This research was supported in part by a grant from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council. Also, a special thank you to the many families who participated in this study, and the volunteers and research staff who helped with the data collection.

The authors declare that they have no competing financial or conflicts of interests in regards to this manuscript.

המתודולוגיה הנוכחית נועדה לספק לחוקרים עם שיטה תקפה מבחינה אקולוגית להערכת סוגים שונים של דוחות האמת ושקר ילדים. הממצאים יציגו להניח כי המתודולוגיה הנוכחית יכול לעודד ילדים לספק גם הכחשות שווא והאשמות שווא על אירוע עלות גבוהה. בהשוואת מחקרים בעבר כי רק בדקו הכחשות ?...

המטרה העיקרית של המחקר הנוכחי היא לספק שיטה תקפה מבחינה אקולוגית להערכת עדויות אמת ושקר ילדים באמצעות ניסוי. דיווחים כוזבים מכוונת של ילדים בראיונות המשטרה משפטית הפחיתו את אמון הציבור תוקפו של עדויות הילד בשל ההשלכות השליליות האפשריות על, המאשים האשים ובמערכת המשפט הפלילית 3-6. כמות ניכרת של מחקרים העריכו את יכולתם של הילדים באופן שקרי להכחיש אירוע או עבירה כדי להגן על מישהו 7-12, עדיין הרבה פחות ידוע על היכולות של הילדים לבצע האשמת שווא 13-14. למרות ילדים עושים הכחשות שקריות ו / או בכוונה להשמיט מידע בעדויותיהם, חל גם מקרים אמיתיים רבים של ילדי השתכנעות להעליל מישהו בביצוע עביר, כגון טענות השוא של התעללות בקרבות משמורות 5,15-18. על ידי הבאת ילדים לעולם ברצון לייצר הכחשות שווא והאשמות שווא באמצעות ניסוי, את דרכי החקירה הנוכחיות נועדה לספק הבנה חזקה של סוגי ילדי דיווחים כוזבים יכולות להגיד בעדויות הראייה שלהם. מחקר שקר סיפורים קודמים עם ילדים כרוכים בדרך כלל מצב בעלות נמוכה, לפיה הם ספרו שקר על אירוע בלתי מאיים, כגון צעצוע שבור 9, 12, 14. ילדים אשר מספקים עדויות שוטרים או מראיינים משפטיים לעתים קרובות לחשוף מידע על עלות-אירוע גבוה, כגון עדות ראיית פשע או חווה התעללות. שהתבקשו להיזכר מידע על אירוע שאינו מאיים לא יכול לקדם התנהגויות רמאים באותו אופן כמו כשילדים עדים ממש עבירה או פשע חמור. למשל, ילדים עדים פשע עלולים לחוות סימפטומים של הפרעת דחק פוסט-טראומטית 19-20; וכך, הם לעתים קרובות reluctנמלה לדון החוויה הטראומטית פוטנציאלי שלהם (ים) עם אחרים 21-22. כדי לשפר את ההבנה של היכולת של ילדים כדי להפיק דוחות כוזבים במצבים שבהם הם מתבקשים למסור עדות, המחקר הנוכחי יש ילדים לספר אמת או שקר על גניבת נטען כי הם עשויים (או אולי לא) עדים. מחקר ניסיוני בעבר על מיומנויות שקר הסיפורים של ילדים בדרך כלל השתמש שאלות שלושה עד ארבעה מעקב להעריך האם טענות השווא הראשוניות של הילדים היו מתוחזקים לאורך כל הראיון 10-11, 23-25. בנוסף, רבים של פרוטוקולים בראיון אלה הסתמכו על שאלות סגורות שבו ילד צריך לספק תשובות חד-מילה, כגון &quot;כן&quot; או &quot;לא&quot;. למרות מתודולוגיה כזו מספקת כמה תובנה היכולות המטעות של הילדים, הממצאים לא יכולים להכליל להגדרות חיים אמיתיים שבם עדי ילד נחקרים על אירוע. כאשר providing עדות שוטרים או מראיינים משפטיים, ילדים לעתים קרובות צריכים לענות על שאלות רבות הדורשות מהם לספק הוא תגובות סגורות שאלות פתוחות; ולכן, אם ילד אומר שקר, הם יצטרכו לשמור על זה סוגים שונים של שאלות ומעקב. כדי לטפל מגבלה זו, המחקר הנוכחי יהיה להשתמש בשיטת ראיון ממושכת להעריך מיומנויות שקר הסיפורים של ילדים, ואת המאפיינים של עדויותיהם. פרוטוקול הראיון מושפעת ראיון קוגניטיבי (CI) לבין המכון הלאומי לבריאות הילד והתפתחות האדם (NICHD) פרוטוקול, אשר אקולוגית טכניקות ראיון המשטרה תקפה המשמשים להגדלת כמות המידע המתקבל ראייה 26-30 . במקום להסתמך על כמה שאלות סגורות, הראיון מורכב משני קווי בסיס, שלוש שאלות פתוחות, ושבע שאלות סגורות (ראה נספח א). המספר הגדול והמגוון של שאלות היתריםבחינת גיל, מין והבדלים מבוססי תנאי ניסוי באורך וסוגי ילדי מידע מוכנה לחשוף בעדויותיהם. על מנת להופיע משכנע, שקר מגידים לעתים קרובות יש לנהל ההתנהגויות המילוליות שלהם בו זמנית ולא מילוליות, ולהעריך את מצבו הנפשי של השקר-הנמען 10, 31-32. עם זאת, כאשר שאלות בראיון דורשות מוגברות מאמץ קוגניטיבי מן המגיב, שקר מגידים נוטים יותר מגידי אמת לטעות מורגש ברחבי עדותם 33-34. יתר על כן, להגדיל את המאמץ הנפשי הנדרש על ידי מגיב למעשה מעודד שקר-אומר 35, כמו העומס הקוגניטיבי של אמירת שקר ותגובה משכנעת שאלות מאתגרות ובלתי צפויות יכול להיות גם מבחינת קוגניטיבית מפרכת במשך 34 כמה, 36. מסיבות אלה, המשטרה מראיינים משפטיים קבלו עידוד להשתמש שאלות פתוחות הנחיות, כגון אלה של Cראיון ognitive, כדי להגדיל את מאמץ קוגניטיבי נדרש על ידי מרואיין 33-34, 35. בנוסף, אלו סוגים של שאלות לתת מגיבים כנים הזדמנויות רבות להרחיב את הדיבור על המידע שהם שדווחו בעבר, מה שעלול להוביל עדויות מפורטות יותר ומדויקות 30, 38-39. המתודולוגיה הנוכחית ולכן יכולה לספק נתונים על עדויות אמת ושקר ילדים כשהם מתבקשים שאלות בראיון להכליל ואת הנחיות אשר נועדו להגדיל את העומס הקוגניטיבי של המגיב, ואת כמות המידע שהם מוכנים לחשוף על אירוע. כדי להתגבר על מגבלות עם מחקרים שנעשה בעבר, את דרכי החקירה הנוכחיות מנצלות תנאי ארבעה ניסיוני להעריך את הסוגים השונים של דוחות אמת ושקר ילדים מוכנים לספק בדבר גניבה נטענת. במחקר זה, ילדים (גילאי 6-11) נהיה עדים המסית (E1) לגלות ארנק של אדם זר עם עשריםדולרים אותו. ילדים אז מתבקשים על ידי E1 לשקר למראיין (E2) או על ידי שקר שלילת גניבה שבוצעה (למשל מצב מניעת שקר), או על ידי הם מאשימים E1 של גניבה כי לא התקיים (מצב האשמת שווא). בנוסף, חלק מהילדים יתבקשו לספר את האמת על גניבה כי עשתה (מצב אשמה נכון) או לא התקיימו (מצב להכחשה אמיתית). ילדים הם אז להתראיין על ידי חוקר שני (E2) על האירועים שהתרחשו עם E1. הראיון הוא להתראיין בסרט וידאו, עבד מאוחר יותר לתוך בצורה כתובה. הצף ואז להקליט את מספר המילים ופרטי ארנק קשור שנמסרו על ידי הילדים על השאלות הפתוחות; תגובות על השאלות הסגורות משמשות כדי להעריך את היכולת של ילדים לשמור על דוחות האמת ושקר שלהם.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing Room</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>The room where the rapport-building activities and theft occur. The room should have at least two chairs and two tables. One table will be used for the rapport-building activities and interactions between the instigator (E1) and the child participant. The second table will have the jacket and wallet placed on it. Other items, such as books, a labtop, flowers and office items can be placed on the second table to conceal the wallet.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Common Room</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Parents and other family members will remain in this room for the duration of the study. Comfortable chairs, a table, magazines, and age-appropriate toys will make the overall study experience more enjoyable for the family.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interview Room</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>The room that will be used to interview the children. The room should have a table, two-chairs, and hidden cameras to record the interview.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consent Form</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Form that the parents compete prior to beginning the study. It should include a detailed explanation of the study, along with all the ethics considerations. Parents should sign this form before commencing the activities with the child.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Demographics Form</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A form that that provides any demographic information that is needed for the study, such as the race, income, religious background, and level of education of the family.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rapport-building Activities</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Age-appropriate games and cognitive measures, such as a standardized verbal ability task. The rapport-building activities should take between 30 to 40 minutes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jacket</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A jacket that would realistically be worn according to the weather outside.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wallet</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A gender-neutral wallet that includes fake identification cards, such as an old bus pass, and a twenty-dollar bill.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puzzle</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>A child-friendly puzzle that can be completed in 5 to 10 minutes. The current study utilized a puzzle that included 30 pieces.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interview Script</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>The interview script used in the current study.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hidden Cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any camera that can easily be hidden from the child participants. The camera(s) should also be able to record individual HD videos for at least 30 minutes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Word Processing Program</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any word processing program that can be used to transcribe the videos. This program should also be able to count the number of words in a document.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Statistical Analysis Program</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any statistical analysis program that can perform chi-square or logistic regressions for children&#8217;s willingness to lie data, and linear regressions on children&#8217;s maintenance scores.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental analysis of children's ability to provide a false report about a crime

A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's lie-telling behaviors and skills1-2; however, limitations with the tasks used for eliciting false testimonies and interviewing children have restricted the generalizability of the findings. The primary aim of the current study is to provide an easy-to-administer and ecologically valid method for measuring the veracity and quality of school-aged children's (ages 6-11) testimonies when they are asked to provide different types of true and false reports. Moreover, the methodology enables researchers to examine the social and developmental factors that could influence the credibility of a child's testimony. In the current study, children will witness a theft, and are then asked to either falsely deny the transgression, falsely accuse a researcher of the theft, or tell the truth. Afterwards, children are to be interviewed by a second researcher using a thorough and ecologically valid interview protocol that requires children to provide closed-ended and free-recall responses about the events with the instigator (E1). Coders then evaluate the length and number of theft-related details the children give throughout the interview, as well as their ability to maintain their true and false reports. The representative results indicate that the truth and lie-telling conditions elicit the intended behaviors from the children. The open-ended interview questions encouraged children to provide free-recall information about their experiences with E1. Moreover, findings from the closed-ended questions suggest that children are significantly better at maintaining their lies with age, and when producing a false denial compared to a false accusation. Results from the current study can be used to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of children's true and false testimonies about crime, which can potentially benefit law enforcement, legal staff and professionals who interview children.

דפוסי התנהגות Lie סיפורים איור 1 מציג את שיעור התנהגות שקר הסיפורים של ילדים בכל תנאי ניסוי. כפי שדווח ויימן, טייב-Lachance, פוסטר, קרוסמן ו Talwar (בבדיקה), המשתתפים ילד היו יותר מוכנים לשקר בתנ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime at JoVE.com

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

The current methodology is designed to provide an ecologically relevant approach for measuring the veracity, length and quality of children's true and false testimonies. Implications of the current methodology for future research and professionals who interview children will also be discussed.

ניתוח ניסיוני של יכולתם של הילדים לספק דו&quot;ח שקרי על פשע

A considerable amount of research has evaluated children's lie-telling behaviors and skills1-2; however, limitations with the tasks used for eliciting ...

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8.4K Views.  McGill University. The current methodology is designed to provide an ecologically relevant approach for measuring the veracity, length and quality of children's true and false testimonies. Implications of the current methodology for future research and professionals who interview children will also be discussed.

Video: An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

מדידה של פעילות פרונטו-הלימבית שימוש מוזר משימה רגשית בילדים בסיכון גבוה לסכיזופרניה משפחתי

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these two factors may interact to influence consolidation. Here we present a protocol to examine the interactive influence of cortisol and sleep on memory consolidation, by combining three methods: eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing across sleep and wake delays. To assess resting cortisol levels, participants gave a saliva sample before viewing negative and neutral objects within scenes. To measure overt attention, participants&#8217; eye gaze was tracked during encoding. To manipulate whether sleep occurred during the consolidation window, participants either encoded scenes in the evening, slept overnight, and took a recognition test the next morning, or encoded scenes in the morning and remained awake during a comparably long retention interval. Additional control groups were tested after a 20&#160;min&#160;delay in the morning or evening, to control for time-of-day effects. Together, results showed that there is a direct relation between resting cortisol at encoding and subsequent memory, only following a period of sleep. Through eye tracking, it was further determined that for negative stimuli, this beneficial effect of cortisol on subsequent memory may be due to cortisol strengthening the relation between where participants look during encoding and what they are later able to remember. Overall, results obtained by a combination of these methods uncovered an interactive effect of sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation.

We present a protocol used to discover an interactive effect between sleep and cortisol on memory consolidation, particularly for negative arousing images. Specifically, the experimental design utilizes eye tracking, salivary cortisol analysis, and behavioral memory testing &#8211; methods that can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

עין מעקב, קורטיזול, ושינה לעומת שרות איחוד עיכוב: שילוב שיטות ללחשוף השפעה אינטראקטיבית של שינה וקורטיזול על זיכרון

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

ההערכה הניסויית של עכבר חברותי בגישת עיבוד תמונה אוטומטית

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

פרוטוקול איסוף נתונים וניתוח יישומים לטכנולוגית ניתוח הבעות פנים אוטומטי ובזמן ניתוח להערכה חושית

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

Deese-Roediger-מקדרמוט (DRM) המשימות: מופת קוגניטיבית פשוט לחקור זיכרונות כוזבים במעבדה

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate objects and tools in our environment. Such behaviors are impaired by many sensorimotor disorders, yet our current understanding of their neural control is far from complete. Current technologies for investigating human reach-to-grasp movements often utilize motion tracking systems that can be expensive, require the attachment of markers or sensors to the hands, impede natural movement and sensory feedback, and provide kinematic output that can be difficult to interpret. While generally effective for studying the stereotypical reach-to-grasp movements of healthy sighted adults, many of these technologies face additional limitations when attempting to study the unpredictable and idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements of young infants, unsighted adults, and patients with neurological disorders. Thus, we present a novel, inexpensive, and highly reliable yet flexible protocol for quantifying the temporal and kinematic structure of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans. High speed video cameras capture multiple views of the reach-to-grasp movement. Frame-by-frame video analysis is then used to document the timing and magnitude of pre-defined behavioral events such as movement start, collection, maximum height, peak aperture, first contact, and final grasp. The temporal structure of the movement is reconstructed by documenting the relative frame number of each event while the kinematic structure of the hand is quantified using the ruler or measure function in photo editing software to calibrate 2 dimensional linear distances between two body parts or between a body part and the target. Frame-by-frame video analysis can provide a quantitative and comprehensive description of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements and will enable researchers to expand their area of investigation to include a greater range of naturalistic prehensile behaviors, guided by a wider variety of sensory modalities, in both healthy and clinical populations.

This protocol describes how to use frame-by-frame video analysis to quantify idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans. A comparative analysis of reaching in sighted versus unsighted healthy adults is used to demonstrate the technique, but the method can also be applied to the study of developmental and clinical populations.

מסגרת ניתוח וידאו של תנועות יד להבין הייחודית בבני אדם

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

הערכה אובייקטיבית ולא ידידותיים של הזרוע פונקציה באמצעות חיישן תלת-ממדי

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

הפעילות ההתנגדות פיתוי שונה: פרדיגמה שמעודדים לילדים אסטרטגי השקר-אומר

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

בדיקת Metacognitive להגיב באמצעות מבוסס על ריח מושהית מבחן התאמה-כדי-Sample בחולדות

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

באמצעות פרדיגמה מקדרמוט Roediger Deese מבוססי בכיתה כדי להעריך את ההשפעות של דימויים על זיכרונות כוזבים

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...