Authors were supported by the German Cancer Aid (Max Eder Nachwuchsgruppe, Deutsche Krebshilfe; EU), the LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt (EU, ST) funded by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany (III L 4- 518/17.004) and by the "Alfred- und Angelika Gutermuth-Stiftung", Frankfurt, Germany (EU). BJ was funded by a Mildred Scheel postdoctoral scholarship from the Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research. ST was founded by a GO-IN postdoctoral fellowship (PCOFUND-GA-2011-291776). The authors thank Becton Dickinson (BD) for providing the FACSCanto II and Canto10c Flow Cytometry Analyzers used in this study.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

השיטה המתוארת היא גישה קלה, מהירה ואמינה ללמוד פונקציות תא NK מדגימה דם שלם של תורמים או מטופלים בריאים. שיטה זו מציעה את היתרון הגדול לטהר תאי NK ישירות מדם כולו, הימנעות צנטריפוגה שיפוע צפיפות זמן רבה, שהיא חובה עבור שיטות טיהור רבות אחרות 15. יתר על כן, זה דורש גוד...

במסגרת ההרג הטבעי מערכת חיסון המולדת (NK) תאים לתרום קו ההגנה הראשון נגד שנדבק בנגיף או רע ומר טרנספורמציה תאים. מערכת של קולטנים מעכב והפעלה מאפשרת להם להבחין בין תאים בריאים טרנספורמציה ללא תחול אנטיגן לפני בניגוד לתאי T. לאחר מפגש תא המטרה תא NK לשחרר את התוכן של הגרגרים שלהם ציטוטוקסיות (למשל, perforin, granzymes) לתוך הסינפסה החיסונית להרוג היעד שלהם. יתר על כן, תאי NK מייצרים ומפרישים סוגים שונים של ציטוקינים (למשל, γ interferon-: IFN-γ; הגידול נמק-α גורם: TNF-α) וכמוקינים (למשל,-1β חלבון דלקתי מקרופאג: MIP-1β) על תא המטרה אינטראקציה או ציטוקינים גירוי 1. מספיק פונקציות תא NK כגון רעילות, chemokine וייצור ציטוקינים יש השפעה חשובה על גורל דיס מגווןמקל. חולי לוקמיה להראות גדל בשיעור ההתקפים אם הם מפגינים פרופיל תא NK פגום בעת האבחנה המורכב של ייצור IFN-γ מופחת התבטאות מופחתת של הפעלת 2 לקולטנים המצויים בתאי NK. התאוששות מוקדמת של מספרים הסלולריים NK ותפקוד כולל ייצור ציטוקינים על אינטראקצית תא המטרה קשורה להרע מופחת שיעור הישרדות משופר בחולים מקבל השתלת תאי גזע אלוגנאית 3. יתר על כן, על התחלת טיפול אינטרפרון בחולים שנדבקו בנגיף הפטיטיס C קיבולת degranulation של תאים היקפיים NK הוא חזק המגיבים מוקדם מאשר שלא הגיבו לטיפול 4. מספרי תא NK (&gt; 80 / μl) ביום 15 לאחר השתלת מח עצם אוטולוגית (autoSCT) בחולים הסובלים מלימפומה או מיאלומה נפוצה הם המנבאים התקדמות משופרת חופשית הכוללת הישרדות 5. בחולים מלנומה הביטוי של T-cell immunoglobulin- ו mucin-מושלם-containinמולקולת -3 G (TIM-3), חלבון חיסוני רגולציה על תאי NK, עולה בקנה אחד עם שלב מחלה והפרוגנוזה 6. מדעני פיקוח פונקציות תא NK לאורך העשורים האחרונים. הניתוח הראשוני של cytotoxicity תא NK כנגד תאים סרטניים ללא תחול לפני טופל באמצעות assay 51 Cr-שחרור 7. לאחרונה, מדענים פתחו שיטה שאינה רדיואקטיבי כדי להעריך את הרעילות של תאי NK המורחבים 8. ייצור ציטוקינים ו chemokine נבדק לעתים קרובות באמצעות assay immunosorbent enzyme-linked (ELISA) טכניקות 9,10. במהלך העשורים האחרונים שיטות אלה כבר כהשלמת מבחני זרימה מבוססת cytometry. השימוש מעכבי תחבורת חלבון (לדוגמא, brefeldin ו monensin) ושיטות התא permeabilization בשילוב עם פרוטוקולים מכתימים קונבנציונלי שטח אפשר למדענים לחקור chemokine וייצור ציטוקינים ב הלימפה ספציפית שונהתת ocyte (למשל, T, B או תאי NK) 11. יתר על כן, מבחני cytometry מבוסס זרימה שונה פותחו כדי לפקח T ו- NK cytotoxicity תא. בשנת 2004 אלתר ואח. תאר את ביטוי השטח של החלבון ליזוזום הקשורים CD107a (Lamp1) על תאי NK על מפגש תא המטרה כסמן עבור degranulation של גרגרי ציטוטוקסיות 12. מאז מגוון רחב של fluorochromes השונה cytometers זרימת רב ​​ערוצית זמין בימינו, זה הפך להיות אפשרי לפקח בו זמנית פונקציות תא NK מגוונות (cytotoxicity, ציטוקינים וייצור chemokine) תת תאים שונים NK. זה הופך להיות חשוב במיוחד במצבים בהם גודל המדגם מוגבל, למשל, ב ביופסיות או דגימות דם של חולים הסובלים לויקופניה. כדי לבדוק פונקציות תא NK העולמיות, מבחני הזרימה השונה מבוסס cytometry ניתן לשלב ביעילות. Theorell et al. תאי NK מגורה מ heaתורמי lthy עם קו התאים הסרטניים K562 ונותח degranulation תא NK, ייצור אות ו chemokine מבפנים החוצה באמצעות זרימת cytometry 13. לאחרונה תת-קבוצות תא NK, פנוטיפים ופונקציות בחולי גידול בזמן autoSCT נותחו באמצעות לזרום מבחני cytometry מבוססים. זה הודגם כי תאי NK הצליחו degranulate ולייצר ציטוקינים / כמוקינים בעת ההכרה תאים סרטניים בנקודות מוקדם מאוד זמן אחרי autoSCT 11. הנה פרוטוקול מתואר להעריך פונקציות תא NK על אינטראקציה עם תאים סרטניים כוללים קיבולת degranulation, chemokine וייצור ציטוקינים באמצעות זרימה cytometry המבוסס assay זה עושה את זה ניתן לבצע מעקב אחר פונקציות תא NK תת שונים בו זמנית.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 + glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">heat inactivated before use</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">DRK Blutspendedienst, Frankfurt/M&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">healthy donors with blood type AB; heat inactivated before use</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">interleukin 15 (IL-15)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>200-15</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">saponin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47036</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">flow cytometer: Canto10C</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FlowJo</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">Graph Pad Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">/</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACSxpress NK isolation kit</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MACSxpress Erythrocyte Depletion Kit, human</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-098-196</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 APC</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Miltenyi Biotec&#160;</td>
			<td>130-094-969</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD14 V450</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302008</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD16 PerCP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>302216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD19 V450</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560353</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD45 BV510</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD56 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>345811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human CD107a PE</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>328608</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human IFN-&#947; AF-647</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557729</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti-human MIP-1&#946; APC-H7</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561280</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DAPI</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zombie Violet Fixable Viability Kit</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
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			<td>fixable dead cell marker</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based assay for the monitoring of nk cell functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

<html> האסטרטגיה gating לניתוח degranulation, ציטוקינים ו chemokine הייצור של האוכלוסייה התא כולו NK ושלושה תת תא NK שונים הם באיור 1. תוצאות נציג התורם אחד בריא הם באיור 2. תאי NK ללא כל גירוי הפיק ...

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Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

שיטה פשוטה ואמינה מתוארת כאן כדי לנתח קבוצה של פונקציות תא NK כגון degranulation, ציטוקינים וייצור chemokine בתוך תת תא NK שונה.

Flow Cytometry מבוסס Assay עבור הניטור של פונקציות תא NK

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

flow-cytometry-based-assay-for-the-monitoring-of-nk-cell-functions

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

20.8K Views.  Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University.  שיטה פשוטה ואמינה מתוארת כאן כדי לנתח קבוצה של פונקציות תא NK כגון degranulation, ציטוקינים וייצור chemokine בתוך תת תא NK שונה. 

Video: Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many of these viruses have intensified in their endemic ranges and expanded to new territories, necessitating effective surveillance and control programs to respond to these threats. One strategy to monitor virus activity involves collecting large numbers of mosquitoes from endemic sites and testing them for viral infection. In this article, we describe how to handle, process, and screen field-collected mosquitoes for infectious virus by Vero cell culture assay. Mosquitoes are sorted by trap location and species, and grouped into pools containing &le;50 individuals. Pooled specimens are homogenized in buffered saline using a mixer-mill and the aqueous phase is inoculated onto confluent Vero cell cultures (Clone E6). Cell cultures are monitored for cytopathic effect from days 3-7 post-inoculation and any viruses grown in cell culture are identified by the appropriate diagnostic assays. By utilizing this approach, we have isolated 9 different viruses from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut, USA, and among these, 5 are known to cause human disease. Three of these viruses (West Nile virus, Potosi virus, and La Crosse virus) represent new records for North America or the New England region since 1999. The ability to detect a wide diversity of viruses is critical to monitoring both established and newly emerging viruses in the mosquito population.

We describe a method to process and screen field-collected mosquitoes for a diversity of viruses by Vero cell culture assay. By employing this technique, we have detected 9 different viruses from 4 taxonomic families in mosquitoes collected in Connecticut.

איתור של וירוסים זיהומיות מהשטח, שנאספו על ידי יתושים Assay תרבות Vero Cell

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

נדידת תאים דנדריטים ניטור באמצעות<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H דימות תהודה מגנטית

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

בידוד תזרים Cytometric ניתוח של תאים חיסוניים ממוח עכבר איסכמי

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method enables researchers to better understand the characteristics of a single cell population without the influence of other cells. Compared to other methods of cell enrichment, such as magnetic-activated cell sorting (MCS), FACS is more flexible and accurate for cell separation due to the ability of phenotype detection by flow cytometry. In addition, FACS is usually capable of separating multiple cell populations simultaneously, which improves the efficiency and diversity of experiments. Although FACS has some limitations, it has been broadly used to purify cells for functional studies in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Here we report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate a very rare population of immune cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for in vitro functional studies of pDC.

We report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for functional studies of pDC.

מיון תא מופעל קרינה עבור טיהור של תאי דנדריטים Plasmacytoid ממח עצם העכבר

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method ...

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, including phagocytosis of damaged synapses or cells, debris, and/or invading pathogens. Impaired phagocytic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer's and age-related macular degeneration, where amyloid-&#946; plaque and drusen accumulate, respectively. Despite its importance, microglial phagocytosis has been challenging to assess in vivo. Here, we describe a simple, yet robust, technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the in vivo phagocytic potential of retinal microglia. Previous methods have relied on immunohistochemical staining and imaging techniques. Our method uses flow cytometry to measure microglial uptake of fluorescently labeled particles after intravitreal delivery to the eye in live rodents. This method replaces conventional practices that involve laborious tissue sectioning, immunostaining, and imaging, allowing for more precise quantification of microglia phagocytic function in just under six hours. This procedure can also be adapted to test how various compounds alter microglial phagocytosis in physiological settings. While this technique was developed in the eye, its use is not limited to vision research.

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglial phagocytosis is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and inadequate phagocytic function has been implicated in pathology. However, assessing microglia function in vivo is technically challenging. We have developed a simple but robust technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the phagocytic potential of microglia in a physiological setting.

להערכת תפקוד רשתית microglial Phagocytic<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; שימוש cytometry זרימה מבוסס Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

לתוספי משפר את היעילות התמרה חושית Lentiviral של תאי NK העיקרי מאתר ואנושי

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, specifically eliminating tumoral and virally infected cells. Approximately 30 known monogenic defects, together with a host of other pathological conditions, cause either functional or classic NK cell deficiency, manifesting in reduced or absent cytotoxic activity. Historically, cytotoxicity has been investigated with radioactive methods, which are cumbersome, expensive and potentially hazardous. This article describes a streamlined, clinically applicable flow cytometry-based method to quantify NK cell cytotoxic activity. In this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified NK cell preparations are co-incubated at different ratios with a target tumor cell line known to be sensitive to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC). The target cells are pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow their discrimination from the effector cells (NK cells). After the incubation period, killed target cells are identified by a nucleic acid stain, which specifically permeates dead cells. This method is amenable to both diagnostic and research applications and, thanks to the multi-parameter capabilities of flow cytometry, has the added advantage of potentially enabling a deeper analysis of NK cell phenotype and function.

A flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively determine the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells is shown here.

וזמינותו Cytotoxicity מבוססי Cytometry זרימה להערכה של פעילות תאי NK אנושי

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. More recently, these assays have examined Dengue virus (DENV) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Both these approaches have limitations that restrict the widespread use of these techniques. Here, we describe a simple in vitro assay using Dengue virus reporter viral particles (RVPs) that express green fluorescent protein and K562 cells to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of DENV infection using serum that was obtained from rhesus macaques 16 weeks after infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). This technique is reliable, involves minimal manipulation of cells, does not involve the use of live replication competent virus, and can be performed in a high throughput format to get a quantitative readout using flow cytometry. Additionally, this assay can be easily adapted to examine antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of other flavivirus infections such as Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Japanese Equine Encephalitis virus (JEEV), West Nile virus (WNV) etc. where RVPs are available. The ease of setting up the assay, analyzing the data, and interpreting results makes it highly amenable to most laboratory settings.

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

We describe a simple and easy protocol for measuring antibody dependent enhancement of infection by Zika virus convalescent serum using Dengue virus Reporter Viral Particles.

Cytometry זרימה פשוטים מבוסס Assay כדי לקבוע במבחנה נוגדן התלויים שיפור של וירוס דנגה באמצעות נסיוב הבראה Zika וירוס

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular components responsible for supplying cell energy; however, excess mitochondria also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could cause cell death. Therefore, the number of mitochondria must constantly be adjusted to fit the needs of the cells. This dynamic regulation is achieved in part through the function of lysosomes that remove surplus/damaged organelles and macromolecules. Hence, cellular mitochondrial and lysosomal contents are key indicators to evaluate the metabolic adjustment of cells. With the development of probes for organelles, well-characterized lysosome or mitochondria-specific dyes have become available in various formats to label cellular lysosomes and mitochondria. Multicolor flow cytometry is a common tool to profile cell phenotypes, and has the capability to be integrated with other assays. Here, we present a detailed protocol of how to combine organelle-specific dyes with surface markers staining to measure the amount of lysosomes and mitochondria in different T cell populations on a flow cytometer.

This article illustrates a powerful method to quantify mitochondria or lysosomes in living cells. The combination of lysosome- or mitochondria-specific dyes with fluorescently conjugated antibodies against surface markers allows the quantification of these organelles in mixed cell populations, like primary cells harvested from tissue samples, by using multicolor flow cytometry.

כימות מבוססי Cytometry זרימה ססגוניות של המיטוכונדריה, Lysosomes בתאי T

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular ...

Flow Cytometry מבוסס Assay עבור הניטור של פונקציות תא NK

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