ברצוננו להודות על התמיכה CIRM של עבודה זו. קו התא נתרם בנדיבות בבית החולים הר סיני, טורונטו, אונטריו מד&quot;ר Andras נאגי.

1. ביצוע טיפולית נידחת עובש <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הדפס את התבנית הרצויה על גיליון טיפולית נידחת באמצעות מדפסת הגדרה טובה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אופים טיפולית נידחת בבית גיליון 163 מעלות למשך כ -10 דקות, או עד התכווץ באופן מלא לאחר שרכש צורה רגילה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר טיפולית נידחת עובש מתקרר, להטביע אותו באמבטיה isopropanol עד פני השטח להשלים מכוסה בקושי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות, לרסס קצת אצטון על התבנית ולנער המיכל כמה פעמים. הוסף isopropanol יותר לשטוף את עודפי אצטון לחזור על פעולה זו מספר פעמים עד טיפולית, עובש נראה נקי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עובש לטבול במים מזוקקים למשך 10 דקות כדי לשטוף את כל ממיס אורגני הנותרים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> האוויר נקי טיפולית-עובש. Re-לחמם אותו כ -5 דקות על 163 מעלות צלסיוס זה דיו קומפקטי רצון להתאדות כל ממס הנותרים. </li></ol> 2. ביצוע PDMS microwells <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכינו תערובת 10:01 PDMS סוכן / ריפוי, לבחוש נמרצות במשך כמה דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> טיפולית נידחת מקום עובש בצלחת פטרי קטנות. יוצקים את תערובת PDMS עד שהוא מגיע בערך 1 / 2 ס&quot;מ מעל פני השטח עובש. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים צלחת תחת פעמון ואקום לחסל את כל הבועות מתערובת PDMS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים צלחת בתנור ב 70 ° C, למשך הלילה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שנותקו PDMS מוצקה עובש לקשור אותה זכוכית שקופית רק על ידי הפעלת לחץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בטל first microwell שבב, שכן יש שאריות דיו incrusted בין PDMS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזור על תהליך זה כדי לייצר שבב השני הוא דיו חינם ויש לו צורה מוגדרת יותר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> נקה microwell שבב באמצעות פתרון אתנול 70%. מניחים אותו תחת מקור אור UV למשך 10 דקות כדי לחטא אותו. </li></ol> 3. תאים של השמנה microwells <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ספירת תאים ו לדלל אותם בתקשורת תרבות לריכוז הרצוי (תלוי כמה תאים ראשונית בארות אתה רוצה). לדוגמה, כדי לקבל כ 10-15 תאים לכל טוב (ממוצע = 11, SD = 5.4, קצב הטעינה = 93%), השתמשנו ריכוז של 8 × 10 4 תאים / מ&quot;ל. עבור בריכוז של 17 × 10 4 תאים / מ&quot;ל, נוכל לקבל בצורה אמינה בין 25 ל 35 תאים בכל טוב (ממוצע = 27.17857 SD = 7.7, קצב העמסה = 100%). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בזהירות מקום שבב microwell בצינור צנטריפוגה המכילה 50 מ&quot;ל בסיס מוצק PDMS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף על 2JDP מ&quot;ל של תמיסת התא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> צנטריפוגה במשך 5 דקות ב 760 סל&quot;ד ו - 4 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Pipet את הפתרון עודף ובזהירות לשטוף microwell עם פתרון 1X PBS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המקום microwell בצלחת פטרי קטנה, נזהר תוך השבב מתוך הצינור צנטריפוגות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשטוף עודף תאים באמצעות פתרון 1 X PBS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המקום שבב microwell תחת מיקרוסקופ הפוכה לאמת מספר של תאים המיועדים לכל טוב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה microwell המכיל תאים בתנאים סטנדרטיים. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/692_2008_7_21_1/692_Figure-01.png" alt="איור-01" width="350" height="183" /></li></ol> 4. תא הדגירה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פעל על פי פרוטוקול EB רגיל במעבדה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שנה את בינונית לאט מהצד של החדר; להימנע להפריע תא microwell. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Keller, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells.">In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 7, 862-869 (1995).</li><li>Doetschman, T. C., Eistetter, H., Katz, M., Schmidt, W., Kemler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vitro+development+of+blastocyst-derived+embryonic+stem+cell+lines:+Formation+of+visceral+yolk+sac,+blood+islands+and+myocardium.">The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: Formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium.</a> Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 87, 27-45 (1985).</li><li>Park, J., Cho, C. H., Parashurama, N., Li, Y., Berthiaume, F., Toner, M., Tilles, A. W., Yarmush, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication-based+modulation+of+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation.">Microfabrication-based modulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation.</a> Lab Chip. 7, 1018-1028 (2007).</li><li>Koike, M., Sakaki, S., Amano, Y., Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+embryoid+bodies+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+formed+under+various+culture+conditions+and+estimation+of+differentiation+status+of+such+bodies.">Characterization of embryoid bodies of mouse embryonic stem cells formed under various culture conditions and estimation of differentiation status of such bodies.</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 104, 294-299 (2007).</li><li>Hwang, N. S., Varghese, S., Elisseeff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+differentiation+of+stem+cells.">Controlled differentiation of stem cells.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 60, 199-204 (2008).</li><li>Adelman, C. A., Chattopadhyay, S., Bieker, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BMP/BMPR/Smad+pathway+directs+expression+of+the+erythroid-specific+EKLF+and+GATA1+transcription+factors+during+embryoid+body+differentiation+in+serum-free+media.">The BMP/BMPR/Smad pathway directs expression of the erythroid-specific EKLF and GATA1 transcription factors during embryoid body differentiation in serum-free media.</a> Development. 129, 539-549 (2002).</li><li>Tanaka, N., Takeuchi, T., Neri, O. V., Sills, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-assisted+blastocyst+dissection+and+subsequent+cultivation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+in+a+serum/cell+free+culture+system:+applications+and+preliminary+results+in+a+murine+model.">Laser-assisted blastocyst dissection and subsequent cultivation of embryonic stem cells in a serum/cell free culture system: applications and preliminary results in a murine model.</a> J Transl Med. 4, (2006).</li></ol>

פיתחנו שיטה תרבות פשוטה, מהירה, וניתן להרחבה לטעון מוגדרים מראש מספרי של תאים לתוך בארות microfabricated (יצוק מ-טיפולית Dinks) ולשמור אותם לפיתוח גוף embryoid. לבסוף, תאים אלה נגישים בקלות לניתוח ניסויים נוספים. שיטה זו ניתנת לכל מעבדה ואינה דורשת ציוד ייעודי כי אנחנו לייתר את הצורך photolithography. ...

עבור התקשורת המסקלין (McCloskey מעבדה פרוטוקול): (עבור מדיה בסך הכל מוכן: 50 מ&quot;ל, 100 מ&quot;ל) KO DMEM: 40.8ml; 81.6ml KSR 15%: 7.5ml: 15 מ&quot;ל 1x פן, דלקת: 0.5 מ&quot;ל; 1ml 2mm-L-גלוטמין: 0.5 מ&quot;ל; NEAA 1ml: 0.5 מ&quot;ל; 1ml LIF: 100ul; 200ul BMP-4 (10ng/ml): 50ul; 100ul מדולל BME:. 50ul; 100ul (הוסף 35ul של BME סינון סטרילי עד 5 מ&quot;ל של PBS ו מזרק מסנן לעקר מחק לאחר 2 שבועות. הריכוז הסופי הפתרון הוא 0.1 mM)

shrinky-dink hanging drops: a simple way to form and culture embryoid bodies

גופים Embryoid (EB) הם אגרגטים של תאים עובריים. הדרך הנפוצה ביותר ליצירת אגרגטים אלה היא השיטה ירידה תלוי, גישה מייגע של pipetting מספר שרירותי של תאים לתוך צלחות היטב. אינטראקציות בין בתאי גזע בכפייה בסמיכות זה לזה מקדמת את הדור של EBS. בגלל התקשורת בכל בארות יש להחליף באופן ידני כל יום, גישה זו היא אינטנסיבית באופן ידני. יתר על כן, בגלל פרמטרים סביבתיים כולל תאים תאים, תא מסיסים אינטראקציות גורם, pH, זמינות החמצן יכול להיות פונקציות של גודל EB, אוכלוסיות תאים המתקבל טיפות תלוי המסורתי יכול להשתנות באופן דרמטי, גם כאשר בתרבית בתנאים זהים. מחקרים שנעשו לאחרונה הראו כי אכן מספר ראשוני של התאים המרכיבים את המצרף יכולה להיות השפעה משמעותית על התמיינות בתאי גזע. פיתחנו שיטה תרבות פשוטה, מהירה, וניתן להרחבה לטעון מוגדרים מראש מספרי של תאים לתוך בארות microfabricated ולשמור אותם לפיתוח גוף embryoid. לבסוף, תאים אלה נגישים בקלות לניתוח ניסויים נוספים. שיטה זו ניתנת לכל מעבדה ואינה דורשת ציוד ייעודי. אנו להדגים שיטה זו על ידי יצירת גופים embryoid באמצעות תא אדום ניאון העכבר קו (129S6B6-F1).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies

אנו מציגים שיטה פשוטה ומהירה כדי לטעון מוגדרים מראש מספרי של תאים לתוך בארות microfabricated ולשמור אותם לפיתוח גוף embryoid.

טיפולית נידחת תלוי טיפות: דרך פשוטה טופס ותרבות גופים Embryoid

Embryoid bodies (EB) are aggregates of embryonic stem cells. The most common way of creating these aggregates is the hanging drop method, a laborious ...

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14.9K Views.  University of California Merced - UC Merced. אנו מציגים שיטה פשוטה ומהירה כדי לטעון מוגדרים מראש מספרי של תאים לתוך בארות microfabricated ולשמור אותם לפיתוח גוף embryoid.

Video: Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

שיטת לתרבות מוקדם של עוברים צ&#39;יק לשעבר vivo (תרבות חדש)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Analysis of Pluripotent Stem Cells by using Cryosections of Embryoid Bodies

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage early mammalian embryos 1. A crucial stage in the differentiation of ES cells is the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregates 2, 3. EB formation is based on spontaneous aggregation when ES cells are cultured in non adherent plates. Three-dimensional EB recapitulates many aspects of early mammalian embryogenesis and differentiate into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 4.
Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization are widely used techniques for the detection of target proteins and mRNA present in cells of a tissue section 5, 6, 7. Here we present a simple technique to generate high quality cryosections of embryoid bodies. This approach relies on the spatial orientation of EB embedding in OCT followed by the cryosection technique. The resulting sections can be subjected to a wide variety of analytical procedures in order to characterize populations of cells containing certain proteins, RNA or DNA. In this sense, the preparation of EB cryosections (10&mu;m) are essential tools for histology staining analysis (e.g. Hematoxilin and Eosin, DAPI), immunofluorescence (e.g. Oct4, nestin) or in situ hybridization. This technique can also help to understand aspects of embryogenesis with regards to the maintenance of the tri-dimensional spherical structure of EBs.

Pluripotent stem cells growing in suspension differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs). Here we demonstrate how to obtain high quality EB cryosections useful for studying cellular and molecular aspects of embryogenesis, while preserving their organization as aggregates.

ניתוח של בתאי גזע pluripotent באמצעות Cryosections של גופים Embryoid

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage early mammalian embryos 1. A crucial stage in the ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

טכניקה פשוטה ויעילה להכנת השעיות תא אשכים

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

פורסים תרבות השיטה למעקב אחר ההתפתחות של חיידקים בשיני explant תרבות

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly effective at mapping highly repetitive sequences to heterochromatic regions, where computational approaches face prohibitive challenges. Here we describe a streamlined protocol for DNA ISH that circumvents formamide washes that are standard steps in other DNA ISH protocols. Our protocol is optimized for hybridization with short single strand DNA probes that carry fluorescent dyes, which effectively mark repetitive DNA sequences within heterochromatic chromosomal regions across a number of different insect tissue types. However, applications may be extended to use with larger probes and visualization of single copy (non-repetitive) DNA sequences. We demonstrate this method by mapping several different repetitive sequences to squashed chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster neural cells and Nasonia vitripennis spermatocytes. We show hybridization patterns for both small, commercially synthesized probes and for a larger probe for comparison. This procedure uses simple laboratory supplies and reagents, and is ideal for investigators who have little experience with performing DNA ISH.

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Here, we present a simple method for performing fluorescence DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) to visualize repetitive heterochromatic sequences on slide-mounted chromosomes. The method requires minimal reagents and it is versatile for use with short or long probes, different tissues, and detection with fluorescence or non-fluorescence-based signals.

שיטה פשוטה DNA הקרינה<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה לכרומוזומים &quot;סתמת

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

בידוד סינון של חומצות גרעין: שיטת הפקת DNA פשוטה ומהירה

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin defense by forming an intact skin barrier against environmental insults, such as UVB irradiation or pathogens, and also by initiating an inflammatory response upon those insults. Here we describe methods to isolate KCs from neonatal mouse skin and from adult mouse tail skin. We also describe culturing conditions using defined growth supplements (dGS) in comparison to chelexed fetal bovine serum (cFBS). Functionally, we show that both neonatal and adult KCs are highly responsive to high calcium-induced terminal differentiation, tight junction formation and stratification. Additionally, cultured adult KCs are susceptible to UVB-triggered cell death and can release large amounts of TNF upon UVB irradiation. Together, the methods described here will be useful to researchers for the setup of in vitro models to study epidermal biology in the neonatal mouse and/or the adult mouse.

Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier and are positioned at the front line of host defense against external environmental insults. Here we describe methods for isolation and primary culture of epidermal keratinocytes from neonatal and adult mouse skin, and induction of terminal differentiation and UVB-triggered inflammatory response from keratinocytes.

בידוד ותרבות של עכברים ראשיים Keratinocytes מ neonatal ומבוגרים עור עכבר

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin ...

A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain (RTA) Trafficking in Yeast

Bacterial and plant A/B toxins exploit the natural trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells to reach their intracellular target(s) in the cytosol and to ultimately kill. Such A/B toxins generally consist of an enzymatically active Asubunit (e.g., ricin toxin A (RTA)) and one or more cell binding Bsubunit(s), which are responsible for toxin binding to specific cell surface receptors. Our current knowledge of how A/B toxins are capable of efficiently intoxicating cells helped scientists to understand fundamental cellular mechanisms, like endocytosis and intracellular protein sorting in higher eukaryotic cells. From a medical point of view, it is likewise important to identify the major toxin trafficking routes to find adequate treatment solutions for patients or to eventually develop therapeutic toxin-based applications for cancer therapy.
Since genome-wide analyses of A/B toxin trafficking in mammalian cells is complex, time-consuming, and expensive, several studies on A/B toxin transport have been performed in the yeast model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite being less complex, fundamental cellular processes in yeast and higher eukaryotic cells are similar and very often results obtained in yeast can be transferred to the mammalian situation.
Here, we describe a fast and easy to use reporter assay to analyze the intracellular trafficking of RTA in yeast. An essential advantage of the new assay is the opportunity to investigate not only RTA retro-translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the cytosol, but rather endocytosis and retrograde toxin transport from the plasma membrane into the ER. The assay makes use of a reporter plasmid that allows indirect measurement of RTA toxicity through fluorescence emission of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) after in vivo translation. Since RTA efficiently prevents the initiation of protein biosynthesis by 28S rRNA depurination, this assay allows the identification of host cell proteins involved in intracellular RTA transport through the detection of changes in fluorescence emission.

A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain RTA Trafficking in Yeast

In the manuscript, we describe the use of a yeast-based fluorescence reporter assay to identify cellular components involved in the trafficking and killing processes of the cytotoxic A subunit of the plant toxin ricin (RTA).

וזמינותו כתב המבוסס על ידי קרינה פלואורסצנטית פשוט לזהות את מרכיבי התא הדרושות רעלן ריצין שרשרת (RTA) סחר בבני אדם שמרים

Bacterial and plant A/B toxins exploit the natural trafficking pathways in eukaryotic cells to reach their intracellular target(s) in the cytosol and to ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. Therefore, it is important to establish an efficient transient gene expression system in soybean. Here, we report a simple protocol for the preparation of soybean protoplasts and its application for transient functional analyses. We found that young unifoliate leaves from soybean seedlings resulted in large quantities of high quality protoplasts. By optimizing a PEG-calcium-mediated transformation method, we achieved high transformation efficiency using soybean unifoliate protoplasts. This system provides an efficient and versatile model for examination of complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live soybean cells and may help to better understand diverse cellular, developmental and physiological processes of legumes.

We developed a simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of large quantities of soybean protoplasts to study complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms in live cells.

שיטה פשוטה עבור בידוד של סויה Protoplasts, ליישום ניתוחים ביטוי גנים ארעית

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Paracrine or juxtacrine signaling mediates such interactions. The use of a conditioned medium and coculture studies are the most common methods to discriminate between these two types of interactions. However, the effect of localized high concentrations of secreted factors in the microenvironment during the paracrine interactions is not accurately recapitulated by conditioned medium and, thus, may lead to imprecise conclusions. To overcome this problem, we have devised a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling. The two cell types are grown on either surface of a 10 &#181;m-thick polycarbonate membrane with 0.4 &#181;m pores. The pores allow the exchange of secreted factors and, at the same time, inhibit juxtacrine signaling. The cells can be collected and lysed at the endpoint to determine the effects of the paracrine signaling. In addition to allowing for localized concentration gradients of secreted factors, this method is amenable to experiments involving prolonged periods of culture, as well as the use of inhibitors. While we use this method to study the interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the mesothelial cells they encounter at the site of metastasis, it can be adapted to any two adherent cell types for researchers to study paracrine signaling in various fields, including tumor microenvironment, immunology, and development.

Paracrine and juxtacrine cellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Here, a proximal culture method is used to study paracrine signaling where the localized concentrations of the secreted factors are maintained while preventing direct cellular contact.

טיפולית נידחת תלוי טיפות: דרך פשוטה טופס ותרבות גופים Embryoid

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שיטת לתרבות מוקדם של עוברים צ'יק לשעבר vivo (תרבות חדש)