This work was supported by the NIH grant (5R01 CA178386-03) and the USC ASPIRE-1 grant to HC. We would like to thank Vrushab Gowda for his assistance with manuscript.

Questo studio è stato approvato dal Institutional Review Board dell&#39;Università Hwasun Hospital Chonnam Nazionale e University of South Carolina. campioni TMA composte da cancro al seno e tessuti del seno normali adiacenti abbinati sono stati forniti dalla Biobanca di Chonnam National University Hospital Hwasun, membro della Corea del Biobanca rete. 1. Soluzione Preparazione <ol><li> Preparare 1 L di DNasi e RNasi acqua libera. Effettuare tutte le soluzioni chimiche che utilizzano dietilpirocarbonato (DEPC) acqua trattata. Trattare 1 L di acqua con 500 ml di DEPC e incubare per 3 ore a temperatura ambiente. Autoclave l&#39;acqua per inattivare DEPC. Attenzione: Non inalare DEPC poiché è noto agente cancerogeno. </li><li> Preparare 1x PBS da 10x PBS con acqua DEPC trattati. </li><li> Preparare 20x SSC (sciogliere 175,3 g di NaCl e 88,2 g di citrato di sodio in 800 ml di acqua, regolare il pH a 7,0 con poche goccia di 14 N soluzione di HCl e regolare il volume di 1 L con water), 4% paraformaldeide, 95% di etanolo, 80% di etanolo con acqua DEPC trattati. </li><li> Aggiungere 8 ml di trietanolamina e 1,05 ml di HCl in 590 ml di acqua trattata con DEPC e aggiungere 1,5 ml di anidride acetica per acetilazione. </li><li> Preparare 50 mg / mL proteinasi K in tampone (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8,0 in DEPC acqua trattata). </li><li> Preparare tampone di ibridazione composta da 500 ml di formammide, 250 microlitri di 20x SSC, 100 ml di 50x soluzione di Denhardt, 12,5 l di t-RNA, 2,5 l di DNA aringhe sperma, 30 ml di RVC, 0,02 g di blocco dei reagenti e 50 ml di acqua DEPC. Preparare fresco. </li></ol> 2. tessuto mammario Sezioni <ol><li> Tagliare 5 micron sezioni incluse in paraffina fissati in formalina con microtomo e applicare la sezione per caricare slitta 14. Nota: il tessuto del seno utilizzato qui è stato preparato in precedenza dalla Corea del Biobanche di rete. </li></ol> 3. Preparazione del tessuto <ol><li> Rimuovere la paraffina from tessuto immergendo i vetrini in Coplin 2x vaso in xilene fresco per 10 minuti ciascuno e reidratare la sezione di tessuto da 5 min incubazioni in concentrazioni decrescenti di etanolo (100%, 95% e 80%) in DDH 2 O. Eseguire questo passaggio in una cappa aspirante. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in DEPC acqua trattata per 5 min. A questo punto fare confini intorno sezione di tessuto con la penna barriera idrofoba. </li><li> Fissare il tessuto con 4% PFA per 15 minuti seguita da un lavaggio con PBS. </li><li> Immergere il tessuto in 0,3% Triton X-100 / PBS per 10 minuti seguita da un lavaggio con PBS. </li><li> Incubare campione con 50 mg soluzione / ml proteinasi K per 15 minuti a 37 ° C. Poi incubare sezioni di tessuto con trietanolammina e anidride acetica per 5 min a temperatura ambiente, seguito da un lavaggio con PBS. Nessun lavaggio PBS è richiesto tra il trattamento proteinasi K e trietanolammina / trattamento anidride acetica. </li></ol> 4. ibridazione <ol><li> Lavare accuratamente e incu il tessutobate la sezione di tessuto con tampone di ibridazione da 2 a 3 ore a temperatura ambiente. Tipicamente 120 microlitri tampone di ibridazione è sufficiente a coprire la sezione di tessuto. </li><li> Diluire 5&#39;-DIG etichettata sonda LNA a concentrazione finale di 3:00 in 120 ml soluzione di ibridazione. Come la concentrazione stock di solito è di 40 ng / ml, aggiungere 3 ml di brodo di tampone di ibridazione 120 ml e incubare la miscela a 95 ° C per 5 min. </li><li> Incubare la sezione di tessuto con sonda durante la notte a 54 ° C (Tm) in una camera umida. Tipicamente 120 ml è sufficiente a coprire una sezione. Creare umidità utilizzando due asciugamani di carta bagnati. La dimensione ideale della camera è di 10 pollici da 8 pollici. </li><li> Nota: Tm può essere diverso per i diversi miRNA. 54 ° C è menzione per miR-489. </li></ol> 5. stringenza Wash <ol><li> Lavare il tessuto con 5x SSC per 7 minuti (dopo la fase di ibridazione, RNasi condizioni di libero non sono più necessari). </li><li> Lavare l&#39;arguzia sezione di tessutoh 1x SSC per 7 minuti due volte a 57 ° C. </li><li> Lavare la sezione di tessuto con 0.2x SSC per 7 minuti a 57 ° C. </li><li> Lavare la sezione di tessuto con 0.2x SSC per 7 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Incubare sezione di tessuto in PBS per 10 min. </li></ol> 6. Blocco <ol><li> Incubare la sezione di tessuto con tampone di arresto a temperatura ambiente per 1 ora in camera umida (Per fare un tampone di bloccaggio con 2 ml di FBS, 10 ml di Tween-20 e 3 ml di BSA in 18 m di PBS. Conservare tampone di bloccaggio a 4 ° C). </li></ol> 7. incubazione dell&#39;anticorpo primario e lo Sviluppo <ol><li> Diluire 1: 300 di anticorpi anti-DIG-AP in tampone di bloccaggio e incubare la sezione di tessuto con l&#39;anticorpo a 4 ° C durante la notte. </li><li> Lavare le sezioni con tampone di lavaggio per 3 volte, per 5 minuti ciascuna (buffer fornito dal kit di sviluppo). </li><li> Sviluppare la sezione di tessuto con un kit commerciale per la fosfatasi alcalina che produce CY-3 luce fluorescente. </li> &lt;li&gt; Lavare la sezione con tampone di lavaggio per 5 minuti. sezione macchia con 100 ml di 2,5 ng / ml colorante Hoechst per 5 minuti seguita da 5 minuti di lavaggio con tampone di lavaggio. </li><li> Montare la sezione con il tampone di montaggio secondo il protocollo del produttore. Utilizzare 15 ml per sezione di tessuto e pulire soluzione di montaggio eccessiva con il tessuto pulire. Sigillare il vetrino con smalto trasparente per evitare perdite. </li><li> Osservare il microscopio sezione fluorescente utilizzando con ingrandimento 10X lente in modo totale è di 100X. </li></ol>

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+and+prognostic+associations+of+miR-205+and+let-7b+in+breast+cancer+revealed+by+in+situ+hybridization+analysis+of+micro-RNA+expression+in+arrays+of+archival+tumour+tissue.">Biological and prognostic associations of miR-205 and let-7b in breast cancer revealed by in situ hybridization analysis of micro-RNA expression in arrays of archival tumour tissue.</a> J Pathol. 227, 306-314 (2012).</li><li>Fernandez, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-340+inhibits+tumor+cell+proliferation+and+induces+apoptosis+by+targeting+multiple+negative+regulators+of+p27+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">miR-340 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting multiple negative regulators of p27 in non-small cell lung cancer.</a> Oncogene. 34, 3240-3250 (2015).</li><li>Yu, L., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Li, Z., Zhang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-224+upregulation+and+AKT+activation+synergistically+predict+poor+prognosis+in+patients+with+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">MicroRNA-224 upregulation and AKT activation synergistically predict poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Cancer Epidemiol. 38, 408-413 (2014).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=microRNA-146+up-regulation+predicts+the+prognosis+of+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+by+miRNA+in+situ+hybridization.">microRNA-146 up-regulation predicts the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer by miRNA in situ hybridization.</a> Exp Mol Pathol. 96, 195-199 (2014).</li><li>Kriegel, A. J., Liang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+in+situ+hybridization+for+formalin+fixed+kidney+tissues.">MicroRNA in situ hybridization for formalin fixed kidney tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50785 (2013).</li><li>Ucar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-212+and+miR-132+are+required+for+epithelial+stromal+interactions+necessary+for+mouse+mammary+gland+development.">miR-212 and miR-132 are required for epithelial stromal interactions necessary for mouse mammary gland development.</a> Nat Genet. 42, 1101-1108 (2010).</li><li>Nuovo, G. 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There is nothing to disclose.

L&#39;obiettivo di questo studio era di determinare il livello di espressione dei miRNA nei tessuti di cancro al seno utilizzando miRNA ibridazione in situ. Si deve notare che in questo esperimento, tutte le condizioni sono stati ottimizzati per il tessuto del cancro al seno. Ulteriore ottimizzazione potrebbe essere richiesto per altri tipi di tessuto. Tutte le soluzioni devono essere effettuate con acqua DEPC e tutti i contenitori da utilizzare devono essere risciacquati con acqua DEPC trattati e successivamen...

Il cancro al seno è uno dei tumori più comuni che colpiscono la popolazione femminile in tutto il mondo. Oltre 1,3 milioni di casi di cancro al seno sono segnalati ogni anno in tutto il mondo 1,2. Anche se le cellule tumorali sono stati tradizionalmente considerati come biologicamente omogenea e altamente proliferative, è diventato evidente che il cancro al seno è geneticamente e clinicamente eterogenea. La resistenza ai farmaci antitumorali prevalenti è una caratteristica dei tumori al seno avanzato, che porta alla mortalità nella maggior parte dei pazienti attraverso la sua facilitazione della progressione del cancro e le metastasi a distanza 3. I microRNA (miRNA) sono una classe di piccole molecole di RNA lunghi circa 22 nucleotidi che regolano l&#39;espressione genica bloccando traduzione dell&#39;mRNA o mediare mRNA degrado 4. Più di 2.000 differenti miRNA sono stati finora identificati nell&#39;uomo, che sono collegati a malattie umane 5. Una crescente serie di studi have ha dimostrato che miRNA possono funzionare come oncogeni e soppressori tumorali e sono spesso disregolazione nei tumori 6. miRNA impatto fortemente tutta la tumorigenesi primaria controllando i principali regolatori del ciclo cellulare, la senescenza, l&#39;apoptosi e autofagia, insieme a quelli della motilità delle cellule tumorali, invasione e metastasi 7. Espressione aberrante miRNA è stata anche associata con implicazioni cliniche, come fase, la differenziazione, la prognosi e la risposta alla terapia adiuvante 8. In particolare, l&#39;aumento di espressione di miR-146 è correlato con una scarsa prognosi nei pazienti affetti da cancro del polmone 9. Un altro studio ha dimostrato che l&#39;espressione perduto di miRNA-let7b è legata a fenotipi maligni e, di conseguenza, scarsa sopravvivenza 6. Capire i tipi di cellule e strutture che esprimono miRNA è una parte importante di comprensione dei meccanismi attraverso i quali alterazioni delle cellule miRNA espressione e influenzatessuto fenotipi 10. Alcuni miRNA trovati ad essere secreto nelle cellule stromali sono prese in dalle cellule epiteliali e in particolare agiscono sui loro obiettivi. Allo stesso modo, miR-212 e miR-132 sono secreti dalle stroma e regolano le interazioni epiteliali-stromale necessari per l&#39;escrescenza duttale durante lo sviluppo della ghiandola mammaria 11. L&#39;obiettivo generale di questo articolo è quello di spiegare un protocollo dettagliato per rilevare miRNA nei tessuti di cancro al seno attraverso miRNA ibridazione in situ. Abbiamo ottimizzato tutte le condizioni per saggiare i livelli di espressione miRNA-489 nei campioni dei pazienti di cancro al seno. A tal fine, abbiamo utilizzato uno scavo con l&#39;etichetta bloccato sonda di acido nucleico (LNA) nel nostro esperimento. Alcuni dei suoi nucleotidi avevano una modifica LNA, cioè, un ponte che collega metilene &#39;atomo di ossigeno e 4&#39; del 2 atomi di carbonio dello scheletro ribosio che fissa il nucleotide tale che rimanga &quot;blocchi&quot; dopo ibridazione. Come risultato, è molto più difficileper il complesso ibridizzato denaturare 12,13.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50X Denhard&#39;t&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life technology&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">750018</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">t-RNA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">109541</td>
			<td>Reconstitute in DEPC water</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Herring Sperm DNA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Promega&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Roche Blocking&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RVC</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-812-650</td>
			<td>Before use spin down it at 16.1 RCF and take supernatant&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">miR-489 probe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">38599-01</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nuclease free BSA</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">711454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Primary antibody-anti DIG</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1609478</td>
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clinicopathological analysis of mirna expression in breast cancer tissues by using mirna in situ hybridization

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) probe. The probe was recognized by anti-DIG alkaline phosphatase antibodies and later developed using alkaline phosphatase substrate producing fluorescence signals. Here we utilized miRNA in situ hybridization (MISH) technique to analyze expression of miR-489 in tissues from breast cancer patients. This technique can detect the localization of miRNA of interest in individual tissue samples. This technique can be used to compare the expression of desired miRNA in tumor tissue with that in adjacent normal tissue and to identify the specific structures responsible for expressing this miRNA. This technique can be very useful in answering certain clinical questions, such as role of specific miRNA in the development of cancer. Our results indicate that mammary epithelial cells express significantly higher levels of miR-489 than adjacent tumor cells.

tessuto del cancro al seno umano è stato utilizzato per determinare l&#39;espressione miRNA-489. Mammaria condotto ghiandola e cellule epiteliali sono stati trovati per esprimere significativamente più elevati miRNA-489 livelli di tessuto adiacente tumorale in due pazienti (Figura 1A e 1B). Ciò dimostra chiaramente che l&#39;espressione miRNA-489 è stato perso nel tessuto tumorale, suggerendo tumore attività soppressiva di miRNA-489. Ad ulteriore co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

Analisi clinicopatologica di miRNA espressione in Breast Cancer tessuti mediante l&#39;utilizzo di miRNA<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; ibridazione

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA ...

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Medicine

Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

6.7K Views.  University of South Carolina. Here we present a protocol to detect miRNA expression in breast cancer patient samples using miRNA in situ hybridization.

Video: Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.

Analisi biofilm orale di espansori palatali da Fluorescence In Situ-ibridazione e microscopia confocale a scansione laser

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of ...

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Medicina

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

Multi-modal Imaging di angiogenesi in un modello di ratto Nudo di metastasi ossee cancro al seno utilizzando la risonanza magnetica, tomografia computerizzata volumetrica e Ultrasuoni

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Profiling di microRNA regolati dagli estrogeni in cellule di carcinoma mammario

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantificazione del cancro al seno Cellula Invasività Utilizzando una tridimensionale (3D) Modello

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Infusi carotide di farmacocinetica e di farmacodinamica Analisi dei taxani nei topi

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Mammosphere saggio Formazione di Human Breast Cancer tessuti e linee cellulari

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In vivo ed ex vivo approcci per studiare il cancro ovarico metastatico colonizzazione delle strutture Lattea Spot in peritoneale adiposo

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Studiare cancro del pancreas staminali caratteristiche cellulari per lo sviluppo di nuove strategie di trattamento

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising alternate biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the development of miRNAs as effective biomarkers for prostate cancer heavily relies on their accurate detection in clinical tissues. miRNA analyses in prostate cancer clinical specimens is often challenging owing to tumor heterogeneity, sampling errors, stromal contamination etc. The goal of this article is to describe a simplified workflow for miRNA analyses in archived FFPE or fresh frozen prostate cancer clinical specimens using a combination of quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Within this workflow, we optimize the existing methodologies for miRNA extraction from FFPE and frozen prostate tissues and expression analyses by Taqman-probe based miRNA RT-PCR. In addition, we describe an optimized method for ISH analyses formiRNA detection in prostate tissues using locked nucleic acid (LNA)- based probes. Our optimized miRNA ISH protocol can be applied to prostate cancer tissue slides or prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMA).

Here we describe a simplified protocol for microRNA (miRNA) expression analyses in archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) or fresh frozen prostate cancer (PCa) clinical tissues employing quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH).

Analisi miRNA nel tumore alla prostata tessuti cliniche

A critical challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical management is posed by the inadequacy of currently used biomarkers for disease screening, ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

Systems Biology di regolazione metabolica da Estrogen Receptor Signaling nel cancro al seno

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...