981).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+temperature+on+invasion+of+MO4+mouse+fibrosarcoma+cells+in+organ+culture.">Effect of temperature on invasion of MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma cells in organ culture.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 2 (2), 107-125 (1984).</li><li>Laerum, O. D., Steinsvag, S., Bjerkvig, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+tissue+culture+of+the+central+nervous+system:+recent+developments+and+current+applications.">Cell and tissue culture of the central nervous system: recent developments and current applications.</a> Acta Neurol. Scand. 72 (6), 529-549 (1985).</li><li>Schroyens, W., Mareel, M. M., Dragonetti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+invasiveness+of+human+bladder+cancer+from+cell+lines+and+biopsy+specimens.">In vitro invasiveness of human bladder cancer from cell lines and biopsy specimens.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 1 (2), 153-162 (1983).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., De Bruyne, G. K., Vandesande, F., Dragonetti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+study+of+embryonic+chick+heart+invaded+by+malignant+cells+in+three+dimensional+culture.">Immunohistochemical study of embryonic chick heart invaded by malignant cells in three dimensional culture.</a> Invasion Metastasis. 1 (3), 195-204 (1981).</li><li>Bjerkvig, R., Laerum, O. D., Mella, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+cell+interactions+with+fetal+rat+brain+aggregates+in+vitro+and+with+brain+tissue+in+vivo.">Glioma cell interactions with fetal rat brain aggregates in vitro and with brain tissue in vivo.</a> Cancer Res. 46 (8), 4071-4079 (1986).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confrontation+of+an+invasive+(MO4)+and+a+non-invasive+(MDCK)+cell+line+with+embryonic+chick+heart+fragments+in+serum-free+culture+media.">Confrontation of an invasive (MO4) and a non-invasive (MDCK) cell line with embryonic chick heart fragments in serum-free culture media.</a> In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 22 (9), 508-514 (1986).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., Bracke, M. E., Storme, G. A., Grundmann, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+tumor+spread:+a+brief+overview.">Mechanisms of tumor spread: a brief overview.</a> Cancer Campaign. 9: The Cancer Patient. , 59-64 (1985).</li><li>De Neve, W. J., Storme, G. A., De Bruyne, G. K., Mareel, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+image+analysis+system+for+the+quantification+of+invasion+in+vitro.">An image analysis system for the quantification of invasion in vitro.</a> Clin. Exp. Metast. 3 (2), 87-101 (1985).</li><li>Smolle, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+evaluation+of+melanoma+cell+invasion+in+three-dimensional+confrontation+cultures+in+vitro+using+automated+image+analysis.">Quantitative evaluation of melanoma cell invasion in three-dimensional confrontation cultures in vitro using automated image analysis.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 (1), 114-119 (1990).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=flavonoid+effect+on+tumor+invasion+and+metastasis.">flavonoid effect on tumor invasion and metastasis.</a> Food Technol. 48 (11), 121-124 (1994).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+tangeretin+on+tamoxifen&#8217;s+therapeutic+benefit+in+mammary+cancer.">The influence of tangeretin on tamoxifen&#8217;s therapeutic benefit in mammary cancer.</a> J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91 (4), 354-359 (1999).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

במהלך תקופת ההכנה של PHFs, שברים לא יכולים להישאר בהשעיה אלא לדבוק בקיר הכלי; זה ניתן להתגבר על ידי הגדלת נפח בינוני התרבות. אם מספר PHFs הוא נמוך מדי והגודל שלהם הוא גדול מדי, להחליש את עוצמת הקול של מדיום התרבות. כישלון של תאי הבדיקה כדי לצבור יכול להיות בגלל תנודות בטמפר?...

פלישה היא סימן ההיכר של גידולים ממאירים. פעילות זו מובילה לא רק להרס של רקמות הסובבות, אלא גם מעורב בהיווצרות גרורה. מאז חולי הסרטן מתים מפלישה וגרורות, וטיפולים אנטי-פולשני יעילים עדיין מבחני המחקים את הפלישה של תאים סרטניים פותחו נדירים, מעבדה. המטרה של assay לב החומוס היא להציע שיטת תרבות איבר רלוונטית ללמוד פלישת גידול בשלושה ממדים. Assay יכול להבחין בין תאים פולשניים ולא פולשנית, ומאפשר ללמוד את ההשפעות של תרכובות בדיקה בפלישת גידול. הרציונל מאחורי השימוש של assay הוא המושג הממשי שגידולים הם מערכות אקולוגיות שבו תאי neoplastic רציפות אינטראקציה עם סטרומה (תאי מארח ומטריקס), וכי באמצעות פלישת אינטראקציות המולקולרית אלה הוא 1 מכויל. אז, בassay תאי גידול מתמודדים עם ליווישברי ng עובריים לב חומוס 2, המשמשים לא רק כמצעים לפלישה על ידי התאים הסרטניים, אלא גם כמקור של סוגים שונים של תאי סטרומה ואלמנטי מטריצה ​​של. לב החומוס מכיל myocytes, fibroblasts ותאי האנדותל, ומטריקס מורכב מlaminin, פיברונקטין וסוגים שונים של קולגן. בדרך זו, טכניקת תרבות איבר תלת ממדים מכסה אינטראקציות תאיות ומולקולריות רבות מעורבות בפלישה של גידולי מטופל. היתרון העיקרי של assay לב החומוס הוא יישום אפקטי סטרומה. היבט זה הוא יותר מלא מאשר במבחני פלישה אחרים במבחנה המבוססים על פלישת תאים סרטנית לג&#39;לי שאינו חי המורכב ממרתף קרום 3 או מטריצת ביניים 4 מולקולות. הרעיון של עימות בין תאי גידול ורקמות מארח חיים נורמלים כפי שנמצא בניסויים תרבות איבר כבר הציג בכמהמחברים כוללים וולף ושניידר בצרפת 5, Easty וEasty בבריטניה 6, וSchleich בגרמניה 7. שני יתרונות טכניים של assay פלישת לב חומוס על השיטות שהובאו הוא שהנפח של שברים יכול בקלות להיות סטנדרטי, ושהם יישארו התכווצות, המאפשרת ניטור שלמות פונקציונלי בתרבות איבר. יתר על כן, עוברי עופות עדיפים, כי הם יכולים בקלות להיות גזור מתוכן סטרילי של הביצה. יש דמיון רעיוני לassay assay קרום chorioallantois החומוס 8 על ידי הצעת סטרומה מורכבת המקיפה את תאי גידול. Assay בהצלחה יושם להבחין בין גרסאות תא פולשנית ובלתי פולשני מאותה גידולים אנושיים כגון בMCF-7 (החלב) 9 וHCT-8 (מעי הגס) 10 משפחות שורת תאים. הטכניקה זו שימושית כדי לבדוק תרכובות פוטנציאל אנטי-פולשני כמו גם <sup&gt; 11,12. כפי שהוסבר נוסף, ניתן להשתמש בו לכינון יחסי מבנה-פעילות של מולקולות אורגניות קטנות. Assay אין, לעומת זאת, לא לוקח בחשבון את תרומתם של תאים חיסוניים לפלישת הסרטן. יודגש כי הטכניקה אינה יכולה להיחשב כמערכת ניתוח תפוקה גבוהה, בגלל המספר הגבוה של מניפולציות, (כחודש 1) מספר המוגבל של ריצות assay (30 תרבויות המרביות) וזמן סיבוב סביב הארוך.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer&#39;s salt solution</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>CEO123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto-agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethaan Analar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>103157P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA : albumin from bovine serum, cohn V fract.</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4503-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-Rega 3</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>19993013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gyrotory shakers</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td>G10 and G33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flasks 50 ml</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>92717</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>68516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iridectomy scissors</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>11-0625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macroscope with calibrated ocular grid</td>
			<td>Wild</td>
			<td>157702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax</td>
			<td>International Medical products</td>
			<td>8599956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>230251-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris&#39; hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HHS32-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslipping resin (Tissue-Tek)</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin melting apparatus</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>1052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome for paraffin sectioning</td>
			<td>Reichert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stppers for Erlemeyer flasks with gas in- and outlets</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>2602421 and 260243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diaminobenzidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAX rocking table</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>54131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well tissue dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NUNC142475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophtalmological enucleation spoon</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>16-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp forceps</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>4-111T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt forceps</td>
			<td>Nickel-Electro LTD</td>
			<td>7112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flasks 5 ml</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>211901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides washed and degreased</td>
			<td>International Medical products</td>
			<td>8613908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chick heart invasion assay for testing the invasiveness of cancer cells and the activity of potentially anti-invasive compounds

המטרה של assay לב החומוס היא להציע שיטת תרבות איבר רלוונטית ללמוד פלישת גידול בשלושה ממדים. Assay יכול להבחין בין תאים פולשניים ולא פולשנית, ומאפשר לימוד ההשפעות של תרכובות בדיקה בפלישת גידול. תאים סרטניים - אם כאגרגטים או תאים בודדים - מתמודדים עם שברי לב חומוס עוברי. אחרי תרבות איבר בהשעיה לכמה ימים או שבועות תרבויות התמודדות קבועות ומשובצות בפרפין לניתוח היסטולוגית. האינטראקציה תלת-ממדית בין תאי הסרטן והרקמות נורמליות אז שיחזרה מסעיפי סדרתי מוכתמים hematoxylin-eosin או לאחר מכתים immunohistochemical לאפיטופים ברקמת הלב או תאי סרטן ההתמודדות. Assay עולה בקנה אחד עם התפיסה האחרונה שפלישת הסרטן היא התוצאה של אינטראקציות מולקולריות בין תאי הסרטן ואלמנטי מארח סטרומה השכנה (myofibroblasts, endothתאי elial, רכיבי מטריצה ​​תאיים, וכו &#39;). כאן, סביבת סטרומה זה מוצעת לתאי הסרטן שבר רקמת חיה. היבטי תמיכה לרלוונטיות של assay הם מרובים. פלישה בassay היא בהתאם לקריטריונים של פלישת סרטן: הכיבוש מתקדם והחלפה בזמן ובמרחב של רקמת המארח, והפולשנות ולא הפולשנות vivo של התאים מתעמתים בדרך כלל בקורלציה עם התוצאה של assay. יתר על כן, דפוס הפלישה של תאים בגוף חי, כהגדרתו על ידי פתולוגים, בא לידי ביטוי בתמונות היסטולוגית בassay. ניתוח הכמותי ביחס מבנה-פעילות (QSAR) של התוצאות שהושגו עם תרכובות אורגניות שעלולים להיות אנטי-פולשני רבות משלימה אפשר המחקר של יחסי מבנה-פעילות לפלבנואידים וchalcones, ותרופות אנטי-גרורתי ידועה בשימוש בקליניקה (למשל, מעכבי microtubule ) לעכב פלישה בassay גם כן. However, assay אינו לוקח בחשבון תרומות חיסוניות לפלישת הסרטן.

הסעיפים היסטולוגית כפי שהוצגו באיור 5 מראים את התוצאה הסופית של מספר מבחני מוצלחים. היסטולוגיה הקול של התרבויות מציינת תאי קיימא ומאפשרת לפרש את האינטראקציה בין תאי גידול ורקמות נורמליות. יתר על כן, ניתן לצפות שום תגובה חיסונית מהרקמה הנורמלית, אשר מאשרת את הגיל הנכו...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds at JoVE.com

Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול ללמוד את הפלישה של תאי גידול לחיים שברי רקמה נורמלים בשלושה ממדים. טכניקת תרבות איבר זה מיושמת בעיקר כדי לבדוק את התרופות שעלולים להיות אנטי-פולשני במבחנה.

חומוס לב הפלישה Assay עבור בדיקת הפולשנות של תאי סרטן והפעילות של תרכובות פוטנציאלית אנטי-פולשנית

The goal of the chick heart assay is to offer a relevant organ culture method to study tumor invasion in three dimensions. The assay can distinguish ...

chick-heart-invasion-assay-for-testing-invasiveness-cancer-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.0K Views.  University of Ghent.  כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול ללמוד את הפלישה של תאי גידול לחיים שברי רקמה נורמלים בשלושה ממדים. טכניקת תרבות איבר זה מיושמת בעיקר כדי לבדוק את התרופות שעלולים להיות אנטי-פולשני במבחנה. 

Video: Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

מידול והדמיה 3-Dimensional Cell קיבוציים Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The dosage of UV light is prescribed according to an individual's skin sensitivity. Thus, to establish the proper dosage of UV light to administer to a patient, the patient is sometimes screened to determine a minimal erythema dose (MED), which is the amount of UV radiation that will produce minimal erythema (sunburn or redness caused by engorgement of capillaries) of an individual's skin within a few hours following exposure. This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. There is currently no easy way to determine an appropriate UV dose for clinical or research purposes without conducting formal MED testing, requiring observation hours after testing, or informal trial and error testing with the risks of under- or over-dosing. However, some alternative methods are discussed.

Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing

This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing in order to determine the lowest dose of ultraviolet radiation that will cause erythema (burning) when administered to an individual.

מינון בדיקת אריתמה מינימאלית (MED)

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is  sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including  psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The ...

Osmotic Drug Delivery to Ischemic Hindlimbs and Perfusion of Vasculature with Microfil for Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to stimulate microcirculation. The choice of delivery method for these agents is important because the route of administration profoundly affects the bioactivity and efficacy of these agents1,2. In this article, we demonstrate how to locally administer a substance in ischemic hindlimbs by using a catheterized osmotic pump. This pump can deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution continuously for an allotted period of time. We also present our mouse model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of the common femoral artery proximal to the origin of profunda femoris and epigastrica arteries in the left hindlimb. Lastly, we describe the in vivo cannulation and ligation of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and perfusion of the hindlimb vasculature with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque casting agent. Microfil can perfuse and fill the entire vascular bed (arterial and venous), and because we have ligated the major vascular conduit for exit, the agent can be retained in the vasculature for future ex vivo imaging with the use of small specimen micro-CT3.

We show here the in vivo insertion of an osmotic pump for constant local drug delivery and the creation of hindlimb ischemia in a mouse model. Moreover, the hindlimb vasculature is perfused with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque agent, to prepare for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.

משלוח סמים האוסמוטי לhindlimbs איסכמי וטפטוף של כלי דם עם Microfil למייקרו-טומוגרפיה ממוחשבת הדמיה

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

השתנה<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; פלישת Assay כדי לקבוע את התפקיד הפוטנציאלי של הורמונים, ציטוקינים ו / או גורמי גדילה בפלישת תאי הסרטן המתווך

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

הערכה של קובץ מצורף סרטן השחלות אליפטית ופלישה של תאי mesothelial בזמן אמת

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Assay (3D) תלת ממדי גידול ספרואיד הפלישה

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

ניצול של assay כינונה רך אגר מושבה לזיהוי מעכבי tumorigenicity בתאי סרטן השד

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

לומד סרטן לבלב גזע מאפייני תא לפיתוח טיפול חדש אסטרטגיות

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer metastasis. Indeed, the number of CTCs correlates with tumor size. Here, a detailed description is provided of a methodology for isolation and propagation of CTCs from a syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which allows for downstream analysis of potentially important molecular mechanisms of solid organ tumor metastasis. This method is efficient and reproducible. It is a non-invasive technique and, therefore, has potential to replace the invasive biopsy of tissues from humans which may be associated with complications. Therefore, the method discussed here allows for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from whole blood samples such that they can be examined and characterized. This has potential for future adaptation for clinical applications such as diagnosis, and personalized targeted therapy.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor metastasis. Here, a method for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is described.

בידוד וריבוי תאים סרטניים במחזור מסרטן מודל עכבר

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer ...

Cutaneous Surgical Denervation:  A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies have suggested that nerves may also modulate skin disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and cancer. Here, we describe protocols for testing the requirement for nerves in maintaining a cutaneous mechanosensory organ, the touch dome (TD). Specifically, we discuss methods for genetically labeling, harvesting and visualizing TDs by whole-mount staining, and for performing unilateral surgical denervation on mouse dorsal back skin. Together, these approaches can be used to directly compare TD morphology and gene expression in denervated as well as sham-operated skin from the same animal. These methods can also be readily adapted to examine the requirement for nerves in mouse models of skin pathology. Finally, the ability to repeatedly sample the skin provides an opportunity to monitor disease progression at different stages and times after initiation.

This article includes detailed protocols for genetic labeling of mouse skin, surgical denervation, skin biopsy and visualizing labeled epithelia by whole-mount &#946;-galactosidase staining. These methods can be used to test the requirement for nerves in mouse models of normal and pathological skin.

Denervation כירורגי עורית: שיטה לבדיקת הדרישה עצבה בעכברי מודל של מחלת עור

Cutaneous somatosensory nerves function to detect diverse stimuli that act upon the skin. In addition to their established sensory roles, recent studies ...