This research was supported by the Gottfried Wilhelm-Leibniz Grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) awarded to Thomas Mussweiler.

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R., Glenn, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=do+I+think+what+you+think?+Epistemic+social+tuning+and+implicit+prejudice.">do I think what you think? Epistemic social tuning and implicit prejudice.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93 (6), 957-972 (2007).</li><li>Mueller, P. A., Oppenheimer, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pen+Is+Mightier+Than+the+Keyboard.">The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard.</a> Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychol. Sci. 25, 1159-1168 (2014).</li><li>Wichman, A. L., Brunner, R. P., Weary, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+and+delayed+effects+of+causal+uncertainty+inductions+on+uncertainty+accessibility.">Immediate and delayed effects of causal uncertainty inductions on uncertainty accessibility.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (4), 1106-1113 (2008).</li><li>Loewenstein, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Out+of+control:+Visceral+influences+on+behavior.">Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.</a> Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. 65 (3), 272-292 (1996).</li><li>Keng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huggy+Pajama:+A+mobile+parent+and+child+hugging+communication.">Huggy Pajama: A mobile parent and child hugging communication.</a> Proceedings of the 7th international conference on interaction design and children. , 250-257 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

מאמר זה מתאר קבוצה של צעדים על איך אנשים יכולים להתמודד עם ויכולים להפחית את חוסר הוודאות באמצעות חווייתי במקום מסלול קוגניטיבית. יתר על כן, הוא מדגים שיטה להפעלה ניסיונית חוסר ודאות סביבתית המאפשרת לחוקרים לבחון כיצד סוג זה של חוסר ודאות, חוסר ודאות מלבד בחירה, משפי?...

חוסר ודאות, התקדימים והשלכותיה, הוא נושא שנחקר רב בכלכלה, פסיכולוגיה, ושיווק. כל כך מובן, כמו בחברה מודרנית אנשים כל הזמן מתמודדים עם חוסר ודאות: בהחלטות שלהם יומי קניות, הקריירה שלהם, והדינמיקה המשפחתית שלהם. ללמוד לנהל משא ומתן ולהתמודד עם חוסר ודאות, נעשה אפוא דרישה של חיים מודרניים. חוסר ודאות מוגדר בדרך חוסר הידע. עד כה, רוב המחקרים בתחום שיווק וקבלת החלטות התמקדו בחוסר ודאות בשל חלופות בחירה. בגלל מידע לא שלם, אנשים מרגישים בטוחים לגבי החלופות זמינות והשירות של חלופות אלה 1,2. על מנת להקטין את חוסר ודאות כזה, אנשים לעתים קרובות מנסים להגדיל את בסיס הידע שלהם ולחפש מידע נוסף 2-4. עם זאת, מלבד מרגיש בטוח בגלל חסר מידע, אנשים גם נתוןלחוסר ודאות בשל אירועים חיצוניים בלתי צפויים ובלתי נשלטים של שההשפעה קשה לשפוט על החיים העתידיים של אחד 5,6. חוסר ודאות סביבתית כגון מתעוררת כאשר אחד לא יודע איך הסביבה יכולה להיות שינוי ולכן לא ניתן להקצות הסתברויות לסבירות של אירועים עתידיים. דוגמאות לסוג זה של אי-ודאות הן לתנודות כלכליות למשל, איומי פיגועים, ושינויים פוליטיים. בנסיבות אי ודאות לעורר כזה, פשוט מחפש מידע ייכשל כדי להילחם באי ודאות. בעיקר בגלל חוסר ודאות סביבתית היא יותר ויותר נפוצה בחברה מודרנית ויש מעט מאוד ידוע על איך כגון חוסר ודאות משפיע על קבלת החלטות ובחירה, זה הוא בעל חשיבות עליונה לפיתוח שיטה ניסיונית חדשה להפעלת חוסר ודאות סביבתית צבייה. הפרוטוקול הנוכחי חותרת לצרכי אלה. יתר על כן, באופן מסורתי ההתמקדות הייתה על cognitאנשי אסטרטגיות אייב להשתמש כאשר מול חוסר ודאות. מחקרים למשל, הוכיחו כי - מלבד מחפש מידע נוסף - אנשים להיות קרובים אופקים נוספים על עמדותיהם 7, להדגיש הגינות ונהלים הוגנים 8, ותופסים את דפוסי אשליה בגירויים אקראיים, כאשר מול חוסר ודאות 9. עם זאת, אנשים לא תמיד מסוגלים להתמודד עם חוסר ודאות קוגניטיבית, למשל, כאשר הם חסרים זמן או כאשר הם מוגבלים יכולת קוגניטיבית לעשות זאת. במקרה כזה הם עלולים להשתמש חלופיים, מסלול חווייתי ולחפש תחושות מישוש רכות להתמודד ביעילות עם ולהקטין את אי הוודאות. שיקול דעת אנושית יכול להיות מושפע מחוויות גופניות המועברות על ידי מגע קבלת מערכות החושי עם העולם החיצוני (כלומר, חזותי, אקוסטי או לתחושה). רגשות אלה יכולים להשפיע על פסקי הדין שלנו ללא פרשנות סמנטית, הקוגניטיבי של הקלט החושי 10. Toucמשהו הינג רך עשוי להיות כזה אנשי חוויה גופניים לחפש כאשר נאלצו להתמודד עם חוסר ודאות. בילדות, רגשות של חוסר נוחות לעתים קרובות להקל באמצעות מגע פיזי כגון החזקה או טופחים על ידי מטפלים או על ידי תחושת צעצועי cuddly רכים. דרך חוויות מוקדמות כאלה עם מגע, רך הופך קשור מאוד עם נוחות וביטחון, ולכן יכול להיות כלי יעיל לקרב באי ודאות. אבל איזה סוג של תחושה לתחושה רכה יעזור בהתמודדות עם אי ודאות? סוג כל? ויש רכות להיות מנוסה או שזה מספיק כאשר התכונות הרכות של אובייקט נראים רק על מסך מחשב? פרוטוקול זה מטפל בבעיות אלה. מלבד אסטרטגיות אנשים משתמשים כדי להתמודד עם חוסר ודאות, יש חשיבות לדעת אם אסטרטגיה מסוימת היא פונקציונלית. הפונקציונליות של רכות Seeking יכול למשל למדוד באופן סובייקטיבי על ידי הקמת הרמה של אחד של חוסר ודאות לפני ואחרי כל כך מחזיקmething רכה (רמת אי הוודאות לאורך זמן). דרך נוספת להעריך הפחתת חוסר ודאות יותר בעקיפין היא באמצעות משימה מעורפלת, כגון מושלג תמונת המשימות (SPT) 11. משימה זו מורכבת מסדרה של תמונות שבי אובייקטים מוטבעים בשלג חזותי. משתתפים צריכים לציין איזה אובייקט שהם חושבים שהוא מסתתר מאחורי השלג וחוסר הוודאות שלהם בכל קשור לתשובתם. אחרון, שאלון אישיות (בסולם סובלנות אי ודאות 12) ניתן להשתמש כדי למדוד אם רכות יכולה גם להגדיל את הסובלנות הכללית של אדם כלפי חוסר ודאות בחיי היום-יום.

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			<td>Qualtrics</td>
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			<td>IBM</td>
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experimental research examining how people can cope with uncertainty through soft haptic sensations

בני אדם מוקף כל הזמן בחוסר ודאות ושינוי. נשאלת השאלה כיצד אנשים מתמודדים עם חוסר ודאות כזה. עד כה, רוב המחקרים התמקדו באסטרטגיות קוגניטיביות אנשים לאמץ כדי להתמודד עם חוסר ודאות. עם זאת, במיוחד כאשר חוסר ודאות בשל אירועים בלתי צפויים חברתיים (לדוגמא., משברים כלכליים, מהפכות פוליטיות, איומי טרור) של איזה מהם הוא לא מסוגל לשפוט את ההשפעה על אסטרטגיות של אחד עתיד חיים, קוגניטיבי (כמו המחפש מידע נוסף) עשויה להיכשל כדי להילחם בחוסר ודאות. במקום זאת, המאמר הנוכחי דן בשיטת הוכחה שאנשים עשויים להתמודד עם חוסר ודאות חווייתית דרך תחושות מישוש רכות. באופן ספציפי יותר, משום שנוגעים במשהו רך יוצרת תחושה של נוחות וביטחון, אנשים מעדיפים אובייקטים עם רך יותר בהשוואה לנכסים קשים יותר כאשר מרגישים בטוח. מחפש רכות הוא כלי יעיל ביותר ויעיל להתמודד עם אי ודאות כouידי r זמינות בכל העת. פרוטוקול זה מתאר קבוצה של שיטות מפגינות 1) איך סביבתי (האו&quot;ם) ודאות יכולה להיות מופעלת מצבייה עם הליך תחול חווייתי, 2) שהאיכות של ניסיון הרכות (איזה סוג של רכות ואיך זה מנוסה) ועניינים 3) איך חוסר ודאות יכולה להיות מופחת תוך שימוש בשיטות שונות.

מחקרים אלה שמשו לחקור 1) אם אנשים מעדיפים אובייקטים עם תכונות רכות כאשר מול חוסר ודאות ו- 2) אם מחפש רכות כאשר מול אי ודאות הוא פונקציונלי, כלומר, בין אם זה מפחית חוסר ודאות. הליך תחול (שתואר לעיל) שימש כדי לתפעל ודאות סביבתית (האו&quot;ם) בניסוי. בדיקות המניפולציה על פנ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations at JoVE.com

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

ניסוי מחקר בוחן כיצד אנשים יכולים להתמודד עם אי ודאות באמצעות תחושות לתחושה רכות

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

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8.9K Views.  VU University. To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

Video: Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

איך לזהות פעילות האמיגדלה עם magnetoencephalography באמצעות הדמיה מקור

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

מגרה את השפתיים מוטור קורטקס עם גירוי מגנטי Transcranial

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

תכנון ויישום של מחקר fMRI בחינה חשבו דיכוי בנשים צעירות עם, ובסיכון, לדיכאון

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

איך ללמוד תגובות Placebo במחלת תנועה עם הרוטציה יו&quot;ר Paradigm במשתתפים בריאים

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

בוחנים את השימוש של ביטויים מבודד קטעי סרטים להערכת זיהוי רגשות על ידי אנשים עם פגיעה מוחית טראומטית

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

עיכוב intracortical בתוך קליפת המוח המוטורית ראשי יכול להיות מווסת על ידי שינוי המוקד של תשומת לב

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

הקצה השני של הרצועה: מבחן נסיוני לנתח איך בעלי אינטראקציה עם גידול כלבי-מחמד שלהם

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior approach. Recently, the lateral transfibular approach to the ankle has gained popularity since a new TAR implant was designed to be performed via this approach that results in an ideal visualization of the center of rotation of the ankle and curved resections that allow for sparing bone cuts. The aim of the present paper is to present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of the osteoarthritis of the ankle with TAR via lateral approach. We present our preoperative clinical and radiographic protocol. In addition, we describe our surgical technique with some technical tips. Finally, we report our follow-up schedule that includes the collection of clinical, functional, and radiographic data. The results of this procedure are encouraging: TAR through a lateral transfibular approach provides reliable pain relief and improvements in functional outcomes in patients with ankle osteoarthritis.

We present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the ankle with total ankle replacement via lateral transfibular approach.

טיפול של דלקת מפרקים ניוונית הקרסול עם קרסול הכולל באמצעות גישה Transfibular לרוחב

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

בחינת שינויים ב-HRV וברגש בעקבות הכנת האמנות עם שלושה חומרים אמנותיים שונים

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

בחינת בקרת שפה דו-לשונית באמצעות משימת Stroop

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...