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25 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JoVE

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Biology

Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction
Avdesh Avdesh *1,2, Mengqi Chen *1,3, Mathew T. Martin-Iverson 1,2,4, Alinda Mondal 1,3, Daniel Ong 1, Stephanie Rainey-Smith 1,3, Kevin Taddei 1,3, Michael Lardelli 5, David M. Groth 6, Giuseppe Verdile 1,3, Ralph N. Martins 1,2,3,7
1Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical sciences, Edith Cowan University, 2Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, 3McCusker Alzheimer's Research foundation, 4School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , 5Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, 6School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, 7School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia

This protocol outlines regular maintenance and care to maintain optimal conditions for zebrafish husbandry. The video illustrates the protocol for system maintenance, regular housing, feeding, breeding, and raising of zebrafish larvae.

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Developmental Biology

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro
Zhaofeng Jia 1,2, Yujie Liang 3, Bin Ma 4,5, Xiao Xu 2,6, Jianyi Xiong 2, Li Duan 2, Daping Wang 1,2
1Guangzhou Medical University, 2Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopeadic Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), 3Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 5Renji Hospital Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 6Shantou University Medical College

We present a method to quantify DNA methylation based on the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dot blot. We determined the 5-mC levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This simple technique could be used to quickly determine the chondrocyte phenotype in ACI treatment.

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Medicine

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
Victor T.T. Chan 1, Tiffany H.K. Tso 1, Fangyao Tang 1, Clement Tham 1, Vincent Mok 2,3,4, Christopher Chen 5,6, Tien Y. Wong 7,8, Carol Y. Cheung 1
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, 6Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 7Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 8Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

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Engineering

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
Zhaolong Cao 1,2, Min Lin 2, Daniel Ong 2
1State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 2Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

This protocol describes the instrumentation for determining the excitation and coupling rates between light emitters and Bloch-like surface plasmon polaritons arising from periodic arrays.

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Immunology and Infection

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro
Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang 1,2, Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang 2, Jeff Yat-Fai Chung 2, Jessica Shuk Chun Hung 2, Qing-Ming Wang 2, Guang-Yu Lian 2, Jingyi Sheng 2, Xiao-Ru Huang 2, Ka-Fai To 1, Hui-Yao Lan 2
1Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Here, we present a protocol to mass-produce gene-silencing murine NK cells by using a feeder-free differentiation system for mechanistic study in vitro and in vivo.

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Biology

Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting Strategies to Isolate and Purify Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from a Rabbit Model
Zhaofeng Jia 1,2,3, Yujie Liang 4,5, Xingfu Li 2,3, Xiao Xu 1,2,3, Jianyi Xiong 2,3, Daping Wang 1,2,3, Li Duan 2,3
1Postgraduate institution, Guangzhou Medical University, 2Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, 3Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedic Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), 4Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center

This article presents a simple and economic protocol for the straightforward isolation and purification of mesenchymal stem cells from New Zealand white rabbit synovial fluid.

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Cancer Research

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal
Yiyue Xu 1,2, Chun So 1, Hon-Ming Lam 1,2, Ming-Chiu Fung 1,2, Suk-Ying Tsang 1,2,3,4
1School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Here, we present a protocol to isolate apoptotic breast cancer cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and further detect the transition of breast non-stem cancer cells to breast cancer stem cell-like cells after apoptosis reversal by flow cytometry.

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Genetics

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy
Baoheng Gui *1,2,3, Yingxin Zhang *4, Bo Liang 5, Yvonne Ka Yin Kwok 4, Wai Ting Lui 4, Queenie Sum Yee Yeung 4, Lingyin Kong 6, Liming Xuan 6, Jacqueline Pui Wah Chung 4, Kwong Wai Choy 3,4
1Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 2Birth Defects Prevention and Control Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 3Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 6Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd

Here, we introduce a semiconductor sequencing method for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) with the advantages of short turnaround time, low cost, and high throughput.

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Genetics

A Robust Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay for Quantifying Cytosine-guanine-guanine Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 Gene
Huilin Wang *1, Xiaofan Zhu *2,3, Baoheng Gui *3,4, Wan Chee Cheung 2, Mengmeng Shi 2,3, Zhenjun Yang 2,3, Ka Yin Kwok 2, Ricky Lim 5, Sanna Pietilä 5, Yuanfang Zhu 6,7, Kwong Wai Choy 2,3
1Central Laboratory, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 5PerkinElmer Diagnostics, 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, 7Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University

An accurate and robust polymerase chain reaction-based assay for quantifying cytosine-guanine-guanine trinucleotide repeats in the Fragile X mental retardation-1 gene facilitates molecular diagnosis and screening of Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X-related disorders with shorter turn-around time and investment in equipment.

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Developmental Biology

An Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-based Assay for Studying Neurite Outgrowth in Primary Neurons
Wai Wa Ray Chan *1, Wen Li *1,2, Dik Long Dennis Chau *1, Kwok-Fai Lau 1
1School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen

In this report, we describe a simple protocol for studying neurite outgrowth in embryonic rat cortical neurons by co-transfecting with EGFP and the protein of interest.

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Neuroscience

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
Oscar W.H. Wong 1, Gabriel P.C. Fung 2, Sandra Chan 1
1Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Lab Viso Limited

Here, we present a protocol to study the relationship between the eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients. The experiment used an eye tracker to measure the saccadic amplitude and fixation duration in a visual search task. The correlation with performance in multi-domain cognitive tasks was subsequently measured.

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Genetics

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Chi-Keung Cheng 1, Terry H.Y. Wong 1, Yuk-Lin Yung 1, Nelson C.N. Chan 1, Margaret H.L. Ng 1,2
1Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Direct delivery of preassembled Cas9/guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complexes is a fast and efficient means for genome editing in hematopoietic cells. Here, we utilize this approach to delete a RUNX1 intronic silencer and examine the transcriptional responses in OCI-AML3 leukemic cells.

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Biology

Large-Scale Preparation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes by 3D Bioreactor Culture
Li Duan 1,2, Xingfu Li 1,2, Xiao Xu 1,2, Limei Xu 1,2, Daping Wang 1,2, Kan Ouyang 1,2, Yujie Liang 1,3
1Department of Orthopedics, The First affiliated hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 2Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare & Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health

Here, we present a protocol to produce a large number of GMP-grade exosomes from synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells using a 3D bioreactor.

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Biology

Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging
Qing Liu *1,2, Kel Vin Tan *3, Hing-Chiu Chang 3, Pek-Lan Khong 3, Xiaoyan Hui 1,2,4
1State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 3Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 4School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Functional imaging and quantitation of thermogenic adipose depots in mice using a micro-PET/MR imaging-based approach.

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Biochemistry

Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for Investigating Endocytic Recycling in Mammalian Cells
Wai Wa Ray Chan *1, Yu Qi Zhai *1, Kwok-Fai Lau 1
1School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

This paper aims to present a protocol for preparing recycling endosomes from mammalian cells using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation.

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JoVE Core

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Yiwei Zhao 1, Gene Chi Wai Man 1,2, Loucia Kit Ying Chan 1, Xi Guo 1, Yingyu Liu 3, Tao Zhang 1, Joseph Kwong 1,4, Chi Chiu Wang 1,5, Xiaoyan Chen 3, Tin Chiu Li 1
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, 2Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen University, 4School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, 5Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Despite the advancements in multiplex immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging, characterizing the density and clustering of major immune cells simultaneously in the endometrium remains a challenge. This paper describes a detailed multiplex staining protocol and imaging for the simultaneous localization of four immune cell types in the endometrium.

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Biology

Adult Pig Islet Isolation
Ying Lu *1,2, Zuhui Pu *3, Jiao Chen 2, Jing Deng 2, Ying Deng 2,4, Shufang Zhu 2, Chunliang Xu 5, Fuwen Yao 1,2, Zijing Wu 1,2, Yong Ni 1, Yongqiang Zhan 1, Jun Cheng 1, Naiyang Zhan 1, Wenlong Huang 6, Zhiming Cai 2, Rita Bottino 7, Lisha Mou 2
1Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 2Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 4Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 5School of Life Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 6General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7Director Islet Programs, Imagine Pharma

This detailed protocol covers the methodological steps of adult pig islet isolation from the digestion phase via purification to the final functional assessment of the islets. This outline can be used as a guideline for adult pig islet isolation in research institutions.

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Medicine

Application of Optical Coherence Tomography to a Mouse Model of Retinopathy
Xiaoting Mai *1, Shaofen Huang *1, Wen Chen 1, Tsz Kin Ng 1,2,3, Haoyu Chen 1
1Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Shantou University Medical College, 3Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong

Here, we describe an in vivo imaging technique using optical coherence tomography to facilitate the diagnosis and quantitative measurement of retinopathy in mice.

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Cancer Research

Non-Invasive PET/MR Imaging in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Kel Vin Tan *1,2, Xinxiang Yang *3, Chung Ying Chan 2, Jingjing Shi 1, Hing-Chiu Chang 4, Keith Wan-Hang Chiu 1,5, Kwan Man 3
1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, 3Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, HKU-SZH & LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Kwong Wah Hospital

Here, we present a protocol to create orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts with and without hepatic artery ligation and perform non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumor hypoxia using [18F]Fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG).

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Bioengineering

Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs
Meagan J. Makarcyzk 1,2, Zhong Alan Li 1,3, Ilhan Yu 1, Haruyo Yagi 1, Xiurui Zhang 1, Lauren Yocum 1, Eileen Li 1, Madalyn R. Fritch 1, Qi Gao 4, Bruce A. Bunnell 5, Stuart B. Goodman 4,6, Rocky S. Tuan 1,8, Peter G. Alexander 1,7, Hang Lin 1,2,7
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 2Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 3Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 5Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 6Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 7McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 8The Chinese University of Hong Kong

We provide detailed methods for generating four types of tissues from human mesenchymal stem cells, which are used to recapitulate the cartilage, bone, fat pad, and synovium in the human knee joint. These four tissues are integrated into a customized bioreactor and connected through microfluidics, thus generating a knee joint-on-a-chip.

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Biology

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
Ke Li 1,2,3, Xu Zhang 1,2, Dan Wang 1,2,3,4,5, Dai Fei Elmer Ker 1,2,3,4,5
1School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

This study details procedures for establishing a chronic-like rabbit rotator cuff (RC) injury. Specifically, the injury is created in the subscapularis (SSC) muscle-tendon/myotendinous unit to mimic human RC anatomy and pathophysiology, including severe muscle fatty degeneration (FD). This protocol can be applied to study RC injuries and assess regenerative therapies.

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Bioengineering

Prospective, Randomized, and Controlled Study of a Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Jingyu Zhang *1,2, Bingkun Zhao *1, Wuhan Wei *1,2, Dan Wang 3,4,5, Haoyu Wang 1,2, Aijun Zhang 1, Changbo Tao 1, Xueyang Li 1, Qiang Li 1, Peisheng Jin 1
1Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 2Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, 3Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park

The present protocol describes a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study that evaluates a human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell injection for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers.

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Medicine

Erosion Identification in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography
Yousif Al-Khoury 1,2, Stephanie Finzel 3, Camille Figueiredo 4, Andrew J. Burghardt 5, Kathryn S. Stok 6, Lai-Shan Tam 7, Isaac Cheng 7, Justin J. Tse 1, Sarah L. Manske 1
1Department of Radiology, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, 3University Medical Center Freiburg, 4Department of Rheumatology, University of São Paulo, 5Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 6Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, 7Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Bone erosions are an important pathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of this work is to introduce a training tool to provide users with guidance on identifying pathological cortical breaks on high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography images for erosion analysis.

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Medicine

Establishment of an Experimental Mouse Model of Endometrioma to Study its Related Infertility
Zhouyurong Tan 1, Tsz Ching Yeung 1, Yang Ding 1, Chi Chiu Wang 1,2,3,4
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Reproduction and Development, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

This study introduces a novel mouse model specifically designed to simulate endometrioma, a clinically significant subtype of endometriosis. By utilizing C57BL/6J mice, the model aims to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying endometrioma-related infertility, offering a refined tool to bridge the current knowledge gap in reproductive medicine.

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Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure

Measurement of Four Uterine NK Cell Subtypes Using Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure
Lu Chen 1, Loucia Kit Ying Chan 1, Stacey Chui Yiu Wong 1, Joshua Jing Xi Li 2, Jacqueline Pui Wah Chung 1, Chi Chiu Wang 1,3,4,5, Mingqing Li 6,7,8, Tao Zhang 1
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 3Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4School of Biomedical Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Chinese University of Hong Kong - Sichuan University Joint Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 6Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, 7NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, 8Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University

This study presents a pioneering method for quantifying uterine natural killer cell subsets during the window of implantation using advanced multiplexed fluorescent immunohistochemical staining techniques.

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