JB è stato sostenuto dal Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellowship DRG-1716-02. JZ è stato sostenuto da NIH / NIGMS Fellowship GM082174 F32-02. NP è un investigatore del Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

1. Preparazione di gabbie volare <ol><li> Crescono Drosophila (ceppi wild-type come Rimini-R o qualsiasi genotipo) in contenitori utili come 32-oz tazze insetti. </li><li> Trasferimento di nuova eclosed vola a grandi embrio-raccolta gabbie o gabbie volare popolazione. </li><li> Spostare le gabbie in una stanza con una temperatura di circa 25 ° C e umidità ~ 65% in una luce di 12 ore e una scura 12-h ciclo per facilitare la raccolta di embrioni sincrono. </li><li> Mantenere le mosche nelle gabbie somministrando loro uccisi pasta lieviti striato su piatti melassa. Cambiare le piastre melassa (con pasta di lievito uccisi) una volta al giorno per 2-3 d. </li></ol> 2. Raccolta di embrioni sincrono <ol><li> Il giorno del primario a cellule preparazione, alimentazione le mosche wth piastre rivestite con lievito fresco ucciso pasta per un 1-2 ore di pre-laici periodo. </li><li> Poco prima della 12-h ciclo scuro, sostituire le piastre pre laici con piastre di melassa fresca striato di una minima quantità di pasta di lievito. Eliminare la raccolta di pre laici, che contiene asincrono embrioni più vecchi. </li><li> Raccogliere gli embrioni per un periodo di 1-2 h. </li><li> Rimuovere le placche contenenti la popolazione relativamente sincrona degli embrioni e conservare a 25 ° C per 5-6 h. Embrioni saranno in fase avanzata gastrula in questo momento. </li></ol> 3. Raccolta e lavaggio di embrioni <ol><li> Allentare gli embrioni dalle piastre con un pennello bagnato e risciacquare abbondantemente con acqua corrente tiepida attraverso una serie di setacci impilati, in modo che gli embrioni raccolgono nel setaccio di maglia più in basso. Sciacquare per pochi minuti per rimuovere il lievito molto e detriti volare il più possibile. </li><li> Suggerimento i setacci in modo che gli embrioni si accumulano da una parte, e delicatamente lavare al setaccio in un cesto dechorionation. </li><li> Spostarsi nell&#39;area cappuccio tessuto culturale senza lasciare che gli embrioni asciugarsi. </li></ol> 4. Omogeneizzazione di embrioni e di cellule placcatura <ol><li> Sterilizzare e dechorionate gli embrioni immergendole nel 50% (vol / vol) candeggina per 5-10 min. Risciacquare gli embrioni dal muro del paniere con il 70% (vol / vol) etanolo. In alternativa, lavare via la candeggina embrioni con acqua distillata prima del trattamento etanolo. Da questo punto in poi gli embrioni devono essere manipolati in condizioni sterili e nel cappuccio coltura di tessuti. </li><li> Sciacquare gli embrioni a fondo per rimuovere la candeggina e / o etanolo in autoclave con acqua distillata. </li><li> Durante la fase dechorionation, riempire un omogeneizzatore Dounce con il volume appropriato di medio M3 temperatura ambiente in base alla quantità di embrioni. Il rapporto tra il volume degli embrioni e quella dei mezzi di comunicazione non deve essere più embrioni di 0,5 ml: 40 ml media (o ~ 100-200 embrioni / ml). </li><li> Mettere gli embrioni risciacquati in un bicchiere sterilizzato con la quantità di M3 mezzi sufficienti per immergere gli embrioni. Lasciate che gli embrioni ammollo per 2-5 min. </li><li> Smontare il cestello dechorionation e macchia la maglia Nitex asciugare con salviette di carta sterilizzati. </li><li> Trasferire gli embrioni in omogeneizzatore con un pennello sterilizzati. </li><li> Omogeneizzare delicatamente con corse brevi utilizzando un pestello sciolto senza raggiungere il fondo del tubo fino a che tutti gli embrioni sono sospesi. Allora gentilmente, ma fermamente, omogeneizzare con otto colpi di piena. Non torcere il pestello come si muove su e giù. </li><li> Trasferire l&#39;omogeneizzato in una sterile da 50 ml provetta da centrifuga conica sia versando o pipettaggio, e il tappo del tubo. </li><li> Centrifugare per 10 min a 40 g, temperatura ambiente per far sedimentare i detriti dei tessuti, ciuffi a grandi cellule e membrane vitellino. Trasferire il surnatante contenente le cellule e il tuorlo in una provetta pulita e ripetere la fase di centrifugazione per 5 minuti. </li><li> Con attenzione trasferire il sopranatante versando o pipettaggio in una provetta pulita e spin per 10 minuti a 360g, temperatura ambiente per agglomerare le cellule. Scartare il surnatante. Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 10 ml di terreno di coltura (mezzo privo di siero per esperimenti di RNAi). </li><li> Conte cellule vitali mediante un emocitometro per stimare la densità cellulare. Nel frattempo, ripetere il passaggio 4,10 per agglomerare le cellule. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule ad una concentrazione desiderata. Per iniziare, prova una gamma di 1 ~ 5 x10 6 cellule / ml e la piastra presso 1,7-2,5 x 10 5 cellule / cm 2. </li></ol> 5. Primario a cellule RNAi per le cellule coltivate su una piastra da 384 pozzetti <ol><li> Dispensare 5 ml di dsRNAs in tutti i pozzetti ad una concentrazione finale di circa 250 ng per pozzetto in una piastra da 384 pozzetti. </li><li> Utilizzare una pipetta multicanale, dispensare 10 ml (1 ~ 4x106 cellule / ml) di pile per bene in un mezzo privo di siero in una M3 384 pozzetti contenenti un dsRNA diverso in ogni pozzetto. In alternativa, le cellule possono essere coltivate su vetrini da 8 pozzetti camera per l&#39;imaging confocale. </li><li> Centrifugare le piastre per 1 minuto a 300g, temperatura ambiente. Coltivare le cellule in mezzo privo di siero a 25 ° C per 22 h oppure a 18 ° C per 1-2 d. </li><li> Aggiungere 30 ml di siero contenenti terreno di coltura in ciascun pozzetto. </li&gt; <li> Centrifugare le piastre per 1 minuto a 300g, temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Posizionare le piastre in camera umida e la cultura delle cellule primarie per altri 5 ~ 7 gg a 25 ° C. </li><li> Immagine le cellule dal vivo o dopo la colorazione di immunofluorescenza. </li></ol> 6. Rappresentante dei risultati: In condizioni ottimali, le cellule in cultura un aspetto sano con una morfologia rotonda. La cultura avrà poco detriti cellulari, e confluenti di 50 ~ 80% dopo la placcatura iniziale. Queste cellule subirà cambiamenti morfologici dopo essere stata colta per un lungo periodo di tempo. Di solito ci vogliono circa 5-8 giorni per le cellule in coltura di essere pienamente differenziate a 25 ° C. Culture di buona qualità primarie sono generalmente giudicati da come le cellule d&#39;interesse sono differenziati in coltura. Per esempio, cellule muscolari primarie hanno spesso un ramo-come morfologia e diventare miotubi multinucleate con banda simile a miofibrille costituito da una serie di sarcomeri. Miotubi completamente differenziate di solito spontaneamente muoversi nella cultura. Al contrario, differenziato neuroni primari costituiscono cluster con i loro corpi cellulari, e connettersi con altri gruppi con i loro cavi assone. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2215/2215fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Cellule primarie subiscono alterazioni morfologiche dopo essere stato placcato nella cultura (A) Una immagine in campo chiaro di pile a destra dopo essere stato placcato in un pozzetto di una piastra da 384 pozzetti. La maggior parte delle cellule sono rotondi e intatti e ben separati. (B) Un campo immagine luminosa di colture cellulari primarie 20 ore dopo placcatura. Cellule primarie già costituiscono cluster (grande punta di freccia) e muscoli con un ramo di tipo morfologico (freccia lunga) può essere riconosciuta in questa fase. (C) Un contrasto di fase immagine della cultura primaria 5 giorni dopo placcatura. La cultura sembra molto più avanzata, con estensioni neuronali (frecce piccole), ammassi neuronale (punte di freccia grande) e dei muscoli (medie freccia). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2215/2215fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Esempi di pile trattate con dsRNAs colta in una piastra da 384 pozzetti Cellule primarie sono state isolate dal embrioni aventi Dmef2-GAL4, D42-GAL4, UAS-mito-GFP transgeni, in cui Dmef2-GAL4 e D42-GAL4 espressione dell&#39;unità mito-GFP nei muscoli e neuroni motori, rispettivamente. Le cellule sono state trattate con dsRNAs targeting per lacZ (CA) o gonfiato (se) (DF). Entrambi i muscoli primari e neuroni può essere visto da GFP (A, C, D, F). Le frecce bianche indicano le estensioni neuronali. Colorazione falloidina di actina (punte di freccia) rivela un ramo-come la struttura del muscolo nella cultura trattati con lacZ dsRNAs (B e C), ma retata morfologia muscolare nella cultura trattati con se dsRNAs (E e F). Nelle immagini fuse (C, F), i muscoli sono macchiate di giallo, rosso, ma i neuroni negativi spettacoli e le loro estensioni (frecce bianche). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2215/2215fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Microscopio confocale dei muscoli primari coltivati ​​su diapositive copertina umano vitronectina rivestita di vetro Muscoli primari erano immunofluorescently colorati con anti-Drosophila Titin (KZ) (rosso in unione) e con falloidina di actina (verde nell&#39;unione). I pannelli superiori sono le wild-type di controllo dei muscoli e quelle in basso sono i sals (CG31374) muscolo RNAi con sarcomeri accorciato.

<ol>
	<li>Ashburner, M., Roote, J., Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory culture of Drosophila. , 588-599 (1999).</li><li>Bai, J., Hartwig, J. H., Perrimon, N. S. A. L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+WH2-domain-containing+protein,+promotes+sarcomeric+actin+filament+elongation+from+pointed+ends+during+Drosophila+muscle+growth.">a WH2-domain-containing protein, promotes sarcomeric actin filament elongation from pointed ends during Drosophila muscle growth.</a> Dev. Cell. 13, 828-842 (2007).</li><li>Bai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+screening+in+Drosophila+primary+cells+for+genes+involved+in+muscle+assembly+and+maintenance+.">RNA interference screening in Drosophila primary cells for genes involved in muscle assembly and maintenance .</a> Development. 135, 1439-1449 (2008).</li><li>Sepp, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+neural+outgrowth+genes+using+genome-wide+RNAi.">Identification of neural outgrowth genes using genome-wide RNAi.</a> PloS. Genet. 4, e1000111-e1000111 (2008).</li><li>Donady, J. J., Fyrberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+culturing+of+Drosophila+embryonic+cells+in+vitro.">Mass culturing of Drosophila embryonic cells in vitro.</a> TCA Manual. 3, 685-687 (1977).</li><li>Seecof, R. L., Alleaume, N., Teplitz, R. L., Gerson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+neurons+and+myocytes+in+cell+cultures+made+from+Drosophila+gastrulae.">Differentiation of neurons and myocytes in cell cultures made from Drosophila gastrulae.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 69, 161-173 (1971).</li><li>Bai, J., Sepp, K. J., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+of+Drosophila+primary+cells+dissociated+from+gastrula+embryos+and+their+use+in+RNAi+screening.">Culture of Drosophila primary cells dissociated from gastrula embryos and their use in RNAi screening.</a> Nature Protocols. 4, 1502-1512 (2009).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il modello di sviluppo di colture primarie di cellule di Drosophila può variare notevolmente, probabilmente a causa delle diverse variabili durante il processo di preparazione delle cellule primarie. Prima di tutto, vola per la posa delle uova devono essere giovani (entro una settimana di vita) e sano (privo di infezione virale o batterica). Embrioni non fecondati o infette devono essere evitati, in quanto sono inutili e le cellule derivate da questi embrioni non possono differenziare e potrà sopravvivere sol...

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<td>Shields and Sang M3 medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S3652</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>JRH Biosciences</td>
<td>12103-500M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Insulin from bovine pancreas</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I-6634</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Large embryo collection cages</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
<td>59-101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>#25 US standard testing sieve</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>57334-454</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>#45 US standard testing sieve</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>57334-462</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>#120 US standard testing sieve</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>57334-474</td>
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<td>Dounce tissue grinder, Wheaton 7 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>62400-620</td>
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<td>Dounce tissue grinder,Kontes 40 mL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
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<td>Dounce tissue grinder,Kontes 40 mL</td>
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<td>VWR</td>
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<td>Costar, 384-well plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>29444-078</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Lab-Tek II Chambered coverglass</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
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primary cell cultures from drosophila gastrula embryos

Qui si descrive un metodo per la preparazione e la coltura di cellule primarie dissociato da embrioni di Drosophila gastrula. In breve, una grande quantità di embrioni in scena dalle mosche giovani e sani sono raccolti, sterilizzati, e poi fisicamente dissociato in una sospensione singola cella utilizzando un omogeneizzatore di vetro. Dopo essere stato placcato su piastre di coltura o le diapositive da camera alla densità adeguata nel terreno di coltura, queste cellule possono ulteriormente differenziarsi in diversi tipi di cellule-morfologicamente distinte, che possono essere identificati dal loro marker cellulari specifici. Inoltre, vi presentiamo le condizioni per il trattamento di queste cellule a doppia elica (ds) RNA a suscitare knockdown gene. RNAi in cellule di Drosophila efficiente primaria si ottiene semplicemente fare il bagno le cellule in dsRNA contenenti terreno di coltura. La capacità di effettuare efficaci perturbazione RNAi, insieme ad altri molecolare, biochimica, analisi di imaging cellulare, permetterà una serie di domande a cui rispondere in cellule di Drosophila primarie, in particolare quelli relativi alla muscolari differenziate e cellule neuronali.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos at JoVE.com

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Forniamo un protocollo dettagliato per la preparazione di cellule primarie dissociata dalla<em&gt; Drosophil</em&gt; Un embrioni. La possibilità di effettuare la perturbazione efficace RNAi, insieme ad altri metodi di imaging molecolare, biochimici e cellulari che permette ad una serie di questioni da affrontare in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Cellule primarie.

Colture cellulari primarie da Drosophila Gastrula embrioni

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

primary-cell-cultures-from-drosophila-gastrula-embryos

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

13.8K Views.  Harvard Medical School. Forniamo un protocollo dettagliato per la preparazione di cellule primarie dissociata dalla Drosophil Un embrioni. La possibilità di effettuare la perturbazione efficace RNAi, insieme ad altri metodi di imaging molecolare, biochimici e cellulari che permette ad una serie di questioni da affrontare in Drosophila Cellule primarie.

Video: Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Primary Neuronal Cultures from the Brains of Late Stage Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the removal of brains from animals at 70-78 hrs after puparium formation. The isolated brains are shown after brief incubation in papain followed by several washes in serum-free growth medium. The process of mechanical dissociation of each brain in a 5 ul drop of media on a coverslip is illustrated. The axons and dendrites of the post-mitotic neurons are sheered off near the soma during dissociation but the neurons begin to regenerate processes within a few hours of plating. Images show live cultures at 2 days. Neurons continue to elaborate processes during the first week in culture. Specific neuronal populations can be identified in culture using GAL4 lines to drive tissue specific expression of fluorescent markers such as  GFP or RFP. Whole cell recordings have demonstrated the cultured neurons form functional, spontaneously active cholinergic and GABAergic synapses. A short video segment illustrates calcium dynamics in the cultured neurons using Fura-2 as a calcium indicator dye to monitor spontaneous calcium transients and nicotine evoked calcium responses in a dish of cultured neurons. These pupal brain cultures are a useful model system in which genetic and pharmacological tools can be used to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence formation and function of central synapses.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. Views of live cultures show neurite outgrowth and imaging of calcium levels using Fura-2.

Culture primarie neuronale dal cervello di tardo fase Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the ...

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Biologia

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Preparazione delle Culture neuronale da Midgastrula fase embrioni di Drosophila

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Primary Dissociated Midbrain Dopamine Cell Cultures from Rodent Neonates

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation from systemic input from elsewhere in the brain. In our lab, we use these neurons to assess dopamine release kinetics using carbon fiber amperometry, as well as expression levels of dopamine related genes and proteins using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. In this video, we show you how we generate these cultures from rodent neonates.
The process involves several steps, including the plating of cortical glial astrocytes, the conditioning of neuronal cell culture media by the glial substrate, the dissection of the midbrain in neonates, the digestion, extraction and plating of dopamine neurons and the addition of neurotrophic factors to ensure cell survival.
The applications suitable for such a preparation include electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR, video microscopy (i.e., of real-time vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane), cell viability assays and other toxicological screens.

Primary dissociated midbrain dopamine cell cultures allow for the study of presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons. They can be used to monitor real-time dopamine release kinetics and protein/mRNA levels of regulators of dopamine exocytosis. Here, we show you how to generate these cultures from rodent neonates.

Primaria dissociato mesencefalo colture cellulari dopamina da roditori neonati

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation ...

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

La preparazione di colture primarie di cellule emopoietiche dal midollo osseo murino per elettroporazione

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Tissue Targeted Embryonic Chimeras: Zebrafish Gastrula Cell Transplantation

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups of cells in a larger context are altered.  Watching how one cell interacts with and behaves in a unique environment is essential to characterizing cell functions.  Determining how the localized misexpression of a specific protein influences surrounding cells provides insightful information on the roles that protein plays in a variety of developmental processes.  Our lab uses the zebrafish model system to uniquely combine genetic approaches with classical transplantation techniques to generate genotypic or phenotypic chimeras.  We study neuron-glial cell interactions during the formation of forebrain commissures in zebrafish. This video describes a method that allows our lab to investigate the role of astroglial populations in the diencephalon and the roles of specific guidance cues that influence projecting axons as they cross the midline. Due to their transparency zebrafish embryos are ideal models for this type of ectopic cell placement or localized gene misexpression. Tracking transplanted cells can be accomplished using a vital dye or a transgenic fish line expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate here how to prepare donor embryos with a vital dye tracer for transplantation, as well as how to extract and transplant cells from one gastrula staged embryo to another.  We present data showing ectopic GFP+ transgenic cells within the forebrain of zebrafish embryos and characterize the location of these cells with respect to forebrain commissures.  In addition, we show laser scanning confocal timelapse microscopy of Alexa 594 labeled cells transplanted into a GFP+ transgenic host embryo.  These data provide evidence that gastrula staged transplantation enables the targeted positioning of ectopic cells to address a variety of questions in Developmental Biology.

Zebrafish cell transplantation enables the combination of genetics and embryology to generate tissue specific chimeras. This video demonstrates gastrula staged cell transplantations that have allowed our lab to investigate the roles of astroglial populations and specific guidance cues during commissure formation in the forebrain.

Tessuto Chimere mirate embrionali: Zebrafish gastrula trapianto di cellule

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups ...

Establishing Primary Adult Fibroblast Cultures From Rodents

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized. Primary cells are preferred in studies of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and DNA repair, as cancer cells carry mutations in genes involved in these processes. Primary cells cannot be cultured indefinitely due to the onset of replicative senescence or aneuploidization. Hence, new cultures need to be established regularly. The procedure for isolation of rodent embryonic fibroblasts is well established, but isolating adult fibroblast cultures often presents a challenge. Adult rodent fibroblasts isolated from mouse models of human disease may be a preferred control when comparing them to fibroblasts from human patients. Furthermore, adult fibroblasts are the only available material when working with wild rodents where pregnant females cannot be easily obtained. Here we provide a protocol for isolation and culture of adult fibroblasts from rodent skin and lungs. We used this procedure successfully to isolate fibroblasts from over twenty rodent species from laboratory mice and rats to wild rodents such as beaver, porcupine, and squirrel.

This article describes a protocol for isolation and maintenance of primary fibroblast cultures from skin and lung tissue of wild rodents.

Stabilire colture primarie di fibroblasti adulti dai roditori

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized.  Primary cells are preferred ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Imaging verticale di Drosophila Embrioni

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

Imaging Forma Modifica cella in Living Drosophila Embrioni

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

Isolamento e purificazione di chinesina dal Drosophila Embrioni

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell populations have been identified in human skin 1-4. The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors was first reported by Miller F. D laboratory 5, 6. These early studies described a multipotent precursor cell population from adult mammalian dermis 5. These cells--termed SKPs, for skin-derived precursors-- were isolated and expanded from rodent and human skin and differentiated into both neural and mesodermal progeny, including cell types never found in skin, such as neurons 5. Immunocytochemical studies on cultured SKPs revealed that cells expressed vimentin and nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neural and skeletal muscle precursors, in addition to fibronectin and multipotent stem cell markers 6. Until now, the adult stem cells population SKPs have been isolated from freshly collected mammalian skin biopsies.
Recently, we have established and reported that a population of skin derived precursor cells could remain present in primary fibroblast cultures established from skin biopsies 7. The assumption that a few somatic stem cells might reside in primary fibroblast cultures at early population doublings was based upon the following observations: (1) SKPs and primary fibroblast cultures are derived from the dermis, and therefore a small number of SKP cells could remain present in primary dermal fibroblast cultures and (2) primary fibroblast cultures grown from frozen aliquots that have been subjected to unfavorable temperature during storage or transfer contained a small number of cells that remained viable 7. These rare cells were able to expand and could be passaged several times. This observation suggested that a small number of cells with high proliferation potency and resistance to stress were present in human fibroblast cultures 7.
We took advantage of these findings to establish a protocol for rapid isolation of adult stem cells from primary fibroblast cultures that are readily available from tissue banks around the world (Figure 1). This method has important significance as it allows the isolation of precursor cells when skin samples are not accessible while fibroblast cultures may be available from tissue banks, thus, opening new opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying rare genetic diseases as well as modeling diseases in a dish.

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

We report a method to isolate na&#239;ve multipotent skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells from primary human fibroblast cultures. We show that these SKPs derived from fibroblast cultures share similar stem cell properties to the ones derived directly from human skin biopsies. These cells express the neural crest marker, nestin, in addition to the multipotent markers such as OCT4 and Nanog.

Naïve Adult Stem Cells isolamento da colture primarie di fibroblasti umani

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...