The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (award # 1335550), Utah Water Research Laboratory, Professor Joan McLean and Tessa Guy for their help during the metal/metalloids analysis. The authors also thank Laura Birkhold for her support with the data collection and Danna Olbright.

<ol>
	<li>Dismukes, G. C., Carrieri, D., Bennette, N., Ananyev, G. M., Posewitz, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+phototrophs:+efficient+alternatives+to+land-based+crops+for+biofuels.">Aquatic phototrophs: efficient alternatives to land-based crops for biofuels.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 19 (3), 235-240 (2008).</li><li>Moody, J. W., McGinty, C. M., Quinn, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+evaluation+of+biofuel+potential+from+microalgae.">Global evaluation of biofuel potential from microalgae.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (23), 8691-8696 (2014).</li><li>Pinto, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal-induced+oxidative+stress+in+algae.">Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in algae.</a> J Phycol. 39 (6), 1008-1018 (2003).</li><li>Gupta, A., Lutsenko, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+copper+transporting+ATPases+in+eukaryotic+organisms.">Evolution of copper transporting ATPases in eukaryotic organisms.</a> Curr Genomics. 13 (2), 124-133 (2012).</li><li>Perales-Vela, H. V., Pe&#241;a-Castro, J. M., Ca&#241;izares-Villanueva, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal+detoxification+in+eukaryotic+microalgae.">Heavy metal detoxification in eukaryotic microalgae.</a> Chemosphere. 64 (1), 1-10 (2006).</li><li>Sandau, E., Sandau, P., Pulz, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heavy+metal+sorption+by+microalgae.">Heavy metal sorption by microalgae.</a> Acta Biotechnol. 16 (4), 227-235 (1996).</li><li>Amer, L., Adhikari, B., Pellegrino, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technoeconomic+analysis+of+five+microalgae-to-biofuels+processes+of+varying+complexity.">Technoeconomic analysis of five microalgae-to-biofuels processes of varying complexity.</a> Bioresour Technol. 102 (20), 9350-9359 (2011).</li><li>Benemann, J. R., Goebel, R. P., Weissman, J. C., Augenstein, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microalgae+as+a+source+of+liquid+fuels.">Microalgae as a source of liquid fuels.</a> Final Technical Report, US Department of Energy, Office of Research. , (1982).</li><li>Benemann, J. R., Oswald, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+No.+DOE/PC/93204--T5+Other:+ON:+DE97052880;+TRN:+TRN.">Report No. DOE/PC/93204--T5 Other: ON: DE97052880; TRN: TRN.</a> Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. , (1996).</li><li>Chisti, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodiesel+from+microalgae.">Biodiesel from microalgae.</a> Biotechnol Adv. 25 (3), 294-306 (2007).</li><li>Davis, R., Aden, A., Pienkos, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techno-economic+analysis+of+autotrophic+microalgae+for+fuel+production.">Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production.</a> Applied Energy. 88 (10), 3524-3531 (2011).</li><li>Jones, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Process+design+and+economics+for+the+conversion+of+algal+biomass+to+hydrocarbons:+whole+algae+hydrothermal+liquefaction+and+upgrading.">Process design and economics for the conversion of algal biomass to hydrocarbons: whole algae hydrothermal liquefaction and upgrading.</a> U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office. , (2014).</li><li>Lundquist, T. J., Woertz, I. C., Quinn, N. W. T., Benemann, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+realistic+technology+and+engineering+assessment+of+algae+biofuel+production.">A realistic technology and engineering assessment of algae biofuel production.</a> Energy Biosciences Institute. , (2010).</li><li>Nagarajan, S., Chou, S. K., Cao, S., Wu, C., Zhou, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+updated+comprehensive+techno-economic+analysis+of+algae+biodiesel.">An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel.</a> Bioresour Technol. 145, 150-156 (2011).</li><li>Pienkos, P. T., Darzins, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promise+and+challenges+of+microalgal-derived+biofuels.">The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels.</a> Biofuels Bioproducts &amp; Biorefining-Biofpr. 3, 431-440 (2009).</li><li>Richardson, J. W., Johnson, M. D., Outlaw, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+comparison+of+open+pond+raceways+to+photo+bio-reactors+for+profitable+production+of+algae+for+transportation+fuels+in+the+Southwest.">Economic comparison of open pond raceways to photo bio-reactors for profitable production of algae for transportation fuels in the Southwest.</a> Algal Research. 1 (1), 93-100 (2012).</li><li>Rogers, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+paddlewheel-driven+raceway+ponds+for+algal+biofuel+production+at+commercial+scales.">A critical analysis of paddlewheel-driven raceway ponds for algal biofuel production at commercial scales.</a> Algal Research. 4, 76-88 (1016).</li><li>Sun, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+cost+analysis+of+algal+oil+production+for+biofuels.">Comparative cost analysis of algal oil production for biofuels.</a> Energy. 36 (8), 5169-5179 (2011).</li><li>Thilakaratne, R., Wright, M. M., Brown, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+techno-economic+analysis+of+microalgae+remnant+catalytic+pyrolysis+and+upgrading+to+fuels.">A techno-economic analysis of microalgae remnant catalytic pyrolysis and upgrading to fuels.</a> Fuel. 128, 104-112 (2014).</li><li>Quinn, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nannochloropsis+production+metrics+in+a+scalable+outdoor+photobioreactor+for+commercial+applications.">Nannochloropsis production metrics in a scalable outdoor photobioreactor for commercial applications.</a> Bioresour Technol. 117, 164-171 (2012).</li><li>Borkenstein, C., Knoblechner, J., Fr&#252;hwirth, H., Schagerl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+of+Chlorella+emersonii+with+flue+gas+derived+from+a+cement+plant.">Cultivation of Chlorella emersonii with flue gas derived from a cement plant.</a> J Appl Phycol. 23 (1), 131-135 (2010).</li><li>Douskova, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+flue+gas+bioremediation+and+reduction+of+microalgal+biomass+production+costs.">Simultaneous flue gas bioremediation and reduction of microalgal biomass production costs.</a> Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 82 (1), 179-185 (2009).</li><li>Israel, A., Gavrieli, J., Glazer, A., Friedlander, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+flue+gas+from+a+power+plant+for+tank+cultivation+of+the+red+seaweed+Gracilaria+cornea.">Utilization of flue gas from a power plant for tank cultivation of the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea.</a> Aquaculture. 249 (1-4), 311-316 (2012).</li><li>Napan, K., Teng, L., Quinn, J. C., Wood, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Heavy Metals from Flue Gas Integration with Microalgae Production. , (2015).</li><li>Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E. W., Greenberg, A. E. 3. 1. 2. 5. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductively+coupled+plasma/mass+spectrometry+(ICP/MS)+method.">Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) method.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. , (2005).</li><li>Smith, M., Compton, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Matrix effects in the ICP-MS analysis of selenium in saline water samples. , (2004).</li><li>Mehta, S. K., Gaur, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+algae+for+removing+heavy+metal+ions+from+wastewater:+progress+and+prospects.">Use of algae for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: progress and prospects.</a> Crit Rev Biotechnol. 25 (3), 113-152 (2005).</li><li>Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E. W., Greenberg, A. E. 3. 1. 2. 0. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductively+coupled+plasma+(ICP)+method.">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. , (2005).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

נ &#39;מייקרו המלוח סלינה ניתן לגדל בהצלחה במערכת הצמיחה נועדה עם תוצאות הדיר ותשואות גבוהות ביומסה. רכבת אווירית ערבוב אפשרה לתרבות מושעה מעורבת היטב עם יישוב או biofouling מינימאליים על פני תקופות צמיחה של 7 ימים. השתנות האור מינימליות על פני בנק אור הניאון מוצג?...

בהשוואה לגידולים יבשתיים מסורתיים מייקרו הוכח להשיג תשואות בשל יעילות גבוהה יותר הגלומה המרת שמש 1,2 גבוהות יותר ביומסה ושומנים בדם. טיפוח של מייקרו בשיעורי פריון גבוהים דורש האספקה ​​של חומרים מזינים שונים, כולל מקור פחמן חיצוני. צפוי כי מתקני גידול בקנה מידה גדולה ישולבו עם זרמי פסולת תעשייתיים כגון גז פליטה תעשייתי על מנת למזער את עלויות ייצור ובו בזמן לספק תיקון סביבתי. פחמן פסולת תעשייתי הוא בדרך כלל בצורה של גזי פחמן דו חמצני ויכול להכיל חומרים מזהמים שיש פוטנציאל להשפיע באופן שלילי ייצור מייקרו. באופן ספציפי, גז פליטה נובע מפחם יהיה מגוון של מזהמים כוללים אך לא מוגבל למים מוצרי בעירה ופחמן דו חמצני, כמו גם תחמוצות גופרית וחנקן, אבק דק, מזהמים אורגניים כגון דיאוקסינים ופורנים, ונגד אי-אורגניtaminants כגון מתכות כבדות. ההשפעה של רוב המזהמים אלה כוללים inorganics עם חלק מהם ידועים כמתכות כבדות על תפוקת מייקרו לא נחקרה. חלק מאלמנטים אלו יכולים להיות חומרים מזינים בריכוזים מתאימים, אולם בריכוזים גבוהים יותר הם יכולים לייצר בעיות בתפקוד תא ואף למוות 3. השילוב של מייקרו עם גז פליטה תעשייתי יש את הפוטנציאל להציג ישירות מזהמים אורגניים לתקשורת צמיחה. יש גז פליטה מבוססת פחם מגוון רחב של אלמנטים אורגניים (למשל, כ, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, SB, Se, Sn, V וZn) בריכוזים שונים שחלקם, בנמוך ריכוז, מייצגים חומרים מזינים לצמיחת אצות. מזהמים אורגניים יש זיקה גבוהה להיקשר למייקר ועוד יותר להיות sorbed פנימי באמצעות מובילי מזין. כמה מזהמים אורגניים (כלומר, Co, Cu, Zn וMn) הם חומרים מזינים שמהווים חלק מאנזימים כרוךד בפוטוסינתזה, נשימה ופונקציות אחרות 3,4. עם זאת, במתכות וmetalloids עודפות יכול להיות רעיל. אלמנטים אחרים, כגון Pb, Cd, Sn, SB, Se, וכמ&quot;כ, אינם ידועים לתמיכה בתפקוד תא בכל ריכוז ומייצגים מתכות לא מזינים שיכול להשפיע באופן שלילי 3,5,6 צמיחת התרבות. הנוכחות של כל אחד ממזהמים אלה יש הפוטנציאל לייצר השפעות שליליות על תפקוד תאי מייקרו. יתר על כן, האינטראקציה של מתכות מרובות עם מייקרו מסבכת דינמיקת צמיחה ויש לו הפוטנציאל להשפיע על צמיחה. כלכלה בקנה מידה גדולה נקשרה ישירות לתפוקה של מערכת הטיפוח 7-19. יתר על כן, מחזור בינוני במערכת מייקרו הצמיחה לשתי בריכות פתוחות מסילה (ORP) או photobioreactors (PBR) הוא קריטי שכן היא מייצגת 99.9 ו99.4% מהמסה, בהתאמה 20. הנוכחות של מזהמים אורגניים בתקשורת סופו של דבר עלולה להגביל מ &#39;פריון icroalgae והמחזור של תקשורת בשל הצטברות מזהם. מחקר זה נקבע באופן ניסיוני את ההשפעה של 14 מזהמים אורגניים (כמו, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, SB, Se, Sn, V וZn), בריכוזים צפויים מהאינטגרציה של מערכות מייקר טיפוח עם פחם נגזר גז פליטה, על הפרודוקטיביות של נ &#39; סלינה גדלה בPBRs הרכבת האווירית. המזהמים ששמשו במחקר זה הוכחו לא רק בהווה בגז מבוסס פחם ארובה אבל גז פליטה המבוססת על פסולת עירוני, גז פליטה מבוסס biosolids, שפכים עירוניים, מים מיוצרים, מי תהום ומי ים לקוי 21-23. הריכוזים המשמשים במחקר זה מבוססים על מה שניתן היה לצפות, אם מערכות גידול מייקרו שולבו עם מקור CO 2 מבוסס פחם עם יעילות ספיגה הפגינה במערכות PBR מסחריות 20. חישובים מפורטים התומכים בריכוזים של המתכות הכבדות ומזהמים אורגניים מוצגים בNapanet al. 24 טכניקות אנליטיות שמשו להבין את ההפצה של רוב המתכות ביומסה, התקשורת ואיכות הסביבה. השיטות שהוצגו אפשרו להערכת פוטנציאל פריון של מייקרו תחת לחץ מזהם אורגני וכימות של גורל הקצה שלהם.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium meta silicate nonahydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S408-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium nitrate</td>
			<td>EMD Chemical</td>
			<td>PX1520-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium ferric citrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>I72-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A73-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium molybdate, dihydrate</td>
			<td>EMD Chemical</td>
			<td>SX0650-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M87-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Z68-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cupric sulfate pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C489-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin&#160;</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>230090010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>148990100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitamin B12&#160;</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>405920010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper (II) chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221783-100G</td>
			<td>Irritant, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead (II) chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>268690-250G</td>
			<td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dichromate dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>398063-100G</td>
			<td>Oxidizing, Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>255599-100G</td>
			<td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>223387-500G</td>
			<td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium (meta) arsenite&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71287</td>
			<td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cadmium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>202908-10G</td>
			<td>Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mercury (II) chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>215465-100G</td>
			<td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin (II) chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T142-500</td>
			<td>Corrosive. Suitable for Hg analysis. Very hazardous.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M87-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vanadium (V) oxide</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>206422500</td>
			<td>Dangerous to the Environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide&#160;</td>
			<td>Air Liquide</td>
			<td>I2301S-1</td>
			<td>Compressed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>H325-500</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>30% in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICP-MS standard</td>
			<td>ICP-MS-6020</td>
			<td>High Purity Standards</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mercury standard</td>
			<td>CGHG1-1</td>
			<td>Inorganic Ventures</td>
			<td>1000&#177;6 &#181;g/mL in 5% nitric acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon</td>
			<td>Air Liquide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compressed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helium</td>
			<td>Air Liquide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen</td>
			<td>Air Liquide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A509-P212</td>
			<td>67-70% nitric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A508-P212</td>
			<td>35% hydrochloric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scientific prevacuum sterilizer</td>
			<td>Steris</td>
			<td>31626A</td>
			<td>SV-120</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>46910</td>
			<td>RC-6 Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>1867</td>
			<td>UV-1800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH controller</td>
			<td>Hanna</td>
			<td>BL981411</td>
			<td>X4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotometer, X5</td>
			<td>Dwyer</td>
			<td>RMA-151-SSV</td>
			<td>T31Y</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotometer, X5</td>
			<td>Dwyer</td>
			<td>RMA-26-SSV</td>
			<td>T35Y</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath circulator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-873-45A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact chiller</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13270-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freeze dryer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7752020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir plate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-100-49S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH lab electrode</td>
			<td>Phidgets Inc</td>
			<td>3550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>7700 Series ICP-MS</td>
			<td>Attached to autosampler CETAC ASX-520</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FIAS 100</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td>
			<td>B0506520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic absorption spectrometer</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td>
			<td>AAnalyst 800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell heater (quartz)</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td>
			<td>B3120397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave</td>
			<td>Milestone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Programmable, maximum power 1200 W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave rotor</td>
			<td>Milestone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rotor with 24 75 mL Teflon vessels for closed-vessel microwave assisted digestion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 micron syringe filter</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>6713-0425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 micron syringe filter</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>6713-1650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 micron syringe filter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>F2500-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene tubes</td>
			<td>Evergreen</td>
			<td>222-2094-050</td>
			<td>17x100 mm w/cap, 16 mL, polysteryne</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octogonal magnetic&#160;stir&#160;bars</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>14-513-60</td>
			<td>Magnets encased in PTFE fluoropolymer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of heavy metals and other inorganic contaminants on the productivity of microalgae

יש להגדיל את הביקוש לדלקים מתחדשים חוקרים חוקרים את ההיתכנות של חומר זינה חלופית, כגון מייקרו. יתרונות הגלומים כוללים תשואה גבוהה פוטנציאלית, שימוש בקרקע שאינה ראויה לעיבוד ואינטגרציה עם זרמי פסולת. הדרישות התזונתית של מערכת ייצור מייקרו בקנה מידה גדולה תדרוש הצימוד של מערכות טיפוח עם משאבי פסולת תעשייתיים, כגון פחמן דו חמצני מגז וחומרים מזינים משפכי ארובה. מזהמים אורגניים הנמצאים בפסולת אלה עלולים להוביל לפגיעים מתמשכים ביומסה microalgal להשפיע לרעה על שימוש קצה הפרודוקטיביות והגבלה. מחקר זה מתמקד בהערכה הניסיונית של ההשפעה ואת גורלם של 14 מזהמים אורגניים (כמו, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, SB, Se, Sn, V וZn) על צמיחת סלינה Nannochloropsis . מייקרו עובדו בphotobioreactors המואר ב984 מ &#39;μmol -2 שניות -1 ומתוחזק ב- pH 7 במ&#39; צמיחהעדיה מזוהמת עם מזהמים אורגניים ברמות צפויות בהתבסס על הרכב שנמצא במערכות גז פליטה הפחם מסחריות. מזהמים הנמצאים ביומסה והבינוניים בסוף תקופת צמיחת 7 יום היו לכמת באופן אנליטי באמצעות ספקטרומטריית קליטה אטומית אדים קרים לHg ובאמצעות ספקטרומטר מסת פלזמה בשילוב אינדוקטיבי כל, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, SB, Se, Sn, V וZn. תוצאות מראות נ &#39; סלינה היא זן רגיש לסביבה מרובה מתכת עם ירידה סטטיסטית ביומסה yieldwith ההקדמה של מזהמים אלה. הטכניקות שהוצגו כאן הן נאותות לכימות צמיחת אצות וקביעת גורלם של מזהמים אורגניים.

תשואות ביומסה ייצור של נ &#39; סלינה גדלה במערכת PBR שימשה במחקר זה מז 1 / L -1 ל -8.5 ± 0.19 g / L -1 (N = 12) לכורי שליטה ו± 4.0 L / 0.3 G -1 (N = 12) ל רב-מתכת מזוהמת ב -7 ימים. הניסויים מיוצרים נתונים הדיר פני כורי שלושה עותקים וקבוצות מ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae at JoVE.com

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

כימות של מתכות כבדות ומזהמים אורגניים אחרים בפרודוקטיביות של מייקרו

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

quantification-heavy-metals-other-inorganic-contaminants-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.8K Views.  Utah State University. Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

Video: Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

ניתוח התוכן של חומצות שומן והרכב בMicroalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including Pristionchus pacificus display complex behaviors, the most striking of which is the predation of other nematode larvae. However, as these behaviors are absent in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, they have thus far only recently been described in detail along with the development of reliable behavioral assays 1. These predatory behaviors are dependent upon phenotypically plastic but fixed mouth morphs making the correct identification and categorization of these animals essential. In P. pacificus there are two mouth types, the stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs 2, with only the wide mouthed eurystomatous containing an extra tooth and being capable of killing other nematode larvae. Through the isolation of an abundance of size matched prey larvae and subsequent exposure to predatory nematodes, assays including both "corpse assays" and "bite assays" on correctly identified mouth morph nematodes are possible. These assays provide a means to rapidly quantify predation success rates and provide a detailed behavioral analysis of individual nematodes engaged in predatory feeding activities. In addition, with the use of a high-speed camera, visualization of changes in pharyngeal activity including tooth and pumping dynamics are also possible.

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Behavioral assays provide powerful tools for understanding neuronal function. Here we present several protocols for quantifying predatory feeding behavior found in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus and its relatives. Additionally, we provide methods for analyzing predatory feeding adaptations including mouth structures and teeth.

Assaying הרגלי התזונה הם טורפים ב<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt; נמטודות אחרים

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

שיטה אקוטוקסיקולוגית עם חיידקים ימיים<em&gt; תזונת ויבריו</em&gt; כדי להעריך את רעילות חריפה של מזהמים סביבתיים

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to inorganic arsenic through diet, information about distribution of arsenic species in various food types must be generated. A method, previously validated in a collaborative trial, has been applied to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide variety of food matrices, covering grains, mushrooms and food of marine origin (31 samples in total). The method is based on detection by flow injection-hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry of the iAs selectively extracted into chloroform after digestion of the proteins with concentrated HCl. The method is characterized by a limit of quantification of 10 &#181;g/kg dry weight, which allowed quantification of inorganic arsenic in a large amount of food matrices. Information is provided about performance scores given to results obtained with this method and which were reported by different laboratories in several proficiency tests. The percentage of satisfactory results obtained with the discussed method is higher than that of the results obtained with other analytical approaches.

The usefulness of an analytical method to determine inorganic arsenic in a wide range of food matrices is demonstrated. The method consists of selective extraction of inorganic arsenic into chloroform with a final determination by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.

קביעת אי-אורגנית ארסן ב רחב טווח של מזון מטריצות באמצעות הידריד דור - ספקטרומטר בליעה אטומית.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, and the majority of extant heteropterans retain this trophic strategy. Some heteropterans have transitioned to feeding on vertebrate blood (such as the kissing bugs, Triatominae; and bed bugs, Cimicidae) while others have reverted to feeding on plants (most Pentatomomorpha). However, with the exception of saliva used by kissing bugs to facilitate blood-feeding, little is known about heteropteran venoms compared to the venoms of spiders, scorpions and snakes.
One obstacle to the characterization of heteropteran venom toxins is the structure and function of the venom/labial glands, which are both morphologically complex and perform multiple biological roles (defense, prey capture, and extra-oral digestion). In this article, we describe three methods we have successfully used to collect heteropteran venoms. First, we present electrostimulation as a convenient way to collect venom that is often lethal when injected into prey animals, and which obviates contamination by glandular tissue. Second, we show that gentle harassment of animals is sufficient to produce venom extrusion from the proboscis and/or venom spitting in some groups of heteropterans. Third, we describe methods to harvest venom toxins by dissection of anaesthetized animals to obtain the venom glands. This method is complementary to other methods, as it may allow harvesting of toxins from taxa in which electrostimulation and harassment are ineffective. These protocols will enable researchers to harvest toxins from heteropteran insects for structure-function characterization and possible applications in medicine and agriculture.

Although many insects in the suborder Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) are venomous, their venom composition and the functions of their venom toxins are mostly unknown. This protocol describes methods to harvest heteropteran venoms for further characterization, using electrostimulation, harassment, and gland dissection.

קציר ארס מרעלים חרקים טורפים וחרקים אחרים Heteropteran

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, ...

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies (Vespinae) and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables researchers to estimate more accurately the number of adults produced, counting the number of meconia (the stools left in the cells by wasp larvae when pupating into adults, per 100 cells) in each comb. This method can be applied before or after colony collapse (i.e., in active or inactive nests). The paper also describes how to locate wild Vespula wasp colonies by &#34;flagging&#34; wasp baits and chasing the wasp collecting them, using a method traditionally performed by local people in central Japan (as illustrated in the associated video). The Vespula chasing method described has several advantages: it is easy to reinitiate the chase from a point where the forager flying back to the nest was lost, and it is easy to pinpoint the nest location as marked wasps often lose their flag at the nest entrance. These methods for estimating colony productivity and collecting nests can be valuable for researchers studying social wasps.

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies Vespinae and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

This methodological paper evaluates the productivity of a social wasp colony by examining the number of meconia per 100 cells of comb, to estimate the total number of adults the wasps produced. The associated video describes how to search for Vespula wasp nests, a method developed by amateur wasp chasers.

הערכת הפרודוקטיביות של מושבות של הצרעה החברתית (וספיסיאה) ומבוא אל שיטת הצרעה היפנית המסורתית.

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the treatment of wastes. As most new research efforts begin at laboratory scale, there is a need for cost-effective methods for culturing microalgae in a reproducible manner. Here, we communicate an effective approach to culture microalgae in laboratory-scale photobioreactors, and to measure the growth and neutral lipid content of that algae. Instructions are also included on how to set up the photobioreactor system. Although the example organisms are species of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella, this system can be adapted to cultivate a wide range of microalgae, including co-cultures of algae with non-algae species. Stock cultures are first grown in bottles to produce inoculum for the photobioreactor system. Algae inoculum is concentrated and transferred to photobioreactors for cultivation in batch mode. Samples are collected daily for the optical density readings. At the end of the batch culture, cells are harvested by centrifuge, washed, and freeze dried to obtain a final dry weight concentration. The final dry weight concentration is used to create a correlation between the optical density and the dry weight concentration. A modified Folch method is subsequently used to extract total lipids from the freeze-dried biomass and the extract is assayed for its neutral lipid content using a microplate assay. This assay has been published previously but protocol steps were included here to highlight critical steps in the procedure where errors frequently occur. The bioreactor system described here fills a niche between simple flask cultivation and fully-controlled commercial bioreactors. Even with only 3-4 biological replicates per treatment, our approach to culturing algae leads to tight standard deviations in the growth and lipid assays.

Here, we present a protocol to construct lab-scale bubble column photobioreactors and use them to culture microalgae. It also provides a method for the determination of the culture growth rate and neutral lipid content.

טיפוח של ירוק Microalgae בועה עמודה Photobioreactors ואת וזמינותו עבור ליפידים נייטרלי

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...

Microalgae Cultivation and Biomass Quantification in a Bench-Scale Photobioreactor with Corrosive Flue Gases

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for microalgal cultivation with temperature, pH, and gas composition and flow rate control. At bench-scale, photobioreactors are advantageous to researchers studying microalgal properties, productivity, and growth optimization. At industrial scales, photobioreactors can maintain product purity and improve production efficiency. The video describes the preparation and use of a bench-scale photobioreactor for microalgal cultivation, including the safe use of corrosive gas inputs, and details relevant biomass measurements and biomass productivity calculations. Specifically, the video illustrates microalgal culture storage and preparation for inoculation, photobioreactor assembly and sterilization, biomass concentration measurements, and a logistic model for microalgal biomass productivity with rate calculations including maximum and overall biomass productivities. Additionally, since there is growing interest in experiments to cultivate microalgae using simulated or real waste gas emissions, the video will cover the photobioreactor equipment adaptations necessary to work with corrosive gases and discuss safe sampling in such scenarios.

Bench-scale, axenic cultivation facilitates microalgal characterization and productivity optimization before subsequent process scale-up. Photobioreactors provide the necessary control for reliable and reproducible microalgal experiments and can be adapted to safely cultivate microalgae with the corrosive gases (CO2, SO2, NO2) from municipal or industrial combustion emissions.

מיקרואצות וטיפוח ביומסה ביופיקציה בפוטובילקטור הספסל עם גזים בארובה מאכל

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for ...

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic nutrient (e.g., P, Fe, Mn) and contaminant (e.g., As, Cd, Pb) solute species in the soil adjacent to plant roots (the &#8216;rhizosphere&#8217;) at sub-millimeter (~100 &#181;m) spatial resolution. The method combines sink-based solute sampling by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique with spatially resolved chemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The DGT technique is based on thin hydrogels with homogeneously distributed analyte-selective binding phases. The variety of available binding phases allows for the preparation of different DGT gel types following simple gel fabrication procedures. For DGT gel deployment in the rhizosphere, plants are grown in flat, transparent growth containers (rhizotrons), which enable minimal invasive access to a soil-grown root system. After a pre-growth period, DGT gels are applied to selected regions of interest for in situ solute sampling in the rhizosphere. Afterwards, DGT gels are retrieved and prepared for subsequent chemical analysis of the bound solutes using LA-ICP-MS line-scan imaging. Application of internal normalization using 13C and external calibration using matrix-matched gel standards further allows for the quantification of the 2D solute fluxes. This method is unique in its capability to generate quantitative, sub-mm scale 2D images of multi-element solute fluxes in soil-plant environments, exceeding the achievable spatial resolution of other methods for measuring solute gradients in the rhizosphere substantially. We present the application and evaluation of the method for imaging multiple cationic and anionic solute species in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants and highlight the possibility of combining this method with complementary solute imaging techniques.

This protocol presents a workflow for sub-mm 2D visualization of multiple labile inorganic nutrient and contaminant solute species using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) combined with mass spectrometry imaging. Solute sampling and high-resolution chemical analysis are described in detail for quantitative mapping of solutes in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants.

הדמיה דו מימדית וכימות של Labile, חומרים מזינים ומזהמים צמחיים אנאורגניים באדמה

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic ...

Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is virtually universal in plants. The inhibition of the enzyme stops the production of three essential amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSPS is also present in fungi and prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria; thus, the use of GBP may have an impact on the microbiome composition of soils, plants, herbivores, and secondary consumers. This article aims to present general guidelines to assess the effect of GBP on microbiomes from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses and provide a few testable hypotheses. Two field experiments are presented to test the GBP on non-target organisms. First, plant-associated microbes from 10 replicated control and GBP treatment plots simulating no-till cropping are sampled and analyzed. In the second experiment, samples from experimental plots fertilized by either poultry manure containing glyphosate residues or non-treated control manure were obtained. Bioinformatics analysis of EPSPS protein sequences is utilized to determine the potential sensitivity of microbes to glyphosate. The first step in estimating the effect of GBP on microbiomes is to determine their potential sensitivity to the target enzyme (EPSPS). Microbial sequences can be obtained either from public repositories or by means of PCR amplification. However, in the majority of field studies, microbiome composition has been determined based on universal DNA markers such as the 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). In these cases, sensitivity to glyphosate can only be estimated through a probabilistic analysis of EPSPS sequences using closely related species. The quantification of the potential sensitivity of organisms to glyphosate, based on the EPSPS enzyme, provides a robust approach for further experiments to study target and non-target resistant mechanisms.

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. In this article, we introduce general guidelines to quantify the effect of GBP on microbiomes, from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses.