מחקר זה מומן בחלקו על ידי תוכנית RAPID של הקרן הלאומית למדע (NSF-1,048,925, 1,048,919, 1,048,914 ו) לאליסון Keimowitz, מינג-קואו לי, בנדיקטוס Okeke, וג&#39;יימס סונדרס.

<ol>
	<li>Chapman, P. M., Wang, F., Germano, J. D., Batley, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pore+water+testing+and+analysis:+the+good,+the+bad,+and+the+ugly.">Pore water testing and analysis: the good, the bad, and the ugly.</a> Mar Poll Bull. 44, 359-366 (2002).</li><li>Teasdale, P. R., Batley, G. E., Apte, S. C., Webster, I. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pore+water+sampling+with+sediment+peepers.">Pore water sampling with sediment peepers.</a> TrAC. 14, 250-256 (1995).</li><li>Steinmann, P., Shotyk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+composition,+pH,+and+redox+state+of+sulfur+and+iron+in+complete+vertical+porewater+profiles+from+two+Sphagnum+peat+bogs,+Jura+Mountains,+Switzerland.">Chemical composition, pH, and redox state of sulfur and iron in complete vertical porewater profiles from two Sphagnum peat bogs, Jura Mountains, Switzerland.</a> Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 61, 1143-1163 (1997).</li><li>Bufflap, S. E., Allen, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sediment+pore+water+collection+methods+for+trace+metal+analysis:+A+review.">Sediment pore water collection methods for trace metal analysis: A review.</a> Wat Res. 29, 165-177 (1995).</li><li>Glew, J., Smol, J., Last, W., Last, W., Smol, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+5,+Sediment+Core+Collection+and+Extrusion.">Chapter 5, Sediment Core Collection and Extrusion.</a> Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research. , 73-105 (2001).</li><li>Jahnke, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple,+reliable,+and+inexpensive+pore-water+sampler.">A simple, reliable, and inexpensive pore-water sampler.</a> L&amp;O. 33, 483-487 (1988).</li><li>Bufflap, S. E., Allen, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+pore+water+sampling+techniques+for+trace+metals.">Comparison of pore water sampling techniques for trace metals.</a> Wat Res. 29, 2051-2054 (1995).</li><li>Zheng, Y., Anderson, R. F., van Geen, A., Kuwabara, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Authigenic+molybdenum+formation+in+marine+sediments:+a+link+to+pore+water+sulfide+in+the+Santa+Barbara+Basin.">Authigenic molybdenum formation in marine sediments: a link to pore water sulfide in the Santa Barbara Basin.</a> Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 64, 4165-4178 (2000).</li><li>Keimowitz, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arsenic+redistribution+between+sediments+and+water+near+a+highly+contaminated+source.">Arsenic redistribution between sediments and water near a highly contaminated source.</a> Env Sci &amp; Tech. 39, 8606-8613 (2005).</li><li>Natter, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Level+and+Degradation+of+Deepwater+Horizon+Spilled+Oil+in+Coastal+Marsh+Sediments+and+Pore-Water.">Level and Degradation of Deepwater Horizon Spilled Oil in Coastal Marsh Sediments and Pore-Water.</a> Env Sci &amp; Tech. 46, 5744-5755 (2012).</li><li>Jackson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ion chromatography. , (1990).</li><li>Stookey, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ferrozine+-+A+New+Spectrophotometric+Reagent+For+Iron.">Ferrozine - A New Spectrophotometric Reagent For Iron.</a> Anal. Chem. 42, 779-781 (1970).</li><li>He, Y., Zheng, Y., Ramnaraine, M., Locke, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+pulse+cathodic+stripping+voltammetric+speciation+of+trace+level+inorganic+arsenic+compounds+in+natural+water+samples.">Differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetric speciation of trace level inorganic arsenic compounds in natural water samples.</a> Anal. Chim. Acta. 511, 55-61 (2004).</li><li>Cline, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+Determination+of+Hydrogen+Sulfide+in+Natural+Waters.">Spectrophotometric Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters.</a> L&amp;O. 14, 454-458 (1969).</li></ol>

החוקרים אין לי מה לחשוף.

הטכניקה המתוארת במסמך זה היא אחד גמיש שיכול להיות מותאם למגוון רחב של מקומות, גדל ליבה, עובי סעיף ליבה, וכו &#39;ישנם שלושה מרכיבים עיקריים למערכת זו. ראשית, להכין מערכת שחול ליבה של הממדים הנכונים עבור להיות מנותח הליבה. הוראות...

חוקר לעתים קרובות רוצה ללמוד את מדינת חיזור geomicrobiology של מערכת משקעים-מים. זה אידיאלי מנצל נתונים משני משקעים ומים נקבוביים, כמים נקבוביים הם לעתים קרובות צגים רגישים של המערכת הם ממקור משותף, אם כי לא המקור היחיד, של חשיפה אקולוגית למתכות כבדות רגיש חיזור 1 כגון ארסן ואורניום. נתוני מים נקבוביים יכולים להתקבל כתוצאה באתרו באמצעות מסנני שיווי משקל דיפוזיה, הידוע גם בשם &quot;מציצנים,&quot; מותקנים לתוך המשקעים 2. המציצן ביותר משמש בדרך כלל הגדרות היכן אתר השדה ידוע לפני עבודת שטח מתחילה והיכן ביקורים מרובים על פני תקופה ארוכה של זמן יכולים להתבצע לאתר השדה, למשל Shotyk 3. לכן בהקשרים רבים אינם מאפשרים את השימוש של מציצנים, כגון אתרים נגישים רק לזמן קצר או איפה דגימות גישוש מרובות מתקבלות כדי לקבוע היכן לחקירה נוספת אמורה להתרחש 4.בנוסף מציצנים לא לטעום משקעים במקביל דגימת מים. כאשר רצוי לטעום משקעים ומים ביחד, או באתרי שדה שבו התקנת מציצן אינה ריאלית, השיטה הנפוצה ביותר להשיג משקעים ומים הם coring משקע. השיג ליבה צרופה הוא מבשר חיוני ההליך המתואר בעבודה זה 5. פעם ליבה מתקבלת מים נקבוביים ניתן להשיג על ידי כיווץ 6 או צנטריפוגה; לשניהם יש יתרונות וחסרונות. צנטריפוגה נחשבת בדרך כלל הדרך הבדוקה ביותר לחילוץ porewaters מן הליבות משקעות, 7 למרות טיפול יש לנקוט כדי למנוע התחמצנות של משקעים או מים נקבוביים. בשיטה זו אנו מתארים ליבה שחול צנטריפוגה לחלץ מים נקבוביים עם חמצון מינימאלי. המחברים השתמשו בשיטה המתוארת במסמך זה במגוון בהקשרים כוללים ימי 8 מזוהמת אגם <sup&gt; 9, ובתי גידול לחים 10. הנתונים נציג לראות מוכיחים כי תנאים להפחתה יכולים להישמר. למעט בצנטריפוגה, חומרים המשמשים הם לא יקרים, שיטה זו יכולה להיות מיושמת על מגוון רחב של שאלות מחקר גיאוכימיים geomicrobiological.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Disposable glove bag(s)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z106089-1EA</td><td>One per two cores to be processed is usually sufficient.</td></tr><tr><td>N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tank</td><td>Praxair</td><td></td><td>Often gas supply companies can deliver these directly to the field laboratory.</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas regulator</td><td>VWR</td><td>55850-478</td><td>Or similar</td></tr><tr><td>Several feet of tubing that fits the regulator</td><td>VWR</td><td>89403-862</td><td>Or similar</td></tr><tr><td>Safety equipment to secure the tank</td><td>VWR</td><td>60142-006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adjustable tubing clamp</td><td>VWR</td><td>62849-112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waterproof, good sealing electrical tape</td><td>Scotch</td><td>Super 33+</td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>2-4 short bungee cords</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Squirt bottles of nanopure water</td><td>VWR</td><td>16650-082</td><td>Any similar bottle is fine; pack an additional supply of nanopure water to refill these.</td></tr><tr><td>Large supply of paper towels and Kimwipes</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>21008-951</td><td>Acid cleaned as described in protocol. At least 2/core section needed.</td></tr><tr><td>Several permanent in markers.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Several straight razor blades and box cutters.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>Allegra X-22</td><td>Faster rotor allows greater separation.</td></tr><tr><td>Rotor to accommodate 50 ml tubes</td><td>Beckman-Coulter</td><td>SX-4250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml plastic syringes without black rubber tip on the barrel</td><td>VWR</td><td>66064-764&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acid cleaned as described in protocol. At least 1/core section needed, plus 1 for overlying water.</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filters compatible with aqueous solutions.</td><td>VWR</td><td>28143-310&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Either 0.45 &amp;mu;m or 0.20&amp;nbsp;&amp;mu;m poresizes may be used. Plan on five filters per core section processed.</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic (disposable) spoons.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available; Acid cleaned as described in protocol.</td></tr><tr><td>Several boxes of disposable gloves.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Large plastic beakers or other waste containers to place in the glove bag.</td><td>VWR</td><td>13890-148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory balance</td><td>VWR</td><td>10205-008</td><td>An available balance will be fine; high precision not required</td></tr><tr><td>Dry shipper, pre-charged with liquid nitrogen</td><td>VWR</td><td>82005-416</td><td>Needed only if samples are being returned to the home laboratory for sensitive analyses.</td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory notebooks</td><td></td><td></td><td>Water repellent can be useful</td></tr><tr><td>Core liners</td><td>Watermark</td><td>77280</td><td>Available from Forrestry Suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Core caps</td><td>Ben Meadows</td><td>218105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Core slicers</td><td>McMaster Carr</td><td>8707K111</td><td>Cut this into 9 3 x 3 squares</td></tr><tr><td>PVC spacers</td><td>McMaster Carr</td><td>48925K96</td><td>Cut this into short lengths</td></tr><tr><td>PVC couplings</td><td>McMaster Carr</td><td>4880K76</td><td>Approximately 12 needed</td></tr><tr><td>Dowel</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Lab stopper</td><td>VWR</td><td>59580-400</td><td>Check to ensure the correct size to fit snugly within the core liners</td></tr><tr><td>Plywood for core guidance plate and top of lab jack</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Lab jack</td><td>VWR</td><td>89260-826</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Clamps</td><td></td><td></td><td>Widely available</td></tr><tr><td>Portable oxygen monitor</td><td>RKI instruments</td><td>OX-07</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

sediment core sectioning and extraction of pore waters under anoxic conditions

אנו מדגימים שיטת חתך ליבות משקעות לחילוץ נקבובי מים תוך שמירה לתנאי חוץ ללא חמצן. מערכת פשוטה, זולה בנויה והוא יכול להיות מועבר למרחב עבודה זמנית בקרבת אתר דגימת שדה (ים) כדי להקל על ניתוח מהיר. Cores נמתח לתוך שקית כפפה ניידת, שם הם מחולקים וכל קטע עבה 1-3 סנטימטר (תלוי בקוטר ליבה) הוא חתום לתוך 50 מ&quot;ל צינורות צנטריפוגות. מים נקבוביים מופרדים עם צנטריפוגה החיצוני של תיק הכפפה ולאחר מכן חזרו תיק הכפפה להפרדה מן המשקע. דגימות מים הנקבוביות חילוץ אלה ניתן לנתח מיד. ניתוחים מיידיים של מיני חיזור רגישים, כגון גופרי, התפצלות ברזל, התפצלות ארסן עולים כי חמצון של מים נקבוביים הוא מינימאלי; כמה דוגמאות להראות כ 100% מהמינים המופחתים, למשל 100% Fe (II) ללא Fe לגילוי (III). שני דגימות מים משקעים הנקבוביות ניתן לשמר to mainטיין לתרכובות כימיות לניתוח נוסף עם שובו למעבדה.

<html> הסוג של תוצאות שהתקבלו תלוי ניתוחים שבוצעו על ההגדרה גיאוכימיים שממנו הליבה הושגה. חמצן מומס ניתן למדוד את porewaters החילוץ, אך במצבים רבים זה יהיה אפס מתחת הסנטימטר הראשון של הליבה. ניתוח שבדרך כלל לספק מידע משמעותי יותר כוללים התפצלות ברזל (Fe II / III F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions at JoVE.com

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

A protocol for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters under anoxic conditions in order to permit analysis of redox sensitive species in both solids and fluids is presented.

משקעי Core חתך וסחיטה הנקבובית ווטרס תחת תנאים אנוקסיים

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

sediment-core-sectioning-extraction-pore-waters-under-anoxic

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.9K Views.  Vassar College. A protocol for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters under anoxic conditions in order to permit analysis of redox sensitive species in both solids and fluids is presented.

Video: Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

נקבע מעבדה זרחן שטף מאגם המשקעים כמדד לטעינה הפנימית זרחן

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

Benthic Exchange של O<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; וחומרים מזינים מומסים באמצעות קטנים Core incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

חפירה באדמה Lysimeter עבור ההידרולוגי מצמידים, גיאוכימיות, וחקירות מיקרוביולוגיות

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

הדמיה מאגר מצב נקבובי בקנה מידה של שלבי נוזלים מרובים באמצעות Microtomography X-ray

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

Engineering

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical data that may be used in predictive modelling to forecast evolutionary responses of natural ecosystems to future environmental changes. However, excluding a few exceptional cases, long-term studies are scarce because of logistic difficulties associated with accessing temporal samples. Temporal dynamics are frequently studied in the laboratory or in controlled mesocosm experiments with exceptional studies that reconstruct the evolution of natural populations in the wild.
Here, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is provided to revive or resurrect dormant Daphnia magna, a widespread zooplankton keystone species in aquatic ecosystems, to dramatically advance the state-of-the-art longitudinal data collection in natural systems. The field of Resurrection Ecology was defined in 1999 by Kerfoot and co-workers, even though the first attempts at hatching diapausing zooplankton eggs date back to the late 1980s. Since Kerfoot&#39;s seminal paper, the methodology of resurrecting zooplankton species has been increasingly frequently applied, though propagated among laboratories only via direct knowledge transfer. Here, an SOP is described that provides a step-by-step protocol on the practice of resurrecting dormant Daphnia magna eggs.
Two key studies are provided in which the fitness response of resurrected Daphnia magna populations to warming is measured, capitalizing on the ability to study historical and modern populations in the same settings. Finally, the application of next generation sequencing technologies to revived or still dormant stages is discussed. These technologies provide unprecedented power in dissecting the processes and mechanisms of evolution if applied to populations that have experienced changes in selection pressure over time.

Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Long-term studies are essential to understanding the process of evolution and the mechanisms of adaptation. Generally, these studies require commitments beyond the life-time of researchers. Here, a powerful method is described that dramatically advances state-of-the-art data collection to generate longitudinal data in natural systems.

תחיית המתים של רדום דפניה מגנה: פרוטוקול ויישומים

Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical ...

Sediment Core Extrusion Method at Millimeter Resolution Using a Calibrated, Threaded-rod

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, this resolution provides records at the annual to decadal scale, at best. An extrusion method, using a calibrated, threaded-rod is presented here, which allows for millimeter-scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores of varying diameters. Millimeter scale subsampling allows for sub-annual to monthly analysis of the sedimentary record, an order of magnitude higher than typical sampling schemes. The extruder consists of a 2 m aluminum frame and base, two core tube clamps, a threaded-rod, and a 1 m piston. The sediment core is placed above the piston and clamped to the frame. An acrylic sampling collar is affixed to the upper 5 cm of the core tube and provides a platform from which to extract sub-samples. The piston is rotated around the threaded-rod at calibrated intervals and gently pushes the sediment out the top of the core tube. The sediment is then isolated into the sampling collar and placed into an appropriate sampling vessel (e.g., jar or bag). This method also preserves the unconsolidated samples (i.e., high pore water content) at the surface, providing a consistent sampling volume. This mm scale extrusion method was applied to cores collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon submarine oil release. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to sample at the mm scale to fully characterize events that occur on the monthly time-scale for continental slope sediments.

An extrusion method using a calibrated threaded-rod is presented, which allows for mm scale subsampling of aquatic sediment cores. Millimeter-scale sampling is necessary to fully characterize recent event stratigraphy in sediment records.

משקעי Core שחול שיטה ברזולוצית המילימטר בעזרת מכויל, הברגה-מוט

Aquatic sediment core subsampling is commonly performed at cm or half-cm resolution. Depending on the sedimentation rate and depositional environment, ...

Chemistry

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has become particularly relevant for assessing the anthropogenic-altered global nitrogen cycle and the emission of greenhouse gases (i.e., N2O). Several methods are available for measuring denitrification, but none of them are completely satisfactory. Problems with existing methods include their insufficient sensitivity, and the need to modify the substrate levels or alter the physical configuration of the process using disturbed samples.This work describes a method for estimating sediment denitrification rates that combines coring, acetylene inhibition, and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The main advantages of this method are a low disturbance of the sediment structure and the collection of a continuous record of N2O accumulation; these enable estimates of reliable denitrification rates with minimum values up to 0.4-1 &#181;mol N2O m-2 h-1. The ability to manipulate key factors is an additional advantage for obtaining experimental insights. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate. The method is appropriate for estimating denitrification rates in any aquatic system with retrievable sediment cores. If the N2O concentration is above the detection limit of the sensor, the acetylene inhibition step can be omitted to estimate the N2O emission instead of denitrification. We show how to estimate both actual and potential denitrification rates by increasing nitrate availability as well as the temperature dependence of the process. We illustrate the procedure using mountain lake sediments and discuss the advantages and weaknesses of the technique compared to other methods. This method can be modified for particular purposes; for instance, it can be combined with 15N tracers to assess nitrification and denitrification or field in situ measurements of denitrification rates.

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

This method estimates sediment denitrification rates in sediment cores using the acetylene inhibition technique and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate.

הערכת משקעים Denitrification המחירים באמצעות ליבות ו- N2O רחוקים

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...

Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating quantifies the time since mineral grains were deposited and shielded from additional light or heat exposure, which effectively resets the luminescence clock. The systematics of OSL dating is based on the dosimetric properties of common minerals, like quartz and feldspar. The acquired luminescence with exposure to natural ionizing radiation after burial provides a depositional age for many Quaternary sedimentary systems, spanning the past 0.5 Ma. This contribution details the procedures for separating pure quartz grains of a known range of particle sizes to facilitate luminescence analysis with small or single grain aliquots. Specifically, protocols are given for the needed data and interpretations for effective OSL dating of terrestrial sediment cores or sample tubes from exposures. These cores, 5-20 m long in 1.2 m sections, are split lengthwise and crown-cut leaving 80% of core volume undisturbed, which facilitates sampling of light-protected sediment for OSL dating deep within the core. Sediment samples are then subjected to a series of physical separations to obtain a certain grain-size interval (e.g., 150-250 &#181;m). Magnetic minerals are removed in wet and dry states using magnets. A series of chemical digestions starts with soaking in H2O2 to remove organic matter, followed by HCl exposure to remove carbonate minerals, followed by density separation. Subsequently, grains are soaked in HF for 80 min and after in HCl to render solely quartz grains. The mineralogic purity (&#62;99%) of the quartz extract is quantified with grain petrographic assessment and Raman spectroscopy. Repeating this quartz isolation procedure may be necessary with sediment that contains &#60;15% quartz grains. Excitation of the purified quartz grains by LED-derived blue and IR light allows calculations of the fast and IR depletion ratios, which are metrics to assess the dominance of luminescence emissions from quartz.

Isolation of Quartz Grains for Optically Stimulated Luminescence OSL Dating of Quaternary Sediments for Paleoenvironmental Research

This protocol is for the isolation of quartz grains by size for luminescence dating of sediments. Outlined are physical cleansing and chemical digestions by soaking sequentially in H2O2, HCl, HF, and HCl again to isolate quartz grains. The quartz purity is quantified with microscopic assessment, Raman spectroscopy, and IR depletion ratio.

בידוד גרגרי קוורץ לצורך תיארוך לומינסנציה מגורה אופטית (OSL) של משקעים רבעוניים למחקר פליאו-סביבתי

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating quantifies the time since mineral grains were deposited and shielded from additional light or heat ...

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to characterize the complex wetting conditions of hydrocarbon reservoir rock using pore-scale three-dimensional X-ray imaging at subsurface conditions. In this work, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks, extracted from a very large producing oil field, have been used to demonstrate the protocol. The rocks are saturated with brine and oil and aged over three weeks at subsurface conditions to replicate the wettability conditions that typically exist in hydrocarbon reservoirs (known as mixed-wettability). After the brine injection, high-resolution three-dimensional images (2 &#181;m/voxel) are acquired and then processed and segmented. To calculate the distribution of the contact angle, which defines the wettability, the following steps are performed. First, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock surfaces are meshed. The surfaces are smoothed to remove voxel artefacts, and in situ contact angles are measured at the three-phase contact line throughout the whole image. The main advantage of this method is its ability to characterize in situ wettability accounting for pore-scale rock properties, such as rock surface roughness, rock chemical composition, and pore size. The in situ wettability is determined rapidly at hundreds of thousands of points. 
The method is limited by the segmentation accuracy and X-ray image resolution. This protocol could be used to characterize the wettability of other complex rocks saturated with different fluids and at different conditions for a variety of applications. For example, it could help in determining the optimal wettability that could yield an extra oil recovery (i.e., designing brine salinity accordingly to obtain higher oil recovery) and to find the most efficient wetting conditions to trap more CO2 in subsurface formations.

This protocol is presented to characterize the complex wetting conditions of an opaque porous medium (hydrocarbon reservoir rock) using three-dimensional images obtained by X-ray microtomography at subsurface conditions.

סרגל נקבובית הדמיה ואפיון של פחמימנים המאגר סלע Wettability-תנאים מהסבא בעזרת רנטגן Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to ...

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

דגימת מומס מומס על פני ממשק קרקע-מים אוקסיק-אנוקסי באמצעות פרופילי מיקרודיאליזה

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

משקעי Core חתך וסחיטה הנקבובית ווטרס תחת תנאים אנוקסיים

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video