Authors were supported by the German Cancer Aid (Max Eder Nachwuchsgruppe, Deutsche Krebshilfe; EU), the LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt (EU, ST) funded by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany (III L 4- 518/17.004) and by the "Alfred- und Angelika Gutermuth-Stiftung", Frankfurt, Germany (EU). BJ was funded by a Mildred Scheel postdoctoral scholarship from the Dr. Mildred Scheel Foundation for Cancer Research. ST was founded by a GO-IN postdoctoral fellowship (PCOFUND-GA-2011-291776). The authors thank Becton Dickinson (BD) for providing the FACSCanto II and Canto10c Flow Cytometry Analyzers used in this study.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

설명 된 방법은 건강한 기증자 또는 환자의 전혈 시료로부터 NK 세포의 기능을 연구하기 쉽고, 빠르고 신뢰성있는 방법이다. 이 방법은 피 직접 전혈로부터 NK 세포를 정제 할 수있는 큰 이점을 제공하는 시간 소모적 인 많은 다른 정제 방법 15 필수 밀도 구배 원심 분리. 또한, 그것은 소아 및 / 또는 면역 결핍 환자의 샘플에 대한 적절한 대체한다 &quot;클래식&quot;NK 세포 분리 / 농축 방법에 ...

선천성 면역 시스템 자연 살해의 일환으로 (NK) 세포는 바이러스에 감염된 또는이 악 형질 전환 된 세포에 대한 방어의 첫 번째 줄에 기여한다. 억제 및 활성화 수용체 시스템은 T 세포와 대조적으로 종래 항원 프라이밍없이 건강하고 형질 전환 된 세포를 구별하도록 할 수있다. 대상 셀의 만남에 NK 세포는 자신의 목표를 죽이는 면역 시냅스에 자신의 세포 독성 과립 (예를 들면, 퍼포, granzymes)의 내용을 놓습니다. 타겟 셀시 (MIP-1β 예, 대 식세포 염증 단백질 1β) 및 케모카인 :; 또한, NK 세포는 다른 사이토 카인의 종류 (TNF-α, 종양 괴사 인자 α IFN-γ 예, 인터페론 γ)를 생성 및 분비 상호 작용 또는 사이토 카인 자극 한. 이러한 세포 독성, 케모카인 및 사이토 카인 생성 충분한 NK 세포의 기능은 다양한 DIS의 운명에 중요한 영향을 미칠용이하게합니다. 그들은 감소 IFN-γ 생산과 NK 세포 수용체 2를 활성화 감소 식으로 구성된 진단에서 결함이 NK 세포 프로파일을 나타내는 경우 백혈병 환자는 재발 속도를 증가 보여줍니다. 표적 세포의 상호 작용에 따라 사이토 카인 생성을 포함하여 NK 세포의 수 및 기능의 조기 회복 조혈 모세포 이식 3을받은 환자에서 재발 감소 향상된 생존율과 연관된다. 또한, C 형 간염 바이러스에 감염된 환자에게 인터페론 요법의 개시시 주변 NK 세포의 탈과립 용량 비 반응자 (4)보다 조기에 대응 강하다. NK 세포 수는 (&gt; 80 / μL) 임파종 또는 다발성 골수종을 앓고있는 환자에서는자가 줄기 세포 이식 (autoSCT) 후 15 일이 향상된 무 진행하고 생존율 5 예측된다. 흑색 종 환자에서 T 세포의 발현 및 immunoglobulin- 뮤신 - 도메인 containing 분자-3 (TIM-3), NK 세포에 대한 면역 조절 단백질은 병기와 예후 (6)와 상관 관계. 과학자들은 지난 수십 년에 걸쳐 NK 세포의 기능을 관찰 하였다. 앞서 프라이밍없이 종양 세포에 NK 세포 세포 독성의 초기 분석은 51 크롬 방출 분석을 사용하여 7 해결 하였다. 최근에 과학자들은 확장 된 NK 세포 (8)의 세포 독성을 평가하기위한 비 방사능 방법을 개발 하였다. 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 생산은 흔히 효소 면역 분석법 (ELISA) 방법을 사용하여 평가 9,10되었다. 지난 수십 년 동안 이러한 방법은 유동 세포 계측법 기반 분석에 의해 보완되고있다. 종래의면 염색 프로토콜과 함께 수송 단백질 억제제 (예 brefeldin A 및 넨신) 세포 permeabilization 방법의 사용은 다른 특정 림프에서 케모카인 및 사이토 카인 생성을 연구 과학자 활성화ocyte 서브 세트 (예를 들어, T, B 또는 NK 세포) 11. 또한, 다른 유동 세포 계측법 기반 분석법은 T 및 NK 세포의 세포 독성을 모니터링하도록 개발되었다. 2004 년 알터는 외. 독성 입자 (12)의 탈과립을위한 마커로서 표적 세포의 발생에 NK 세포의 리소좀 - 관련 단백질 CD107a (램프 1)의 표면 발현을 설명했다. 상이한 형광 색소 및 멀티 채널 유동 세포 계측기 다양한 우리 일에서 유효하기 때문에, 동시에 다른 NK 세포 서브 세트의 다양한 NK 세포의 기능 (세포 독성, 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 생산)를 모니터링 할 수있게되었다. 이 생검 또는 백혈구 감소증을 앓고있는 환자의 혈액 샘플에서 예를 들면 샘플 크기를 제한하는 상황에서 특히 중요해진다. 글로벌 NK 세포의 기능을 테스트하기 위해, 상이한 유동 세포 계측법 기반 분석을 효율적으로 결합 될 수있다. 테오 등. 난방에서 자극 NK 세포lthy의 종양 세포주 K562와 도너 13 유세포 통해 NK 세포 탈과립, 인사이드 - 아웃 신호 및 케모카인 생산을 분석 하였다. 최근 NK 세포의 하위 집단은 표현형 autoSCT 동안 종양 환자 기능 계측법 기반 분석법 흐름으로 분석 하였다. 또한 NK 세포 및 degranulate autoSCT 11 후 초기 시점에서 종양 세포를 인식시 사이토킨 / 케모카인을 생성 할 수 있다고 입증되었다. 여기 프로토콜 탈과립 용량, 케모카인 및 사이토 카인 생성을 포함하여 종양 세포가 가능한 동시에 상이한 서브 세트에서 NK 세포의 기능을 모니터 할 수 유동 세포 계측법 기반 분석법을 이용하여 상호 작용시 NK 세포의 기능을 평가하기 위해 설명된다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RPMI 1640 + glutamine</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>6187-044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>penicilin/streptomycin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Falcon Round Bottom Tube</td><td>BD</td><td>352008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fetal calf serum</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10270-106</td><td>heat inactivated before use</td></tr><tr><td>T-flask</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>690195</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K562 tumor cell line</td><td>DSMZ GmbH</td><td>ACC 10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysis buffer</td><td>made in house</td><td>/</td><td>components are listed in the text</td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water: Ampuwa Sp&amp;uuml;ll&amp;ouml;sung 1,000 ml Plastipur</td><td>Fresenius Kabi</td><td>1088813</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Megafuge 40R Centrifuge</td><td>Heraeus</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA blood collector tubes</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>386453</td><td>S-Monovette 7.5 ml, K&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;EDTA</td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure 0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15575-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematopoietic media (XVIVO)</td><td>Lonza Group Ltd</td><td>BE04-743Q</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>human serum</td><td>DRK Blutspendedienst, Frankfurt/M&amp;nbsp;</td><td>/</td><td>healthy donors with blood type AB; heat inactivated before use</td></tr><tr><td>Neubauer-improved counting chamber, bright line</td><td>Marienfeld superior/ LO-Laboroptik Ltd.</td><td>0640030/ 1110000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>trypan blue solution (0.4%)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3% acetic acid with methylene blue</td><td>Stemcell Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>07060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning 96 Well Clear V-Bottom TC-treated Microplates</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3894</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 96 Well Round Bottom Not Treated Microplates</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;</td><td>351177</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;- and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;-free)</td><td>Gibco Invitrogen</td><td>14190-169</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2153-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaN&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>08591-1ML-F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>524400-1MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ionomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PromoKine</td><td>PK-CA577-1566-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>interleukin 15 (IL-15)</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>200-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proleukin S (IL-2)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Novartis Pharma</td><td>730523</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Golgi Stop, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Monensin)</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>554724</td><td>This product can be used in combination or instead of Golgi Plug. The best combination for the wished experimental setting has to be tested.</td></tr><tr><td>Golgi Plug, Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Brefeldin A)</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>555029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>UN2209</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>saponin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>47036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flow cytometer: Canto10C</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo</td><td>TreeStar Inc.</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graph Pad</td><td>Graph Pad Inc.</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACSxpress Separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-098-308</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACSxpress NK isolation kit</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-098-185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACSxpress Erythrocyte Depletion Kit, human</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-098-196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACSmix Tube Rotator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-090-753</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD3 APC</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>300412</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD3 V450</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>560366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD14 PerCP</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec&amp;nbsp;</td><td>130-094-969</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD14 V450</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>560349</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD16 PE</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>302008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD16 PerCP</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>302029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD19 PE-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>302216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD19 V450</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>560353</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD45 BV510</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>563204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD56 FITC</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>345811</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD107a PE</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>328608</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human IFN-&amp;gamma; AF-647</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>557729</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-human MIP-1&amp;beta; APC-H7</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>561280</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>422801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zombie Violet Fixable Viability Kit</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>423113</td><td>fixable dead cell marker</td></tr></tbody></table>

flow cytometry-based assay for the monitoring of nk cell functions

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.

<html> 전체 NK 세포군 세 가지 NK 세포 서브 세트의 탈과립, 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 생산을 분석하는 게이팅 전략은도 1에 도시되어있다. 하나의 건강한 기증자의 대표적인 결과는도 2에 도시되어있다. 어떤 자극없이 NK 세포는 모두 IFN-γ도 MIP-1β을 생산하고 그 표면에 CD107a (그림 2A)을 표?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

간단하고 신뢰할 수있는 방법은 상이한 NK 세포의 서브 세트 내의 탈과립, 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 생산 등의 NK 세포의 기능 세트를 분석하기 위해 여기에 설명된다.

흐름 NK 세포의 기능을 모니터링 분석을 기반 세포 계측법

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and ...

flow-cytometry-based-assay-for-the-monitoring-of-nk-cell-functions

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

21.0K 조회수.  Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University.  간단하고 신뢰할 수있는 방법은 상이한 NK 세포의 서브 세트 내의 탈과립, 사이토 카인 및 케모카인 생산 등의 NK 세포의 기능 세트를 분석하기 위해 여기에 설명된다. 

비디오: Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Within the same patient, absence of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) surface expression was shown to distinguish leukemic subpopulations with stem cell properties (so called leukemic stem cells, LSCs) from more differentiated counterpart leukemic cells that lack disease initiation potential although they carry similar leukemia specific genetic mutations. NKG2DL are biochemically highly diverse MHC class I-like self-molecules. Healthy cells in homeostatic conditions generally do not express NKG2DL on the cell surface. Instead, expression of these ligands is induced upon exposure to cellular stress (e.g., oncogenic transformation or infectious stimuli) to trigger elimination of damaged cells via lysis through NKG2D-receptor-expressing immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. Interestingly, NKG2DL surface expression is selectively suppressed in LSC subpopulations, allowing these cells to evade NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance. Here, we present a side-by-side analysis of two different flow cytometry methods that allow the investigation of NKG2DL surface expression on cancer cells i.e., a method involving pan-ligand recognition and a method involving staining with multiple antibodies against single ligands. These methods can be used to separate viable NKG2DL negative cellular subpopulations with putative cancer stem cell properties from NKG2DL positive non-LSC.

We present two different staining protocols for NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) detection in human primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. The first approach is based on a fusion protein, able to recognize all known and potentially yet unknown ligands, while the second protocol relies on the addition of multiple anti-NKG2DL antibodies.

급성 골수성 백혈병의 대량 하위 집단으로부터 줄기 세포를 구별하기 위해 NKG2D 리간드 표면 검출의 두 개의 흐름 세포 측정 접근법

Within the same patient, absence of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) surface expression was shown to distinguish leukemic subpopulations with stem cell properties ...

연구

암 연구학

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

인간의 전체 혈액 자연 살해 세포 용 균성 활동의 유세포 분석

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, specifically eliminating tumoral and virally infected cells. Approximately 30 known monogenic defects, together with a host of other pathological conditions, cause either functional or classic NK cell deficiency, manifesting in reduced or absent cytotoxic activity. Historically, cytotoxicity has been investigated with radioactive methods, which are cumbersome, expensive and potentially hazardous. This article describes a streamlined, clinically applicable flow cytometry-based method to quantify NK cell cytotoxic activity. In this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified NK cell preparations are co-incubated at different ratios with a target tumor cell line known to be sensitive to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC). The target cells are pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow their discrimination from the effector cells (NK cells). After the incubation period, killed target cells are identified by a nucleic acid stain, which specifically permeates dead cells. This method is amenable to both diagnostic and research applications and, thanks to the multi-parameter capabilities of flow cytometry, has the added advantage of potentially enabling a deeper analysis of NK cell phenotype and function.

A flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively determine the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells is shown here.

인간 NK 세포 활동의 평가 대 한 흐름 Cytometry 기반 세포 독성 분석 실험

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

Assessment of Human Natural Killer Cell Events Driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa Engagement in the Presence of Therapeutic Antibodies

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity, driven by Fc&#947;RIIIa (CD16) expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. These observations have led to research focusing on methods to increase Fc receptor-mediated events, which include removal of a fucose moiety found on the Fc portion of the antibody. Further studies have elucidated the mechanistic changes in signaling, cellular processes, and cytotoxic characteristics that increase ADCC activity with afucosylated antibodies. Additionally, other studies have shown the potential benefits of these antibodies in combination with small molecule inhibitors. These experiments demonstrated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the benefits of using afucosylated antibodies in combination settings. Many of these observations were based on an artificial in vitro activation assay in which the Fc&#947;RIIIa on human NK cells was activated by therapeutic antibodies. This assay provided the flexibility to study downstream effector NK cell functions, such as cytokine production and degranulation. In addition, this assay has been used to interrogate signaling pathways and identify molecules that can be modulated or used as biomarkers. Finally, other therapeutic molecules (i.e., small molecule inhibitors) have been added to the system to provide insights into the combination of these therapeutics with therapeutic antibodies, which is essential in the current clinical space. This manuscript aims to provide a technical foundation for performing this artificial human NK cell activation assay. The protocol demonstrates key steps for cell activation as well as potential downstream applications that range from functional readouts to more mechanistic observations.

A protocol for studying Fc&#947;RIIIa-driven events by therapeutic antibodies in human natural killer cells is described here. This artificial stimulation platform permits the interrogation of downstream effector functions such as degranulation, chemokine/cytokine production, and signaling pathways mediated by the Fc&#947;RIIIa and Fc portions of antibodies involved in binding.

치료 항체의 존재에 FcγRIIIa 참여에 의해 구동 인간 자연 킬러 세포 이벤트의 평가

One mechanism of action for clinical efficacy by therapeutic antibodies is the promotion of immune-related functions, such as cytokine secretion and ...

Analysis of Human Natural Killer Cell Metabolism

Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate mainly innate anti-tumor and anti-viral immune responses and respond to a variety of cytokines and other stimuli to promote survival, cellular proliferation, production of cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN&#947;) and/or cytotoxicity programs. NK cell activation by cytokine stimulation requires a substantial remodeling of metabolic pathways to support their bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. There is a large body of evidence that suggests that impaired NK cell metabolism is associated with a number of chronic diseases including obesity and cancer, which highlights the clinical importance of the availability of a method to determine NK cell metabolism. Here we describe the use of an extracellular flux analyzer, a platform that allows real-time measurements of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, as a tool to monitor changes in the energy metabolism of human NK cells. The method described here also allows for the monitoring of metabolic changes after stimulation of NK cells with cytokines such as IL-15, a system that is currently being investigated in a wide range of clinical trials.

In this paper, we describe a method to measure glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in primary human Natural Killer (NK) cells isolated from peripheral blood, at rest or following IL15-induced activation. The protocol described could be easily extended to primary human NK cells activated by other cytokines or soluble stimuli.

인간 자연 킬러 세포 대사의 분석

Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate mainly innate anti-tumor and anti-viral immune responses and respond to a variety of cytokines and other stimuli to ...

Profiling of the Human Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Ligand Repertoire

Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first responders to viral infections. The ability of NK cells to rapidly recognize and kill virally infected cells is regulated by their expression of germline-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. The engagement of these receptors by their cognate ligands on target cells determines whether the intercellular interaction will result in NK cell killing. This protocol details the design and optimization of two complementary mass cytometry (CyTOF) panels. One panel was designed to phenotype NK cells based on receptor expression. The other panel was designed to interrogate expression of known ligands for NK cell receptors on several immune cell subsets. Together, these two panels allow for the profiling of the human NK cell receptor-ligand repertoire. Furthermore, this protocol also details the process by which we stain samples for CyTOF. This process has been optimized for improved reproducibility and standardization. An advantage of CyTOF is its ability to measure over 40 markers in each panel, with minimal signal overlap, allowing researchers to capture the breadth of the NK cell receptor-ligand repertoire. Palladium barcoding also reduces inter-sample variation, as well as consumption of reagents, making it easier to stain samples with each panel in parallel. Limitations of this protocol include the relatively low throughput of CyTOF and the inability to recover cells after analysis. These panels were designed for the analysis of clinical samples from patients suffering from acute and chronic viral infections, including dengue virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and influenza. However, they can be utilized in any setting to investigate the human NK cell receptor-ligand repertoire. Importantly, these methods can be applied broadly to the design and execution of future CyTOF panels.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Human Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Ligand Repertoire의 프로파일링

Here we design two complementary mass cytometry (CyTOF) panels and optimize a CyTOF staining protocol with the aim of profiling the natural killer cell receptor and ligand repertoire in the setting of viral infections.

Human Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Ligand Repertoire의 프로파일링

Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first responders to viral infections. The ability of NK cells to rapidly recognize and kill virally infected cells ...

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by clearing pathogen-infected, malignant, and stressed cells. The ability of NK cells to eradicate cancer cells makes them an important tool in the fight against cancer. Several new immune-based therapies are under investigation for cancer treatment which rely either on enhancing NK cell activity or increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to NK cell-mediated eradication. However, to effectively develop these therapeutic approaches, cost-effective in vitro assays to monitor NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and migration are also needed. Here, we present two in vitro protocols that can reliably and reproducibly monitor the effect of NK-cell cytotoxicity on cancer cells (or other target cells). These protocols are non-radioactivity-based, simple to set up, and can be scaled up for high-throughput screening. We also present a flow cytometry-based protocol to quantitatively monitor NK cell migration, which can also be scaled up for high-throughput screening. Collectively, these three protocols can be used to monitor key aspects of NK cell activity that are necessary for the cells&#39; ability to eradicate dysfunctional target cells.

Evasion of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated eradication by cancer cells is important for cancer initiation and progression. Here, we present two non-radioactivity-based protocols to evaluate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward hepatic tumor cells. Additionally, a third protocol is presented to analyze NK cell migration.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by ...

의학

Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

The assessment of the cytotoxic potential of T cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatments, is instrumental in assessing their efficacy and is a prerequisite for clinical application. However, traditional cytotoxicity assays are conducted as bulk assays and do not provide detailed information about the functional heterogeneity of the CAR T cell population. In this study, we describe a double-emulsion droplet-based method that allows for large-scale co-encapsulation of single effector CAR T cells with single target cells while enabling dual quantification of both cytotoxic effector molecules from T cells and cell death of the target cell. The protocol outlines a method for the generation and purification of CD19-specific CAR T cells, followed by their co-encapsulation in droplets with the CD19+ cell line JeKo-1, along with reagents to visualize cytotoxic effector molecule secretion (Granzyme B) and cell death (using propidium iodide, PI). We demonstrate how to generate droplets containing single CAR T and target cells using a commercially available microfluidics device for generating double emulsion droplets. Additionally, we provide examples of how to assay the functional diversity of CAR T cells in droplets using standard flow cytometry equipment. Finally, we briefly describe the temporal kinetics and heterogeneity of CD19-specific CAR T-cell killing. While this method focuses on cell death following a CAR T cell attack, it is also adaptable for examining other types of T cells, cytotoxic immune cells, and effector cell functions, such as cytokine secretion.

Here, we describe a method for creating double-emulsion droplets encapsulating one T cell and a cancer target cell to examine cell killing at the single-cell level. This method allows for dual quantification of both cytotoxic molecules and target-cell apoptosis within a large population of T cells.

흐름 NK 세포의 기능을 모니터링 분석을 기반 세포 계측법

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

급성 골수성 백혈병의 대량 하위 집단으로부터 줄기 세포를 구별하기 위해 NKG2D 리간드 표면 검출의 두 개의 흐름 세포 측정 접근법

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

인간의 전체 혈액 자연 살해 세포 용 균성 활동의 유세포 분석

인간 NK 세포 활동의 평가 대 한 흐름 Cytometry 기반 세포 독성 분석 실험

치료 항체의 존재에 FcγRIIIa 참여에 의해 구동 인간 자연 킬러 세포 이벤트의 평가

인간 자연 킬러 세포 대사의 분석

Human Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Ligand Repertoire의 프로파일링

Human Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Ligand Repertoire의 프로파일링

Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells

단일 세포 수준에서 키메라 항원 수용체 T 세포를 평가하기 위한 액적 기반 세포 독성 분석