This work was supported by the NIH grant (5R01 CA178386-03) and the USC ASPIRE-1 grant to HC. We would like to thank Vrushab Gowda for his assistance with manuscript.

מחקר זה אושר על ידי דירקטוריון הסקירה המוסדית של בית החולים האוניברסיטאי הלאומי Chonnam הוואסון ואונ&#39; הדרום קרוליינה. דגימות TMA מורכבות סרטן שד רקמות שד נורמלים סמוכות מתאימות נמסרו על ידי Biobank של חולי הוואסון אונ&#39; הלאומיים Chonnam, חבר ברשת Biobank קוריאה. 1. פתרון כנה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כן 1 ליטר מים חינם DNase ו RNase. הפוך את כל תמיסות כימיות באמצעות diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) מים מטופלים. פנקו 1 ליטר מים עם 500 μl של DEPC דגירה במשך 3 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר. חיטוי המים כדי להשבית DEPC. זהירות: אין לשאוף DEPC מאחר וידוע מסרטן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן PBS 1x מ 10x PBS באמצעות מים מטופלים DEPC. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן 20x SSC (לפזר 175.3 גרם של NaCl ו 88.2 גרם של נתרן ציטראט ב 800 מ&quot;ל מים, להתאים את ה- pH ל 7.0 עם ירידה כמה 14 N פתרון של HCl ולהתאים את עוצמת הקול עד 1 ליטר עם וואטאה), 4% paraformaldehyde, 95% אתנול, 80% אתנול באמצעות מים מטופלים DEPC. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 8 מ&quot;ל של triethanolamine ו -1.05 מ&quot;ל של HCl ב 590 מ&quot;ל מים DEPC שטופלו ולהוסיף 1.5 מ&quot;ל של אנהידריד אצטית עבור acetylation. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן 50 מיקרוגרם / μl proteinase K במאגר (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 ב DEPC מים מטופלים). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן חיץ הכלאה מורכב 500 μl של לפוראמיד, 250 μl של 20x SSC, 100 μl של 50x פתרון של Denhardt, 12.5 μl של t-RNA, 2.5 μl של ה- DNA זרע הרינג, 30 μl של RVC, 0.02 גרם של מגיב חסימת 50 μl מי DEPC. כן טרי. </li></ol> 2. סעיפי רקמות שד <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חותכי 5 מיקרומטר קבוע פורמלין חלקי פרפין מוטבע עם microtome ולהחיל את הסעיף לחייב שקופית 14. הערה: רקמת השד משמש כאן הוכנה בעבר מרשת Biobank קוריאה. </li></ol> 3. רקמות הכנה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הסר פרפין הלוך ושובמ הרקמה ידי טבילה שקופיות לתוך 2x צנצנת Coplin קסילן טרי במשך 10 דקות כל אחד ו רעננותם קטע רקמה על ידי 5 incubations דקות בהפחתת ריכוזי אתנול (100%, 95% ו -80%) ב DDH 2 O. בצע פעולה זו במנדף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את רקמת DEPC מי מטופלים במשך 5 דקות. בשלב זה יש לבצע גבולות סביב קטע רקמה עם עט מחסום הידרופובי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לתקן את הרקמה עם 4% PFA במשך 15 דקות ואחריו לשטוף עם PBS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את הרקמה ב 0.3% Triton X-100 / PBS במשך 10 דקות ואחריו לשטוף עם PBS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה המדגם עם 50 מיקרוגרם / פתרון μl proteinase K עבור 15 דקות ב 37 מעלות צלזיוס. ואז דגירה סעיפים רקמה עם triethanolamine ו אנהידריד אצטית עבור 5 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר, ואחריו לשטוף עם PBS. אין לשטוף PBS נדרשת בין טיפול proteinase K ו triethanolamine / טיפול אנהידריד אצטית. </li></ol> הכלאה 4. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטפו את הרקמה ביסודיות incuבייט בסעיף רקמות עם חיץ הכלאה ל -2 עד 3 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר. בדרך כלל 120 חיץ הכלאה μl הוא מספיק כדי לכסות את קטע רקמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדלל 5&#39;-DIG שכותרתו בדיקה LNA כדי הריכוז הסופי של 3 PM ב 120 פתרון הכלאה μl. ככל ריכוז המניות בדרך כלל הוא 40 ng / μl, להוסיף 3 μl של המניה ל -120 μl חיץ הכלאה ו דגירה התערובת על 95 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 5 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קטע רקמת דגירה עם הלילה חללי על 54 מעלות צלזיוס (Tm) בתא לח. בדרך כלל 120 μl הוא מספיק כדי לכסות חלק אחד. צור לחות באמצעות שתי מגבות נייר רטובות. הגודל האידיאלי של החדר הוא 10 אינץ &#39;על 8 אינץ&#39;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הערה:&#39;אני עשוי להיות שונה עבור מירנה שונה. 54 ° C הוא אזכורים עבור miR-489. </li></ol> 5. חומרא Wash <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף את הרקמה עם 5x SSC עבור 7 דקות (לאחר שלב הכלאה, תנאים חינם RNase אינם נחוצים עוד?). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטפו את השנינות קטע רקמהh 1x SSC עבור 7 דקות פעמיים ב 57 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטפו את קטע רקמה עם SSC 0.2X עבור 7 דקות ב 57 מעלות צלזיוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטפו את קטע רקמה עם SSC 0.2X עבור 7 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קטע רקמה מדגירים PBS במשך 10 דקות. </li></ol> 6. חסימה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה קטע רקמה עם חסימת חיץ בטמפרטורת החדר למשך שעה 1 בתא לח (כדי להפוך חיץ חסימת להוסיף 2 FBS מ&quot;ל, 10 μl של Tween-20 ו -3 μl של BSA ב -18 מ &#39;של PBS. חסימת חנות חיץ ב 4 מעלות צלזיוס). </li></ol> 7. דגירה נוגדן ראשוני ופיתוח <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדלל 1: 300 נוגדן אנטי DIG-AP בחסימת מאגר דגירת קטע הרקמה עם נוגדן ב 4 מעלות צלזיוס למשך הלילה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף את החלקים עם חיץ לשטוף 3 פעמים, במשך 5 דקות כל אחד (חיץ שמספק ערכת פיתוח). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפתח את קטע הרקמה עם ערכה מסחרית עבור phosphatase אלקליין שמייצר אור פלורסנט CY-3. </li> &lt;li&gt; שטף את החלק עם חיץ לשטוף למשך 5 דקות. סעיף הכתם עם 100 μl של 2.5 ng / לצבוע Hoechst μl במשך 5 דקות ואחריו לשטוף 5 דקות עם חיץ לשטוף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הר הקטע עם הרכבת חיץ על פי הפרוטוקול של היצרן. השתמש 15 μl לכל קטע רקמה ולנגב פתרון הרכבה מוגזם עם רקמת לנגב. חותם את השקופית עם לק ברור למנוע דולף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שימו מיקרוסקופ פלורסנט סעיף משתמש עם 10X עדשה כך שסך כל ההגדלה היא 100X. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shah, N. R., Chen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+in+pathogenesis+of+breast+cancer:+Implications+in+diagnosis+and+treatment.">MicroRNAs in pathogenesis of breast cancer: Implications in diagnosis and treatment.</a> World J Clin Oncol. 5, 48-60 (2014).</li><li>Tang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-185+suppresses+tumor+proliferation+by+directly+targeting+E2F6+and+DNMT1+and+indirectly+upregulating+BRCA1+in+triple-negative+breast+cancer.">miR-185 suppresses tumor proliferation by directly targeting E2F6 and DNMT1 and indirectly upregulating BRCA1 in triple-negative breast cancer.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 13, 3185-3197 (2014).</li><li>Ye, X. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+silencing+of+miR-375+induces+trastuzumab+resistance+in+HER2-positive+breast+cancer+by+targeting+IGF1R.">Epigenetic silencing of miR-375 induces trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer by targeting IGF1R.</a> BMC Cancer. 14, 134 (2014).</li><li>Oneyama, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-mediated+downregulation+of+mTOR/FGFR3+controls+tumor+growth+induced+by+Src-related+oncogenic+pathways.">MicroRNA-mediated downregulation of mTOR/FGFR3 controls tumor growth induced by Src-related oncogenic pathways.</a> Oncogene. 30, 3489-3501 (2011).</li><li>McGuire, A., Brown, J. A., Kerin, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastatic+breast+cancer:+the+potential+of+miRNA+for+diagnosis+and+treatment+monitoring.">Metastatic breast cancer: the potential of miRNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.</a> Cancer Metastasis Rev. 34, 145-155 (2015).</li><li>Quesne, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+and+prognostic+associations+of+miR-205+and+let-7b+in+breast+cancer+revealed+by+in+situ+hybridization+analysis+of+micro-RNA+expression+in+arrays+of+archival+tumour+tissue.">Biological and prognostic associations of miR-205 and let-7b in breast cancer revealed by in situ hybridization analysis of micro-RNA expression in arrays of archival tumour tissue.</a> J Pathol. 227, 306-314 (2012).</li><li>Fernandez, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-340+inhibits+tumor+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+by+targeting+multiple+negative+regulators+of+p27+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">miR-340 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting multiple negative regulators of p27 in non-small cell lung cancer.</a> Oncogene. 34, 3240-3250 (2015).</li><li>Yu, L., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Li, Z., Zhang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-224+upregulation+and+AKT+activation+synergistically+predict+poor+prognosis+in+patients+with+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">MicroRNA-224 upregulation and AKT activation synergistically predict poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Cancer Epidemiol. 38, 408-413 (2014).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=microRNA-146+up-regulation+predicts+the+prognosis+of+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+by+miRNA+in+situ+hybridization.">microRNA-146 up-regulation predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer by miRNA in situ hybridization.</a> Exp Mol Pathol. 96, 195-199 (2014).</li><li>Kriegel, A. J., Liang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+in+situ+hybridization+for+formalin+fixed+kidney+tissues.">MicroRNA in situ hybridization for formalin fixed kidney tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50785 (2013).</li><li>Ucar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-212+and+miR-132+are+required+for+epithelial+stromal+interactions+necessary+for+mouse+mammary+gland+development.">miR-212 and miR-132 are required for epithelial stromal interactions necessary for mouse mammary gland development.</a> Nat Genet. 42, 1101-1108 (2010).</li><li>Nuovo, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+detection+of+microRNAs+in+paraffin+embedded,+formalin+fixed+tissues+and+the+co-localization+of+their+putative+targets.">In situ detection of microRNAs in paraffin embedded, formalin fixed tissues and the co-localization of their putative targets.</a> Methods. 52, 307-315 (2010).</li><li>Kierzek, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+locked+nucleic+acid+residues+on+the+thermodynamic+properties+of+2'-O-methyl+RNA/RNA+heteroduplexes.">The influence of locked nucleic acid residues on the thermodynamic properties of 2'-O-methyl RNA/RNA heteroduplexes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 5082-5093 (2005).</li><li>Fischer, A. H., Jacobson, K. A., Rose, J., Zeller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin+embedding+tissue+samples+for+sectioning.">Paraffin embedding tissue samples for sectioning.</a> CSH Protoc. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+expression+of+miR-182+and+miR-503+cooperatively+targets+FBXW7,+contributing+to+the+malignant+transformation+of+colon+adenoma+to+adenocarcinoma.">Sequential expression of miR-182 and miR-503 cooperatively targets FBXW7, contributing to the malignant transformation of colon adenoma to adenocarcinoma.</a> J Pathol. 234, 488-501 (2014).</li></ol>

There is nothing to disclose.

מטרת המחקר הנוכחי הייתה לקבוע את רמת הביטוי מירנה ברקמות סרטן השד באמצעות מירנה הכלאה באתרה. יש לציין כי בניסוי זה, כל התנאים היו אופטימיזציה עבור רקמת סרטן השד. אופטימיזציה נוספת עשויה להידרש סוגי רקמות אחרות. כל הפתרונות חייב להיעשות עם מים DEPC וכל מכולות לשמש י...

סרטן השד הוא בין סוגי הסרטן הנפוצים ביותר המשפיעים על האוכלוסייה הנשית על פני הגלובוס. יותר מ -1.3 מיליון מקרים של סרטן השד מדווחים מדי שנה ברחבי עולם 1,2. למרות תאים סרטניים נחשבו באופן מסורתי כמו ביולוגית הומוגנית מאוד שגשוג, זה הפך להיות ברור כי סרטן השד הוא גנטי קליני הטרוגנית. עמידות לתרופות אנטי סרטניות רווחות היא סימן היכר של סרטן השד מתקדם, שמובילה את התמותה ברוב המכריע של מטופלים באמצעות הסיוע של גרורות מרחק התקדמות וסרטן 3. מיקרו RNA (miRNAs) הם קבוצה של מולקולות RNA קטנות כ 22 נוקליאוטידים המווסתים ביטוי גנים על ידי חסימת תרגום mRNA או בתיווך mRNA השפלה 4. יותר מ -2,000 miRNAs השונה עד כה זוהה בבני אדם, אשר מקושרים מחל אנושיות 5. מערך הולך וגדל של מחקרים havהדואר הוכיח כי miRNAs יכול לתפקד כמו מוטציות מדכאי גידול ובדר&quot;כ dysregulated בגידולים 6. miRNAs מאוד להשפיע כל tumorigenesis העיקרי על ידי שליטה על הרגולטורים העיקריים של התקדמות מחזור התא, הזדקנות, אפופטוזיס autophagy, יחד עם אלה של תנועתיות תאים סרטניים, פלישה גרורה 7. ביטוי Aberrant מירנה נקשר גם עם השלכות קליניות כגון במה, בידול, הפרוגנוזה ואת תגובה לטיפול אדג&#39;ובנטי 8. בפרט, גדל ביטוי miR-146 הוא מתואם עם פרוגנוזה גרועה בחולי סרטן ריאות 9. מחקר אחר הראה כי ביטוי אבוד של מירנה-let7b קשור פנוטיפים ממאירים, וכתוצאה מכך, 6 הישרדות עניה. הבנת הסוגים של תאים ומבנים מבטאים miRNAs היא חלק חשוב להבין את המכניקה שדרכו שינויים בתא השפעת ביטוי מירנהרקמת פנוטיפים 10. miRNAs מסוים מצא להיות מופרשים בתאי סטרומה נלקח על ידי תאי אפיתל ולפעול עליהם במיוחד את המטרות שלהם. באותה רוח, miR-212 ומיר-132 מופרשים על ידי stroma ולהסדיר את אינטראקציות סטרומה אפיתל הנדרשים תולדה ductal במהלך התפתחות בלוטת החלב 11. המטרה הכללית של מאמר זה היא להסביר פרוטוקול מפורט לזהות ביטוי מירנה ברקמות סרטן השד באמצעות מירנה הכלאה באתרה. יש לנו אופטימיזציה כל התנאים כדי assay את רמות ביטוי מירנה-489 בדגימות חולות סרטן השד. לשם כך, השתמשנו DIG שכותרתו נעול חומצות גרעין (LNA) בדיקה בניסוי שלנו. חלק נוקלאוטידים המקורי היה שינוי LNA, כלומר, גשר מתילן חיבור &#39;אטום חמצן 4&#39; 2 אטום פחמן של עמוד השדרה ריבוז שמתקן נוקלאוטיד כזה שהוא נשאר &quot;נעול במקום&quot; לאחר כלאה. כתוצאה מכך, זה הרבה יותר קשהעבור מתחם ההכלאה לפגל 12,13.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="661">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ELF-97</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life technology&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6604</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50X Denhard&#39;t&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life technology&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">750018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">t-RNA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">109541</td>
			<td>Reconstitute in DEPC water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Herring Sperm DNA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Promega&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Roche Blocking&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11096176001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RVC</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-812-650</td>
			<td>Before use spin down it at 16.1 RCF and take supernatant&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">miR-489 probe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">38599-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nuclease free BSA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">711454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary antibody-anti DIG</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1609478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

clinicopathological analysis of mirna expression in breast cancer tissues by using mirna in situ hybridization

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) probe. The probe was recognized by anti-DIG alkaline phosphatase antibodies and later developed using alkaline phosphatase substrate producing fluorescence signals. Here we utilized miRNA in situ hybridization (MISH) technique to analyze expression of miR-489 in tissues from breast cancer patients. This technique can detect the localization of miRNA of interest in individual tissue samples. This technique can be used to compare the expression of desired miRNA in tumor tissue with that in adjacent normal tissue and to identify the specific structures responsible for expressing this miRNA. This technique can be very useful in answering certain clinical questions, such as role of specific miRNA in the development of cancer. Our results indicate that mammary epithelial cells express significantly higher levels of miR-489 than adjacent tumor cells.

רקמת סרטן שד אדם שמשה כדי לקבוע ביטוי מירנה-489. צינור בלוטת חלב ותאי אפיתל נמצאו להביע מירנה-489 גבוהות משמעותי רמות מאשר רקמת גידול סמוכה בשני חולים (איור 1A ו -1 B). זה מראה בבירור כי ביטוי מירנה-489 אבד רקמת גידול, דבר המצביע על פעילות מד...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

ניתוח Clinicopathological ביטוי מירנה שד רקמות סרטן על ידי שימוש מירנה<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; כלאה

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA ...

clinicopathological-analysis-mirna-expression-breast-cancer-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

6.7K Views.  University of South Carolina. Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

Video: Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.

Biofilm ניתוח שבעל פה של Palatal expanders על ידי הכלאה ב-situ פלואורסצנטי מיקרוסקופיה Confocal סריקת לייזר

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

רב מודלי הדמיה של אנגיוגנזה מודל עכברים עירום של גרורות סרטן השד עצם באמצעות דימות תהודה מגנטית, טומוגרפיה ממוחשבת נפחית ו אולטראסאונד

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

פרופיל של מיקרו RNA המוסדר אסטרוגן בתאי סרטן השד

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

כימות של הפולשנות תאי סרטן השד תוך שימוש במודל תלת ממדים (3D)

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

חליטות עורק הראשי לpharmacokinetic וpharmacodynamic ניתוח של taxanes בעכברים

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Assay גיבוש Mammosphere משד אדם סרטן רקמות וקווים סלולריים

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo לשעבר vivo גישות לחקר סרטן השחלות גרורתי התיישבות של מבני ספוט החלב בהצפק שומני

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

לומד סרטן לבלב גזע מאפייני תא לפיתוח טיפול חדש אסטרטגיות

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising alternate biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the development of miRNAs as effective biomarkers for prostate cancer heavily relies on their accurate detection in clinical tissues. miRNA analyses in prostate cancer clinical specimens is often challenging owing to tumor heterogeneity, sampling errors, stromal contamination etc. The goal of this article is to describe a simplified workflow for miRNA analyses in archived FFPE or fresh frozen prostate cancer clinical specimens using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Within this workflow, we optimize the existing methodologies for miRNA extraction from FFPE and frozen prostate tissues and expression analyses by Taqman-probe based miRNA RT-PCR. In addition, we describe an optimized method for ISH analyses formiRNA detection in prostate tissues using locked nucleic acid (LNA)- based probes. Our optimized miRNA ISH protocol can be applied to prostate cancer tissue slides or prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMA).

Here we describe a simplified protocol for microRNA (miRNA) expression analyses in archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen prostate cancer (PCa) clinical tissues employing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH).

ניתוח ביטוי מירנה ברקמות קליניות בסרטן הערמונית

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

ביולוגית מערכות ויסות חילוף חומרים על ידי איתות קולטן אסטרוגן לסרטן השד

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...