Name: capillary electrophoresis separation of monoclonal antibody isoforms using a neutral capillary
Uploaded: 2017-01-16T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 14 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Isoforms Using a Neutral Capillary at JoVE.com

The authors thank Wiley for the granted permission to use the concepts of the following publication for this tutorial. Carlos E. Espinosa-de la Garza, Francisco C. Perdomo-Ab&#250;ndez, Jes&#250;s Padilla-Calder&#243;n, Jaime M. Uribe-Wiechers, N&#233;stor O. P&#233;rez, Luis F. Flores-Ortiz, Emilio Medina-Rivero: Analysis of recombinant monoclonal antibodies by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 2013. 34. 1133-1140. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA. This work was supported by CONACyT, Mexico, grant 230551.

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The authors Carlos E. Espinosa-de la Garza, Rodolfo D. Salazar-Flores, N&#233;stor O. P&#233;rez, Luis F. Flores-Ortiz and Emilio Medina-Rivero are employees of Probiomed S.A. de C.V., which is developing, manufacturing and marketing biosimilar products. All authors are involved in the development of biosimilar products for Probiomed.

במדריך זה, אנו מדגישים את החשיבות של שיטות נכונות בעת ביצוע CZE מנתח של מבז כדי להגדיל את ההסתברות להצליח. עם זאת, כאשר CZE משמש על בסיס שגרתי, מתעוררות בעיות בלתי נמנע 12. לקבלת התוצאות הטובות ביותר, חשוב לעקוב אחר ההערות שנכללו ?...

נוגדנים חד-שבטיים (מבז) הם חלבונים biotherapeutic עם הגדלת הריבית בשל יכולתם לפעול נגד מספר 1 כרונית ניוונית מחלות. כמו ביומולקולות אחרות, מהבז נוטה לעבור שינויי physicochemical כמה בכל שלבי מחזור החיים שלהם (כלומר, מן ביוסינתזה למוצר הסופי). כזה שינויים כוללים, אך אינם מוגבלים ל: deamidation, glycosylation, חמצון, cyclization, isomerization, צבירה פרוטאוליטים מחשוף 2. לפיכך, שיטות אנליטיות מסוגלת לפתור isoforms המהותי יש צורך לפקח ההטרוגניות מבז ויציבות כדי להקים מפרט איכות. אלקטרופורזה נימים (CE) היא טכנולוגית הפרדה גבוהה ביצועים נשאה outinside של צינור התמזג-סיליקה צר (טווח מיקרומטר) מלא עם אלקטרוליט רקע (BGE). במועד היישום של שדה חשמלי (עד 30,000 V), טעונה מולקולההים נודד לעבר אלקטרודה עם מטען נגדי (כלומר, פרדה מונחה אלקטרו). השימוש במתח גבוה ב CE מאפשר ניתוחים מהירים התייעלות, אשר עדיפים על ג&#39;ל אלקטרופורזה קלסית. אלקטרופורזה אזור נימים (CZE) היא טכניקה מבוססת לספירה בשימוש השיגרתי בתעשיית הביו-פרמצבטיקה להערכת איכות מוצר 3-9. בניגוד מצבים אחרים של לסה&quot;נ (למשל, ג&#39;ל אלקטרופורזה נימי, איזואלקטרית נימי התמקדות) או בשיטות מבוססות כרומטוגרפיה, CZE יכול להתנהל ללא שימוש denaturants או ממשקי-שלב מוצק, המאפשר ניתוח של בהטרוגניות הטבועה מבז קרוב למצב הטבעי שלהם 10 . הפרדת CZE של isoforms מב מתרחשת בתוך נימים התמזג-סיליקה מכוסות פולימר הידרופילי (נימים ניטראליות), והיא מבוססת על ניידות electrophoretic השונה שלהם, אשר נשלטת על ידי תשלום, המוני, גודל וצורה (או נפח הידרודינמית) 11. moieties מב מזוהה כאשרהם מגויסים ועוברים דרך חלון איתור, אשר חשו על ידי גלאי אולטרה סגול (UV) ספיגת ב 214 ננומטר 4. היישום המוצלח של שיטה אנליטית זה יהיה תלוי תשומת לב ראויה פרטים לפני ובמהלך הניסוי. ממלא מקום אחר יגדיל את העלות והזמן לבצע את הניתוח, ובסופו של דבר מוביל כישלון ותסכול מתמידים. כאן, אנו מציגים צעד-אחר-צעד מדריך כדי לבצע ניתוח מוצלח של ההטרוגניות מב ידי CZE דרך ההסבר המפורט של הכנת פתרונות ודוגמאות, הכנת מערכת לספירה, שיטות המכשירות להגדיר, רכישת הנתונים, עיבוד נתונים. לצורך הדרכה זו, אלפא גורם נמק אנטי סרטניים רקומביננטי אנושי מלא (אנטי-TNFα) מב משמש כמודל חלבון; עם זאת, פרוטוקול זה יכול להיות מותאם אישית בקלות על הניתוח של חלבונים אחרים בהתחשב שינויים קצרים. אdditionally, כמה המלצות כדי להקטין בעיות פוטנציאליות מוצעות. הקורא מוזמן לעקוב אחר הפרוטוקול המוצע בקפדנות, בהסתברות להצליח יגדל.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Tecsiquim</td><td>AT0035-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ACS grade hydrochloric acid</td><td>J.T. Baker</td><td>9535-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Histamine dihydrochloride</td><td>Fluka</td><td>53300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(Hydroxypropyl) methyl cellulose&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fluka</td><td>09963</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>517992</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-Aminocaproic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2504</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>eCAP Tris Buffer, 50.0 mM,&amp;nbsp; pH 8</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>477427</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PA 800 Plus Pharmaceutical Analysis System</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>A66528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>eCAP Neutral capillary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>477441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vial, Micro, 200 &amp;micro;l</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>144709</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Vial Caps</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>A62250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Universal Vials</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>A62251</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cable, Optics, UV/Vis</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>144093</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV/Vis Detector Module</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>144733</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cartridge Assembly Kit, Blank</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>144738</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

capillary electrophoresis separation of monoclonal antibody isoforms using a neutral capillary

Biotherapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are feasible alternatives for the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases. The biological activity of these proteins depends on their physicochemical properties. The use of high-performance techniques like chromatography and capillary electrophoresis has been described for the analysis of physicochemical heterogeneity of mAbs. Nowadays, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) technique constitutes one of the most resolutive and sensitive assays for the analysis of biomolecules. Besides, the electro-driven separation in CZE is governed by extensive properties of matter and offers the advantage of analyzing proteins close to their native state. However, the successful implementation of this technique for routine analysis depends on the skills of the analyst at the critical steps during sample and system preparation. The purpose of this tutorial is to detail the steps to succeed in the CZE analysis of mAbs. Further, this protocol can be used for the development and improvement of skills of the personnel involved in protein analytical chemistry laboratories.

איור 2 מציג את פרופיל זרם חשמלי טיפוסי של אצטט ליתיום 200 מ&quot;מ EACA, 30 מ&quot;מ, BGE pH 4.8 עם מדגם אנטי TNFα מב מדולל טריס חיץ (50 מ&quot;מ, ה- pH 8.0). כפי שניתן לשים לב, הזרם הוא יציב לאורך כל ניתוח יכול להתנדנד בין ערכים של 30 עד 35 מיקרו-אמפר. איור 3 מציג ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Isoforms Using a Neutral Capillary at JoVE.com

Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Isoforms Using a Neutral Capillary

Here, we present a comprehensive capillary zone electrophoresis protocol for the assessment of intrinsic physicochemical heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies as a quality attribute.

הפרדת אלקטרופורזה הנימים של חד השבטי הנוגדן isoforms באמצעות נימי Neutral

Biotherapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are feasible alternatives for the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases. The ...

capillary-electrophoresis-separation-monoclonal-antibody-isoforms

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

12.6K Views.  Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V.. Here, we present a comprehensive capillary zone electrophoresis protocol for the assessment of intrinsic physicochemical heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies as a quality attribute.

Video: Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Monoclonal Antibody Isoforms Using a Neutral Capillary

Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Proteins and Their Isoforms by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Method

Immunoblotting has become a routine technique in many laboratories for protein characterization from biological samples. The following protocol provides an alternative strategy, capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), with many advantages compared to conventional immunoblotting. This is an antibody-based, automated, rapid, and quantitative method in which a complete western blotting procedure takes place inside an ultrathin capillary. This technique does not require a gel to transfer to a membrane, stripping of blots, or x-ray films, which are typically required for conventional immunoblotting. Here, proteins are separated according to their charge (isoelectric point; pI), using less than a microliter (400 nL) of total protein lysate. After electrophoresis, proteins are immobilized onto the capillary walls by ultraviolet light treatment, followed by primary and secondary (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated) antibody incubation, whose binding is detected through enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL), generating a light signal that can be captured and recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The digital image can be analyzed and quantified (peak area) using software. This high throughput procedure can handle 96 samples at a time; is highly sensitive, with protein detection in the picogram range; and produces highly reproducible results because of automation. All of these aspects are extremely valuable when the quantity of samples (e.g., tissue samples and biopsies) is a limiting factor. The technique has wider applications as well, including screening of drugs or antibodies, biomarker discovery, and diagnostic purposes.

Capillary isoelectric focusing is an antibody-based, ultrasensitive, high throughput technique, enabling detailed characterization of proteins and their isoforms from extremely small biological samples. The following describes a protocol for detection and quantification of specific proteins and their isoforms in an automated and robotized manner.

זיהוי רגיש מאוד, כמותית של חלבונים ושל שלהם איזופורמים בשיטה התמקדות לגירויי כאב נימי

Immunoblotting has become a routine technique in many laboratories for protein characterization from biological samples. The following protocol provides ...

Isolation and Characterization Of Chimeric Human Fc-expressing Proteins Using Protein A Membrane Adsorbers And A Streamlined Workflow

Laboratory scale to industrial scale purification of biomolecules from cell culture supernatants and lysed cell solutions can be accomplished using affinity chromatography.&#160;While affinity chromatography using porous protein A agarose beads packed in columns is arguably the most common method of laboratory scale isolation of antibodies and recombinant proteins expressing Fc fragments of IgG, it can be a time consuming and expensive process.&#160;Time and financial constraints are especially daunting in small basic science labs that must recover hundreds of micrograms to milligram quantities of protein from dilute solutions, yet lack access to high pressure liquid delivery systems and/or personnel with expertise in bioseparations. Moreover, product quantification and characterization may also excessively lengthen processing time over several workdays and inflate expenses (consumables, wages, etc.).&#160;Therefore, a fast, inexpensive, yet effective protocol is needed for laboratory scale isolation and characterization of antibodies and other proteins possessing an Fc fragment.&#160;To this end, we have devised a protocol that can be completed by limited-experience technical staff in less than 9 hr (roughly one workday) and as quickly as 4 hr, as opposed to traditional methods that demand 20+ work hours. Most required equipment is readily available in standard biomedical science, biochemistry, and (bio)chemical engineering labs, and all reagents are commercially available.&#160;To demonstrate this protocol, representative results are presented in which chimeric&#160;murine galectin-1 fused to human Fc (Gal-1hFc) from cell culture supernatant was isolated using a protein A membrane adsorber.&#160;Purified Gal-1hFc was quantified using an expedited Western blotting analysis procedure and characterized using flow cytometry. The streamlined workflow can be modified for other Fc-expressing proteins, such as antibodies, and/or altered to incorporate alternative quantification and characterization methods.

Compared with traditional affinity chromatography using protein A agarose bead-packed columns, protein A membrane adsorbers can significantly speed laboratory-scale isolation of antibodies and other Fc fragment-expressing proteins.&#160;Appropriate analysis and quantification methods can further accelerate protein processing, allowing isolation/characterization to be completed in one workday, instead of 20+ work hours.

בידוד ואפיון של חלבונים דוברי Fc אנושיים כימריים באמצעות חלבון ספיחה ממברנה וזרימת עבודה יעילה

Laboratory scale to industrial scale purification of biomolecules from cell culture supernatants and lysed cell solutions can be accomplished using ...

Bioengineering

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

דור שמסווגת נוגדנים חד-שבטיים אנושי מתאי B אנטיגן ספציפי נדיר במחזור הדם

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Immunology and Infection

Purification and Analytics of a Monoclonal Antibody from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Using an Automated Microbioreactor System

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, culture and process conditions must be optimized to maximize antibody titers and achieve target quality profiles. Typically, this optimization uses automated microscale bioreactors (15 mL) to screen multiple process conditions in parallel. Optimization criteria include culture performance and the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) product, which may impact its efficacy and safety. Culture performance metrics include cell growth and nutrient consumption, while the CQAs include the mAb's N-glycosylation and aggregation profiles, charge variants, and molecular weight. This detailed protocol describes how to purify and subsequently analyze HCCF samples produced by an automated microbioreactor system to gain valuable performance metrics and outputs. First, an automated protein A fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) method is used to purify the mAb from harvested cell culture samples. Once concentrated, the glycan profiles are analyzed by mass spectrometry using a specific platform (refer to the Table of Materials). Antibody molecular weights and aggregation profiles are determined using size exclusion chromatography-multiple angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), while charge variants are analyzed using microchip capillary zone electrophoresis (mCZE). In addition to the culture performance metrics captured during the bioreactor process (i.e., culture viability, cell counts, and common metabolites including glutamine, glucose, lactate, and ammonia), spent media is analyzed to identify limiting nutrients to improve the feeding strategies and overall process design. Therefore, a detailed protocol for the absolute quantification of amino acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of spent media is also described. The methods used in this protocol take advantage of high-throughput platforms that are compatible for large numbers of small-volume samples.

A detailed protocol for the purification and subsequent analysis of a monoclonal antibody from harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) of automated microbioreactors has been described. Use of analytics to determine critical quality attributes (CQAs) and maximizing limited sample volume to extract vital information is also presented.

טיהור וניתוח של נוגדן חד שבטיים מן הסינית שחלות אוגר תאים באמצעות מערכת Microbioreactor חקן אוטומטי

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most popular and well-characterized biological products manufactured today. Most commonly produced using ...

Procedure and Key Optimization Strategies for an Automated Capillary Electrophoretic-based Immunoassay Method

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. However, similar to other antibody-based protein assays, optimization of capillary-based immunoassay parameters, such as protein concentration, antibody dilution, and exposure time is an important prerequisite to the generation of meaningful and reliable data. Measurements must fall within the linear range of the assay where changes in signal are directly proportional to changes in lysate concentration. The process of choosing appropriate lysate concentrations, antibody dilutions, and exposure times in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, is demonstrated here. Assay linearity is shown over a range of whole cell extract protein concentrations with p53 and &#945;-tubulin antibodies. An example of signal burnout is seen at the highest concentrations with long exposure times, and an &#945;-tubulin antibody dilution curve is shown demonstrating saturation. In addition, example experimental results are reported for doxorubicin-treated cells using optimized parameters.

A capillary-based immunoassay using a commercial platform to measure target proteins from total protein preparations is demonstrated. In addition, assay parameters of exposure time, protein concentration, and antibody dilution are optimized for a cell culture model system.

הליך ואסטרטגיות אופטימיזציה מפתח שיטה אוטומטית נימי מתכלה מבוסס על Electrophoretic

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. ...

Biology

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique that separates molecules in an electric field according to size and charge. CE is performed in a small glass tube called a capillary that is filled with an electrolyte solution. Analytes are separated due to differences in electrophoretic mobility, which varies with charge, solvent viscosity, and size. Traditional electrophoresis in gels is limited in the amount of voltage that can be applied because Joule heating effects will ruin the gel and the separation. Capillaries have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and thus dissipate heat better. Therefore, the voltages applied for a capillary electrophoresis experiment are quite large, often 10,000&#8211;20,000 V.
Capillary electrophoresis is useful for high-performance separations. Compared to liquid chromatography, CE separations are often faster and more efficient. However, capillary electrophoresis works best to separate charged molecules, which is not a limitation of liquid chromatography. CE has a greater peak capacity than high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), meaning the separations are more efficient and more peaks can be detected. The instrumentation can be very simple. However, HPLC is more versatile and many stationary and mobile phases have been developed for different types of molecules.

Capillary Electrophoresis: Principle, Procedure and Applications

אלקטרופורזה נימית (CE)

Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique that separates molecules in an ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry

An Affinity Chromatography Technique for the Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies

Source: Elgundi, Z., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/55153">Laboratory Scale Production and Purification of a Therapeutic Antibody.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates a technique for purifying monoclonal antibodies from the culture supernatant obtained from an antibody-producing cell culture. The process involves using a matrix of crosslinked agarose beads with conjugated Protein A, which immobilizes the antibodies in the supernatant on the beads, allowing for effective separation from contaminants. By applying an elution buffer with low pH, the protein A-antibody interaction is loosened, facilitating the collection of antibody-containing fractions.

טכניקת כרומטוגרפיית זיקה לטיהור נוגדנים חד-שבטיים

1. Antibody Purification by Affinity Chromatography Using an Automated Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) System
NOTE: The following procedure can ...

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Immunology

Antibody-Based Technologies

Production and Purification

DFE-Based Affinity Chromatography: A Technique for Purification of 2F5 Monoclonal Antibodies from a Crude Sample Using High Ionic Strength-Based Elution Conditions

Source: Kn&#246;dler, M. et al., <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/59933">Activated Cross-linked Agarose for the Rapid Development of Affinity Chromatography Resins - Antibody Capture as a Case Study</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
This video describes an affinity chromatography technique for purifying 2F5 monoclonal antibodies using the DsRed-2F5-Epitope or DFE ligands. The purified 2F5 monoclonal antibodies are essential drugs in immunotherapy.

כרומטוגרפיית זיקה מבוססת DFE: טכניקה לטיהור נוגדנים חד-שבטיים 2F5 מדגימה גולמית באמצעות תנאי אלוציה מבוססי חוזק יוני גבוה

Source: Kn&#246;dler, M. et al., Activated Cross-linked Agarose for the Rapid Development of Affinity Chromatography Resins - Antibody Capture as a Case ...

Biological Techniques

Chromatography Techniques

A Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay for Protein Biomarker Detection

Source: Sage, J. M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/60638">Use of Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay to Search for Potential Biomarkers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Human Platelets.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2020)
This video demonstrates a capillary electrophoresis immunoassay protocol for detecting a protein biomarker associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from human blood platelets. Confirmation of the presence of the ALS biomarker protein is achieved through size-based separation of the platelet proteins followed by chemiluminescent detection.

אלקטרופורזה נימית Immunoassay לזיהוי סמנים ביולוגיים חלבונים

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Preparation of buffers and ...

Characterization and Functional Analysis

Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
There are two main formats for electrophoretic separations: slab electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Slab Electrophoresis uses a gel matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, which acts as a sieve, allowing molecules to move through the pores. Capillary electrophoresis employs a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffer solution, providing high-resolution separation with rapid analysis time and minimal sample requirements. Although slab electrophoresis is widely used in biochemistry and biology to separate high-molecular-mass species, capillary electrophoresis is a more recent development with several advantages.
Capillary electrophoresis is a separation technique used to analyze complex mixtures of analytes based on their differential migration rates in an applied electric field. In this method, a sample is injected into a narrow capillary tube filled with a buffered solution, and an electric field is applied to facilitate separation. The migration rate of the analyte depends on its charge and size. The smaller, more highly charged ions migrate faster than the larger, less charged ones. In capillary electrophoresis, the migration of sample components is influenced by two types of mobility: electrophoretic mobility and electroosmotic mobility. Electrophoretic mobility is the solute&#39;s response to the applied electric field, with cations moving toward the negatively charged cathode, anions moving toward the positively charged anode, and neutral species remaining stationary. Electroosmotic mobility occurs when the buffer solution moves through the capillary in response to the electric field, typically toward the cathode.
Under normal conditions, capillary electrophoresis separates cations first, followed by neutral species, and finally, the anions. This separation is based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities and electroosmotic flow velocities. Notably, all separated species are eluted from the same end of the capillary, allowing their detection using quantitative detectors. The detector signals produce an electropherogram resembling a chromatogram but feature narrower peaks.
Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex mixtures. It provides information similar to that obtained from other separation techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

אלקטרופורזה: סקירה כללית

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric ...