מיקרוסקופ קונפוקלי נרכש בכספים מ ארה ב הלאומית למדע קרן (NSF), גרנט #DBI-0722569. המחקר נתמך על ידי ארה ב הלאומית מכוני בריאות/לאומי המכון של גנרל רפואי למדעים (NIH/NIGMS) גרנט #GM085290, ארה ב המחלקה של ההגנה (DOD) גרנט #W81XWH-16-1-0466 מוענק ברוסטר חומרי גלם. אי חיוניים נתמך על ידי מענק כדי UMBC הווארד יוז מכון רפואי דרך המכללה מראש לתואר ראשון במדעי החינוך תוכנית, להעניק #52008090. פ מ בראון נתמכה על ידי ארצות הברית מחלקת של החינוך GAANN מלגת, מלגת בוגר מאירהוף ממומן על ידי מענק NIH/NIGMS #GM055036, Assistantship של מחקר שמומן על ידי משרד ההגנה האמריקאי גרנט #W81XWH-16-1-0466.

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המחברים אין לחשוף.

כיום ישנן שיטות רבות הדמיה MT הדינמיקה של התפתחות מוקדמת של דג זברה, ועד הדמיה חיה של מולקולות מתויגות immunolabeling של קבוע רקמות11,12,13,14. למרות MTs בתא יחיד יכולה להתקיים במצבים דינמיים או יציבה, epithelialization הוא תהליך שבו MTs בהדרגה...

Microtubules (MTs) הם פולימרים של α - ו β-טובולין. זה להרכיב לתוך protofilaments ליניארית, כמה מהם לשלב כדי ליצור צינור חלול1,2. MTs הם מבנים מקוטב, עם בצמיחה מהירה פלוס מסתיים, הגדלים לאט מינוס מסתיים שמעוגנים את centrosome או אחרים ארגון microtubule center (MTOC)3. דה נובו היווצרות MT הוא שיזם התגרענות בγ-טובולין. הטבעת מורכבת (γ-TURC), אשר מספק תבנית עבור הרכבה MT4. בתא נתון כלשהו, שתי האוכלוסיות של MTs ניתן להבחין את הפניה הזאת מעל בקצב שונה. MTs דינמי לחקור את הסביבה התאית שלהם על ידי מיתוג בין שלבי צמיחה הצטמקות בתהליך המכונה יציבות דינאמית5. בניגוד MTs דינמי, MTs יציב שאינו גדל, יש מחצית חיים ארוך יותר מאשר MTs דינמי6.

עשורים של מחקר ב ביולוגיה של התא יש מספק מערך מתוחכם של כלים ללמוד MT מבנה ותפקוד וכתוצאה גוף גדול של ידע על אלה אלמנטים cytoskeletal. למשל, MTs לשחק תפקיד המרכזי ובשימור תא קוטביות, אשר לא רק לייחס קוטביות מהותי שלהם, אלא גם כלפי ההתפלגות subcellular דיפרנציאלית של יציבה לעומת דינמי MTs7, 8. לעומת זאת, הרבה פחות מובנת על אדריכלות MT ותפקוד בסביבות מורכבות יותר תלת-ממדיים (3-D), כגון העובר חוליות, בחלקו בשל האתגר של הדמיה של שלד התא MT ברזולוציה גבוהה. למרות מגבלה זו, הדור האחרון של GFP-הבעת הטרנסגניים קווים שהמדבקה MTs או ארעי ביטוי מתויג fluorescently MT סמני גדל ההבנה שלנו של השינויים הדינמיים MTs עוברים וסלולר שלהם, תפקיד התפתחותי העובר דג זברה. הרשת MT יכול לדימות הטרנסגניים שורות אילו טובולין מתבצע ישירות פולימרים9 או טובולין עם תוויות מסומנות באופן עקיף באמצעות חלבונים הקשורים MT Doublecortin-כמו-קינאז (Dclk) או Ensconsin (EMTB)10, 11. קווים אחרים (וגם בונה) נוצרו לאפשר הערכה של קוטביות מהותי MT על-ידי תיוג במיוחד הר plus מסתיים או centrosome-מעוגן מינוס מסתיים11,12,13, 14. הכוח של כלים אלה טמון ביכולת בחקר דינמיקה MT ב live, פיתוח אורגניזמים. מחקרים גילו, לדוגמה, התפלגות מרחבית ודינאמי של MTs אוכלוסיות תאים מסוים, כיוון mitotic spindles ברקמות שעברו מורפוגנזה (אינדיקטור של המטוס של חלוקת התא), את הקוטביות של הפולימר MT ככל שהוא מתייחס לתהליכים כגון התארכות התא, הגירה, קצב הצמיחה MT נקבע על ידי שביט מהירות9,13,15. המגבלה של כלים אלה היא כי הם לא ברצון להפלות בין אוכלוסיות MT יציבה ודינמית.

ציור מן הספרות ביולוגיה התא עשיר, שיטות immunolabeling תמונה יציבה ודינמית MTs ב העובר דג זברה מתוארים כאן, אשר הם משלימים על השימוש הטרנסגניים קווים. השימוש הנרחב של כזה שיטות immunolabeling דג זברה יש כבר הקשו במידת מה על ידי הקושי בשימור תקינות MT במהלך ההליך קיבעון. פרוטוקול 1 מתאר שיטה ממוטב עבור סך immunolabeling, דינמי, וחצו MTs יציב ב סעיפים hindbrain המתפתח דג זברה. יתרה מזאת, שיטה פשוטה באמצעות מסחרית התוכנה הזמין מתואר לכמת אוכלוסיות אלה MT. MTs יציב נבדלים MTs דינמי המבוסס על מספר שינויים post-translational של α-טובולין, כגון acetylation ו- detyrosination, אשר מצטברים MTs יציבה לאורך זמן16,17. העובר דג זברה, acetylation חל על MTs ciliary, עצב אך לא על יציבה לאטמוספרה MTs18, הגבלת את התועלת של סמן זה לתת-ערכה של MTs מיוצב. לעומת זאת, detyrosination מופיע כך שיתרחשו MTs יציבה כל העובר דג זברה18. שינוי post-translational זה חושף את חומצה גלוטמית carboxy-מסוף של α-טובולין (detyrosinated טובולין)18 , ניתן להבחין באמצעות אנטי-Glu-טובולין19. למרות detyrosination מעדיפים מתרחש MTs יציב, ראיות מציין את השינוי post-translational הוא תוצאה של, יותר מאשר גורם לחוסר יציבות MT16. האוכלוסייה MT הדדיים, המורכב MTs דינמי, מזוהה באמצעות נוגדן, אנטי-Tyr-טובולין, זה במיוחד מזהה את הצורה tyrosinated של α-טובולין19. בעקבות immunolabeling עם סמנים אלה קונאפוקלית הדמיה, ניתן לבצע ניתוח כמותי של MTs (אורך, מספר ושפע היחסי) באזורים מוגדרים של הצינור העצבי המתפתח. שיטה יעילה מסופק כאן לביצוע ניתוח זה באמצעות תוכנת עיבוד תמונה תלת-ממדית. בשיטה זו ניתן להחיל על שאלות בנוגע מורפוגנזה לבין הממסד או ההבשלה של התא קוטביות20. אכן, לפתח של מערכים מקוטב של MTs יציב מלווה אירועים התפתחותיים רבים, כולל מורפוגנזה קולט אור21, epithelialization של תאים בפיתוח שפופרת פגמים בתעלה18 ו האקסון היווצרות8.

פרוטוקול 2 מתאר ויוו עיבוד של assay ביולוגיה התא כדי לנתח MTs במהלך שלהם הרכבה שלב (התגרענות/anchorage וצמיחה)22,23. MTs המתהווה nucleated-centrosome, לאחר מכן מעוגנת תוספות subdistal של אמא צנטריול23. מתוארת שיטה לנתח nascent לצמיחה מחודשת MT בעקבות depolymerization. פרוטוקול זה מספק פרטים על הטיפול nocodazole depolymerize MTs, ההליך שטיפה סמים ואת תקופת ההחלמה שלאחר הטיפול. MT מחדש את הצמיחה מנוטר על מרווח קבועs שטיפה פוסט מאת immunolabeling עם סמנים עבור MTs הכולל (אנטי-β-טובולין) לצד סמני centrosome (אנטי-γ-טובולין) ואת גרעין (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (דאפי)), על פי כללי בהליכים המתוארים תחת פרוטוקול 1. השלב depolymerization MT של פרוטוקול זה חיוני כפי שהיא מאפשרת הערכה של דה נובו MT צמיחה ולא סיומת של MTs שישנו. טכניקה זו ולכן היא נבדלת הליכים אחרים שפורסמו למדידת שיעורי צמיחה MT (בהעדר depolymerization) באמצעות סמן קצה פלוס כגון end מחייב חלבון 3 דבוקה חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק (EB3-GFP), כפי שמוצג טראן. et al., 201211. יתר על כן, וזמינותו זה שימושי במיוחד עבור ניתוח עוברי פגומים בהרכבה דה נובו MT, כגון המוטציות NEDD1 שדווחה בעבר שבו גיוס של γ-טובולין כדי centrosome פגום, וכתוצאה מכך לא שלם היווצרות שפופרת פגמים בתעלה, ליקויים עצביים24.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="916">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="140">
			<td height="140" style="height:140px;width:207px;">Low Melting Point Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">IBI scientific</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">IB70050</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Only used for embedding. 
			 
			Prepare 4% LMP agarose 
			by heating a solution of&#160; 4 grams LMP agarose per 100 ml 1X TBS in a microwave 
			until polymerized. Keep warm on a 50 &#730;C hot plate with the cap secured</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:207px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Used to treat petridishes.&#160;&#160; Prepare 1% agarose 
			by heating a solution of&#160; 1 gram agarose per 100 ml 1X embryo medium in a microwave 
			until polymerized.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:207px;">Nocodazole</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">487928-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Make stock by dissolving entire bottle of powder in distilled water and aliquoting into 500ul aliquots.&#160; Store at -20 &#730;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">8% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">157-8-100</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Aliquot and store at -20 &#730;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Kpipes</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P7643</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S7653</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T3253-500G</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P9333-500G</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">C5080</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">NP-40</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">American Bioanalyticals</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AB01424</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">E3889-25G</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">M2670-500G</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S26-100ml</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Aliquot and store at -20 &#730;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BP1605</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Triton-x</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">American Bioanalyticals</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AB02025</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:207px;">Pronase E (non-specific Protease from Streptomyces griseus)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P5147-1G</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">make stock solution by diluting 10mg per ml of ddH2O. Aliquot in 1ml aliquots and store at -20 &#730;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Anti-Fade mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P10144</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:207px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D1306</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Prepare 50 ml DAPI solution by first combining 1 &#181;l DAPI stock&#160; with 1 ml sterile water and then adding the DAPI/water mix to 49 ml 1X TBS; store in foil at 4 &#730;C for months.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:207px;">Mouse anti-&#946;-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Developmental studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">E7</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Rabbit anti-&#947;-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Genetex</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">GTX113286</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Rabbit anti-&#945;-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Genetex</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">GTX108784</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/1000*</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Rabbit anti-detyrosinated-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">AB3201</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/200-1/1000*&#160; Titrate antibody with first use of new lot.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Rabbit anti-tyrosinated-tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">ABT171</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Mouse anti-centrin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">04-1624</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Goat 488 anti-rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermofisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A11008</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Goat 594 anti-rabbit</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermofisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A11012</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Goat 594 anti-mouse</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermofisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A11005</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Goat 488 anti-mouse</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermofisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A11001</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1500</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">555227F</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">100 mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Cell treat</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">229693</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">35 mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Cell treat</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">229638</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">50 ml falcon tube</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">14-432-22</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Woven nylon mesh 70 um</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Amazon.com</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">B0043D1SZG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">F123602</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Glass pipette</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">NC-999363-9</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Aquarium sealant</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Amazon.com, by MarineLand</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Silicone Sealer 1 oz (Tube)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Ring stand</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">14-675BO</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Microbore PTFE Tubing, 0.022&#34;ID</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">WU-06417-21</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Amazon.com</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sargent Art 22-4000</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Any wax or oil based non-toxic modeling clay will suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Clamp</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">02-215-466</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">60ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">14-820-11</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="180">
			<td height="180" style="height:180px;width:207px;">Embryo medium (E3)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:373px;">34.8 g NaCl 
			1.6 g KCl 
			5.8 g CaCl2&#183;2H2O 
			9.78 g MgCl2&#183;6H2O 
			 
			To prepare a 60X stock, dissolve the ingredients in H2O, to a final volume of 2 L. Adjust the pH to 7.2 with NaOH. Autoclave. To prepare 1X medium, dilute 16.5 mL of the 60X stock to 1 L.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:207px;">Blocking Solution</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:373px;">50 ml TBS-NP-40 
			2.5 ml normal goat serum 
			1 g BSA 
			625 &#181;l Triton-X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:207px;">TBS-NP-40 (pH 7.6)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:373px;">155 mM NaCl 
			10 mM Tris HCl 
			0.1% NP-40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:207px;">2x MAB (pH6.4)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:373px;">160 mM KPIPES 
			10 mM EGTA 
			2 mM MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:207px;">Commercial 3-D Image processing Software</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Volocity (V 6.2)</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Dry block heater&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">12621-108</td>
			<td style="width:373px;">Used as a hot plate to melt agarose in Protocol 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">MZ12</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">SP5</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:207px;">Flat embedding mold</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">emsdiasum.com</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">BEEM 70904-01</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:207px;">Public domain image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">ImageJ (V 1.5)</td>
			<td style="width:373px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:532px;">* Success varies by lot number</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of immunolabeling to analyze stable, dynamic, and nascent microtubules in the zebrafish embryo

Microtubules (MTs) הם דינמיים ושבירה במבנים מאתגר התמונה ויוו, בפרט העוברים בעלי. החוליות. שיטות Immunolabeling מתוארים כאן ולנתח אוכלוסיות נפרדות של MTs בצינור העצבי המתפתח של העובר דג זברה. כאשר המוקד הוא על רקמה עצבית, מתודולוגיה זו ישימה בהרחבה לרקמות אחרות. ההליכים ממוטבים מוקדם עד אמצע-somitogenesis-שלב עוברי (1 somite כדי 12 somites), אולם הם יכולים להיות מותאמים למגוון שלבים אחרים עם התאמות קלות יחסית. הפרוטוקול הראשון מספק שיטה להעריך את התפוצה המרחבית של MTs יציבה ודינמית ולבצע ניתוח כמותי של אוכלוסיות אלה עם תוכנות עיבוד תמונה. גישה זו משלימה הכלים הקיימים כדי התמונה microtubule dynamics והפצה בזמן אמת, באמצעות קווים הטרנסגניים או בביטוי ארעית של בונה מתויגות. ואכן, כלים כאלה הם מאוד שימושי, אולם הם אינם ברצון מבחינים בין MTs דינמית ויציבה. היכולת תמונה ולנתח אוכלוסיות נפרדות microtubule אלה יש השלכות חשובות על מנגנונים ההבנה שבבסיס תא קיטוב, מורפוגנזה. פרוטוקול השני מתאר טכניקה כדי לנתח nascent MTs במיוחד. זו מושגת על-ידי לכידתו של מאפייני הצמיחה דה נובו MTs לאורך זמן, בעקבות microtubule depolymerization עם nocodazole הסמים ותקופת ההתאוששות לאחר שטיפה סמים. טכניקה זו לא הוחל עדיין במחקר של MTs בדג זברה עוברי, אבל וזמינותו יקר על חקירת הפונקציה ויוו של חלבונים מעורבים microtubule הרכבה.

ניתוח של MTs יציבה ודינמית באמצעות immunolabeling פרוטוקול 1, ההתפלגות של MT תת האוכלוסיות במהלך המוקדמות (קיל עצבית) ו- (מוט עצבית) מאוחר, שלבי הפיתוח שפופרת פגמים בתעלה מתגלה, באמצעות Glu-טובולין טובולין Tyr כסמני בשביל יציבה ודינמית MTs, בהתאמה. MTs דינמי שולטים ב- hind...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo at JoVE.com

Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

Immunolabeling שיטות כדי לנתח אוכלוסיות נפרדות של microtubules במוח דג זברה המתפתח מתוארים כאן, אשר חלים באופן נרחב לרקמות אחרות. הפרוטוקול הראשון מתאר שיטה ממוטב עבור immunolabeling microtubules יציבה ודינמית. פרוטוקול השני מספק שיטה כדי התמונה ולכמת nascent microtubules במיוחד.

השימוש Immunolabeling כדי לנתח Microtubules יציב, דינמי, המתהווה של העובר דג זברה

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods ...

use-immunolabeling-to-analyze-stable-dynamic-nascent-microtubules

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.2K Views.  University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Immunolabeling שיטות כדי לנתח אוכלוסיות נפרדות של microtubules במוח דג זברה המתפתח מתוארים כאן, אשר חלים באופן נרחב לרקמות אחרות. הפרוטוקול הראשון מתאר שיטה ממוטב עבור immunolabeling microtubules יציבה ודינמית. פרוטוקול השני מספק שיטה כדי התמונה ולכמת nascent microtubules במיוחד.

Video: Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We use an in vitro myelination assay, an established model for studying CNS myelination in vitro. To do this, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are added to the purified primary rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to form myelinating co-cultures. In order to specifically interrogate the roles that particular proteins expressed by oligodendrocytes exert upon myelination we have developed protocols that selectively transduce OPCs using the lentivirus overexpressing wild type, constitutively active or dominant negative proteins before being seeded onto the DRG neurons. This allows us to specifically interrogate the roles of these oligodendroglial proteins in regulating myelination. The protocols can also be applied in the study of other cell types, thus providing an approach that allows selective manipulation of proteins expressed by a desired cell type, such as oligodendrocytes for the targeted study of signaling and compensation mechanisms. In conclusion, combining the in vitro myelination assay with lentiviral infected OPCs provides a strategic tool for the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in myelination.

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Here we present protocols that offer a flexible and strategic foundation for virally manipulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to overexpress proteins of interest in order to specifically interrogate their role in oligodendrocytes via the in vitro model of central nervous system myelination.

ייצור ושימוש בLentivirus לתאי סלקטיבי transduce הראשי oligodendrocyte מבשר ל<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מבחני myelination

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved requires experimental tools that allow for inducible, tissue-specific manipulation of gene expression or signaling pathways. Therefore, we and others have recently adapted the TetON system for use in zebrafish. The TetON system facilitates temporally and spatially-controlled gene expression and we have recently used this tool to probe for tissue-specific functions of Wnt/beta&#8211;catenin signaling during zebrafish tail fin regeneration. Here we describe the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve inducible, tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin. This includes the generation of stable transgenic TetActivator and TetResponder lines, transgene induction and techniques for verification of tissue-specific gene expression in the fin regenerate. Thus, this protocol serves as blueprint for setting up a functional TetON system in zebrafish and its subsequent use, in particular for studying fin regeneration.

Here we outline the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin.

שימוש במערכת טיטון לחקר מולקולרי מנגנוני התחדשות דג הזברה

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough ...

Microbead Implantation in the Zebrafish Embryo

The zebrafish has emerged as a valuable genetic model system for the study of developmental biology and disease. Zebrafish share a high degree of genomic conservation, as well as similarities in cellular, molecular, and physiological processes, with other vertebrates including humans. During early ontogeny, zebrafish embryos are optically transparent, allowing researchers to visualize the dynamics of organogenesis using a simple stereomicroscope. Microbead implantation is a method that enables tissue manipulation through the alteration of factors in local environments. This allows researchers to assay the effects of any number of signaling molecules of interest, such as secreted peptides, at specific spatial and temporal points within the developing embryo. Here, we detail a protocol for how to manipulate and implant beads during early zebrafish development.

The zebrafish is an excellent model system for genetic and developmental studies. Bead implantation is a valuable tissue manipulation technique that can be used to interrogate developmental mechanisms by introducing alterations in local cellular environments. This protocol describes how to perform microbead implantation in the zebrafish embryo.

Microbead השרשה בעובר דג הזברה

The zebrafish has emerged as a valuable genetic model system for the study of developmental biology and disease. Zebrafish share a high degree of genomic ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

ניתוח של יושרה שריר שלד דג הזברה זחלים עם אוונס הכחול צבע

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Imaging Subcellular Structures in the Living Zebrafish Embryo

In vivo imaging provides unprecedented access to the dynamic behavior of cellular and subcellular structures in their natural context. Performing such imaging experiments in higher vertebrates such as mammals generally requires surgical access to the system under study. The optical accessibility of embryonic and larval zebrafish allows such invasive procedures to be circumvented and permits imaging in the intact organism. Indeed the zebrafish is now a well-established model to visualize dynamic cellular behaviors using in vivo microscopy in a wide range of developmental contexts from proliferation to migration and differentiation. A more recent development is the increasing use of zebrafish to study subcellular events including mitochondrial trafficking and centrosome dynamics. The relative ease with which these subcellular structures can be genetically labeled by fluorescent proteins and the use of light microscopy techniques to image them is transforming the zebrafish into an in vivo model of cell biology. Here we describe methods to generate genetic constructs that fluorescently label organelles, highlighting mitochondria and centrosomes as specific examples. We use the bipartite Gal4-UAS system in multiple configurations to restrict expression to specific cell-types and provide protocols to generate transiently expressing and stable transgenic fish. Finally, we provide guidelines for choosing light microscopy methods that are most suitable for imaging subcellular dynamics.

Imaging the dynamic behavior of organelles and other subcellular structures in vivo can shed light on their function in physiological and disease conditions. Here, we present methods for genetically tagging two organelles, centrosomes and mitochondria, and imaging their dynamics in living zebrafish embryos using wide-field and confocal microscopy.

הדמית מבני subcellular בעובר דג הזברה החייה

In vivo imaging provides unprecedented access to the dynamic behavior of cellular and subcellular structures in their natural context. Performing such ...

Observing Mitotic Division and Dynamics in a Live Zebrafish Embryo

Mitosis is critical for organismal growth and differentiation. The process is highly dynamic and requires ordered events to accomplish proper chromatin condensation, microtubule-kinetochore attachment, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis in a small time frame. Errors in the delicate process can result in human disease, including birth defects and cancer. Traditional approaches investigating human mitotic disease states often rely on cell culture systems, which lack the natural physiology and developmental/tissue-specific context advantageous when studying human disease. This protocol overcomes many obstacles by providing a way to visualize, with high resolution, chromosome dynamics in a vertebrate system, the zebrafish. This protocol will detail an approach that can be used to obtain dynamic images of dividing cells, which include: in vitro transcription, zebrafish breeding/collecting, embryo embedding, and time-lapse imaging. Optimization and modifications of this protocol are also explored. Using H2A.F/Z-EGFP (labels chromatin) and mCherry-CAAX (labels cell membrane) mRNA-injected embryos, mitosis in AB wild-type, auroraBhi1045, and esco2hi2865 mutant zebrafish is visualized. High resolution live imaging in zebrafish allows one to observe multiple mitoses to statistically quantify mitotic defects and timing of mitotic progression. In addition, observation of qualitative aspects that define improper mitotic processes (i.e., congression defects, missegregation of chromosomes, etc.) and improper chromosomal outcomes (i.e., aneuploidy, polyploidy, micronuclei, etc.) are observed. This assay can be applied to the observation of tissue differentiation/development and is amenable to the use of mutant zebrafish and pharmacological agents. Visualization of how defects in mitosis lead to cancer and developmental disorders will greatly enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of disease.

Mitosis is critical to every living organism and defects often lead to cancer and developmental disorders. Using this imaging protocol and zebrafish as a model system, researchers can visualize mitosis in a live vertebrate organism and the multitude of defects that arise when mitotic processes are defective.

התבוננות mitotic חטיבת Dynamics בעובר דג הזברה לחיות

Mitosis is critical for organismal growth and differentiation. The process is highly dynamic and requires ordered events to accomplish proper chromatin ...

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

Simple model organisms are instrumental for in vivo studies of developmental and cellular differentiation processes. Currently, the evolutionary distance to man of conventional invertebrate model systems and the complexity of genomes in vertebrates are critical challenges to modeling human normal and pathological conditions. The chordate Ciona intestinalis is an invertebrate chordate that emerged from a common ancestor with the vertebrates and may represent features at the interface between invertebrates and vertebrates. A common body plan with much simpler cellular and genomic composition should unveil gene regulatory network (GRN) links and functional genomics readouts explaining phenomena in the vertebrate condition. The compact genome of Ciona, a fixed embryonic lineage with few divisions and large cells, combined with versatile community tools foster efficient gene functional analyses in this organism. Here, we present several crucial methods for this promising model organism, which belongs to the closest sister group to vertebrates. We present protocols for transient transgenesis by electroporation, along with microinjection-mediated gene knockdown, which together provide the means to study gene function and genomic regulatory elements. We extend our protocols to provide information on how community databases are utilized for in silico design of gene regulatory or gene functional experiments. An example study demonstrates how novel information can be gained on the interplay, and its quantification, of selected neural factors conserved between Ciona and man. Furthermore, we show examples of differential subcellular localization in embryonic cells, following DNA electroporation in Ciona zygotes. Finally, we discuss the potential of these protocols to be adapted for tissue specific gene interference with emerging gene editing methods. The in vivo approaches in Ciona overcome major shortcomings of classical model organisms in the quest of unraveling conserved mechanisms in the chordate developmental program, relevant to stem cell research, drug discovery, and subsequent clinical application.

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

We present transient transgenesis and gene knockdown in Ciona intestinalis, a chordate sister group to vertebrates, using microinjection and electroporation techniques. Such methods facilitate functional genomics in this simple invertebrate that features rudimentary characteristics of vertebrates, including notochord and head sensory epithelia, and many orthologs of human disease associated genes.

העובר Microinjection ו Electroporation ב chordate<em&gt; Ciona intestinalis</em

Simple model organisms are instrumental for in vivo studies of developmental and cellular differentiation processes. Currently, the evolutionary distance ...

AFM and Microrheology in the Zebrafish Embryo Yolk Cell

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. Various propositions claim to have been important contributions to the understanding of the mechanical properties of cells and tissues in their spatiotemporal organization in different developmental and morphogenetic processes. However, due to the lack of reliable and accessible tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo, validating these hypotheses has been difficult. Here we present methods employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and particle tracking with the aim of quantifying the mechanical properties of the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. Epiboly is an early conserved developmental process whose study is facilitated by the transparency of the embryo. These methods are simple to implement, reliable, and widely applicable since they overcome intrusive interventions that could affect tissue mechanics. A simple strategy was applied for the mounting of specimens, AFM recording, and nanoparticle injections and tracking. This approach makes these methods easily adaptable to other developmental times or organisms.

The lack of tools to measure material properties and tensional parameters in vivo prevents validating their roles during development. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle-tracking to quantify mechanical features on the intact zebrafish embryo yolk cell during epiboly. These methods are reliable and widely applicable avoiding intrusive interventions.

AFM ו Microrheology בתא חלמון עובר דג זברה

Elucidating the factors that direct the spatio-temporal organization of evolving tissues is one of the primary purposes in the study of development. ...

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein are molecular motors that regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. These motors use microtubule networks as rails. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful model organism to study axonal transport and IFT in vivo. Here, I describe a protocol to observe axonal transport and IFT in living C. elegans. Transported cargo can be visualized by tagging cargo proteins using fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). C. elegans is transparent and GFP-tagged cargo proteins can be expressed in specific cells under cell-specific promoters. Living worms can be fixed by microbeads on 10% agarose gel without killing or anesthetizing the worms. Under these conditions, cargo movement can be directly observed in the axons and cilia of living C. elegans without dissection. This method can be applied to the observation of any cargo molecule in any cells by modifying the target proteins and/or the cells they are expressed in. Most basic proteins such as molecular motors and adaptor proteins that are involved in axonal transport and IFT are conserved in C. elegans. Compared to other model organisms, mutants can be obtained and maintained more easily in C. elegans. Combining this method with various C. elegans mutants can clarify the molecular mechanisms of axonal transport and IFT.

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a good model to study axonal and intracellular transport. Here, I describe a protocol for in vivo recording and analysis of axonal and intraflagellar transport in C. elegans.

קיבעון של Caenorhabditis elegans לנתח להובלה תאיים בנוירונים

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein ...

Effectiveness of the Air Stripping in Two Salmonid Fish, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta Morpha fario)

Egg collection is one of the most crucial procedures during fish reproduction in salmonid hatcheries. Classic methods involve the use of hand massage on fish abdomens to expel the eggs. An alternative method uses the pressure of gas injected into the body cavity, which causes the subsequent release of the eggs. This method is believed to have less negative effects on both the welfare and egg quality of the broodstocks. Herein, we compare the results of air and hand stripping methods with respect to one-year survival and egg quantity and quality in two salmonid fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario). Our results indicate that air stripping yielded a better quality of eggs and higher one-year survival rate in rainbow trout. In addition, air stripping resulted in lower mortality rate than the group subjected to hand stripping (25% vs. 35%). The pH and hatching rate of the hand stripped group was lower than those of the air stripped group. In the case of brown trout, the quality of eggs obtained by both hand and air-stripping methods was similar; however, the one-year losses in fish were higher in air stripped group (15% compared to 0% in hand stripped fish). Although the advantages of air stripping method over hand stripping in terms of egg quality might not be observed in all salmonid species, the air-stripping procedure might be a promising option to be adopted in hatcheries as it ensures a high level of reproducibility and efficiency.

Effectiveness of the Air Stripping in Two Salmonid Fish, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss and Brown Trout Salmo Trutta Morpha fario

The principal aim of this study is to standardize and test the pneumatic method (air stripping) of collecting eggs in rainbow trout and brown trout. This method allows effective and simple collection of the eggs without the necessity of fish abdomen massage.

האפקטיביות של פירוק אוויר בדגים Salmonid שני, פורל הקשת (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) ופורל חום (Salmo Trutta מורפיום fario)

Egg collection is one of the most crucial procedures during fish reproduction in salmonid hatcheries. Classic methods involve the use of hand massage on ...

השימוש Immunolabeling כדי לנתח Microtubules יציב, דינמי, המתהווה של העובר דג זברה

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ייצור ושימוש בLentivirus לתאי סלקטיבי transduce הראשי oligodendrocyte מבשר ל