Ringraziamo il dottor Shinya Yamanaka (Kyoto University) per la fornitura di IPS-MEF-Ng-20D-17 della linea cellulare, Dr. Dario Vignali (Research Hospital di St. Jude Children) per sostenere l&#39;OT1-2A • pMig II costrutto, Dr. Juan Carlos Zuniga-Pflucker (Dipartimento di Immunologia, Università di Toronto) per sostenere il OP9-DL1 linea cellulare, e il Dr. Kent E Vrana (Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Penn State University College of Medicine) per aiutare la progettazione di questo studio. Questo progetto è finanziato, in base a concessioni con il numero di Grant K18CA151798 dal National Cancer Institute, il Trust Barsumian e il Melanoma Research Foundation (Song J.).

<ol>
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Immunol. 178, 262-270 (2007).</li><li>Stemberger, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+naive+CD8++T+cell+precursor+can+develop+into+diverse+effector+and+memory+subsets.">A single naive CD8+ T cell precursor can develop into diverse effector and memory subsets.</a> Immunity. 27, 985-997 (2007).</li><li>Siewert, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-driven+development:+effector/memory-like+alphaE+Foxp3++regulatory+T+cells+originate+from+both+naive+T+cells+and+naturally+occurring+naive-like+regulatory+T+cells.">Experience-driven development: effector/memory-like alphaE+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells originate from both naive T cells and naturally occurring naive-like regulatory T cells.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 146-155 (2008).</li><li>Wang, L. X., Plautz, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-primed,+in+vitro-activated+CD4++effector+T+cells+establish+long-term+memory+without+exogenous+cytokine+support+or+ongoing+antigen+exposure.">Tumor-primed, in vitro-activated CD4+ effector T cells establish long-term memory without exogenous cytokine support or ongoing antigen exposure.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 5612-5618 (2010).</li><li>Hinrichs, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+effector+CD8++T+cells+derived+from+naive+rather+than+memory+subsets+possess+superior+traits+for+adoptive+immunotherapy.">Human effector CD8+ T cells derived from naive rather than memory subsets possess superior traits for adoptive immunotherapy.</a> Blood. 117, 808-814 (2011).</li><li>Alajez, N. M., Schmielau, J., Alter, M. D., Cascio, M., Finn, O. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+potential+of+a+tumor-specific,+MHC-unrestricted+T-cell+receptor+expressed+on+effector+cells+of+the+innate+and+the+adaptive+immune+system+through+bone+marrow+transduction+and+immune+reconstitution.">Therapeutic potential of a tumor-specific, MHC-unrestricted T-cell receptor expressed on effector cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system through bone marrow transduction and immune reconstitution.</a> Blood. 105, 4583-4589 (2005).</li><li>Yang, L., Baltimore, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+provision+of+antigen-specific+T+cell+immunity+by+programming+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Long-term in vivo provision of antigen-specific T cell immunity by programming hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 4518-4523 (2005).</li><li>Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extrathymic+generation+of+tumor-specific+T+cells+from+genetically+engineered+human+hematopoietic+stem+cells+via+Notch+signaling.">Extrathymic generation of tumor-specific T cells from genetically engineered human hematopoietic stem cells via Notch signaling.</a> Cancer Res. 67, 2425-2429 (2007).</li><li>Boztug, K., Med, N. .. E. n. g. l. .. J. .. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-cell+gene+therapy+for+the+Wiskott-Aldrich+syndrome.">Stem-cell gene therapy for the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1918-1927 (2010).</li><li>Peerani, R., Zandstra, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enabling+stem+cell+therapies+through+synthetic+stem+cell-niche+engineering.">Enabling stem cell therapies through synthetic stem cell-niche engineering.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 120, 60-70 (2010).</li><li>Mendez-Ferrer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+and+haematopoietic+stem+cells+form+a+unique+bone+marrow+niche.">Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche.</a> Nature. 466, 829-834 (2010).</li><li>Daley, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+generation+of+patient-specific+pluripotent+stem+cells+for+combined+gene+and+cell+therapy+of+hematologic+disorders.">Towards the generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells for combined gene and cell therapy of hematologic disorders.</a> Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program. , 17-22 (2007).</li><li>Boitano, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aryl+hydrocarbon+receptor+antagonists+promote+the+expansion+of+human+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists promote the expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Science. 329, 1345-1348 (2010).</li><li>Himburg, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotrophin+regulates+the+expansion+and+regeneration+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Pleiotrophin regulates the expansion and regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Nat. Med. 16, 475-482 (2010).</li><li>Tanigaki, K., Honjo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+lymphocyte+development+by+Notch+signaling.">Regulation of lymphocyte development by Notch signaling.</a> Nature immunology. 8, 451-456 (2007).</li><li>Zhao, T., Zhang, Z. N., Rong, Z., Xu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunogenicity+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 474, 212-215 (2011).</li></ol>

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<html> Per ACT-terapie, la generazione in vitro di un gran numero di cellule T reattive altamente Ag-specifiche in vivo reinfusione è un approccio ottimale. Sebbene il nostro metodo in vitro comporta funzionali di cellule T da cellule iPS, un gran numero di cellule iPS derivate cellule muoiono in quattro settimane, soprattutto nella quarta settimana. Si conclude che i segnali di sopravvivenza di Notch segnalazione mediata dalla DL1 e IL-7 e Flt3L non sono sufficienti a mantenere la sopravviven...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reattivo </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td></tr><tr><td> C57BL/6J topi </td><td> Jackson Laboratory </td><td> 000664 </td></tr><tr><td> B6.129S7-RAG1 tm1Mom / J </td><td> Jackson Laboratory </td><td> 002216 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD3 (2C11) anticorpi </td><td> BD PharMingen </td><td> 553058 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD28 (37,51) anticorpi </td><td> BD PharMingen </td><td> 553295 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD3 (17A2) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 100202 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD4 (GK1.5) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 100417 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD8 (53-6,7) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 100714 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD25 (3C7) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 101912 </td></tr><tr><td> Unti-CD44 (1M7) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 103012 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-CD117 (2B8) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 105812 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-TCR-β (H57597) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 109220 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-IL-2 (JES6-5H4) anticorpo </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 503810 </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-IFN-γ (XMG1.2) anticorpi </td><td> BioLegend </td><td> 505822 </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> ABCD1234 </td></tr><tr><td> α-MEM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A10490-01 </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> HyClone </td><td> SH3007.01 </td></tr><tr><td> A brefeldina </td><td> Sigma </td><td> B7651 </td></tr><tr><td> Polybrene </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 107689 </td></tr><tr><td> GeneJammer </td><td> Scienze integrate </td><td> 204130 </td></tr><tr><td> Kit di RNA &lt;/ Td&gt; <td> Qiagen </td><td> 74104 </td></tr><tr><td> DNA kit </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 69504 </td></tr><tr><td> CD8 Kit di isolamento </td><td> Miltenyi Biotec </td><td> 130-095-236 </td></tr><tr><td> Tampone di lisi ACK </td><td> Lonza </td><td> 10-548E </td></tr><tr><td> mFlt-3L </td><td> Peprotech </td><td> 250-31L </td></tr><tr><td> mIL-7 </td><td> Peprotech </td><td> 217-17 </td></tr><tr><td> Gelatina </td><td> Sigma </td><td> G9391 </td></tr><tr><td> FITC-anticorpo anti-OVA </td><td> Rockland Immunochemicals </td><td> 200-4233 </td></tr><tr><td> Permeabilizzazione del buffer </td><td> Biolegend </td><td> 421002 </td></tr><tr><td> BSA </td><td> Sigma </td><td> A7906 </td></tr><tr><td> Formaldeide </td><td> Sigma </td><td> F8775 </td></tr><tr><td> 0,4 micron filtro </td><td> Millipore </td><td></td></tr><tr><td&gt; Moflo cella Sorter </td><td> Dake Cytomation </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Calibur Citofluorimetro </td><td> BD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LSR II Citofluorimetro </td><td> BD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mouse restrainer </td><td> Braintree Scientific </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells towards t lymphocytes

Trasferimento adottivo di cellule (ACT) di antigene-specifica CD8 + linfociti T citotossici (CTL) è un trattamento promettente per una varietà di tumori maligni 1. CTL può riconoscere cellule maligne interagendo antigeni tumorali con i recettori delle cellule T (TCR), e citotossine rilascio nonché citochine per uccidere le cellule maligne. È noto che meno differenziati e centro-memory-simile (denominato altamente reattivo) CTL sono la popolazione ottimale per ACT-immunoterapia, perché questi CTL hanno un elevato potenziale proliferativo, sono meno inclini alla apoptosi di cellule più differenziate e hanno maggiore capacità di rispondere alle citochine omeostatiche 2-7. Tuttavia, a causa delle difficoltà nel reperire un numero elevato di CTL tali da pazienti, c&#39;è un bisogno urgente di trovare un nuovo approccio per la generazione altamente reattive CTL Ag-specifici per il successo terapie a base di ACT. TCR trasduzione del sé rinnovabile stelocellule per la ricostituzione immunitario ha un potenziale terapeutico per il trattamento di malattie 8-10. Tuttavia, l&#39;approccio per ottenere cellule staminali embrionali (CSE) di pazienti non è fattibile. Sebbene l&#39;uso di cellule staminali ematopoietiche (CSE) per scopi terapeutici è stato ampiamente applicato in clinica 11-13, CSE hanno ridotto la differenziazione e capacità proliferative, e CSE difficili da espandere in coltura cellulare in vitro 14-16. Recenti cellule iPS tecnologia e lo sviluppo di un sistema in vitro per il gene delivery sono in grado di generare cellule iPS da pazienti senza alcun approccio chirurgico. Inoltre, come CES, cellule iPS possiedono indefinita capacità proliferativa in vitro, e hanno dimostrato di differenziarsi in cellule ematopoietiche. In questo modo, le cellule iPS hanno maggiore potenziale per essere utilizzato in ACT-based immunoterapia rispetto al CES o CSE. Qui, presentiamo metodi per la generazione di linfociti Tcondrociti iPS da cellule in vitro e in vivo di programmazione antigene-specifici CTL di cellule iPS per promuovere sorveglianza immunitaria cancro. La stimolazione in vitro con un ligando Notch spinge la differenziazione delle cellule T da cellule iPS, e TCR risultati di trasduzione del gene nelle cellule iPS differenziarsi in cellule T antigene-specifiche in vivo, che impedisce la crescita del tumore. Così noi vogliamo dimostrare antigene-specifica differenziazione delle cellule T da cellule iPS. I nostri studi forniscono un approccio potenzialmente più efficiente per la generazione di CTL antigene-specifici per terapie a base di ACT e facilitare lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche per le malattie.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes at JoVE.com

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Generazione di linfociti T da staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPS), le cellule fornisce un approccio alternativo di utilizzare cellule staminali embrionali per T cell-based immunoterapia. Il metodo dimostra che utilizzando sia<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; O<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Sistema ad induzione, le cellule iPS sono in grado di differenziarsi in linfociti T convenzionali e antigene-specifica.

Differenziazione Regia di cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte verso Linfociti T

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of antigen-specific CD8+  cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising treatment for a variety of  malignancies 1. CTLs can  ...

directed-differentiation-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-towards-t

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.4K Views.  Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. Generazione di linfociti T da staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPS), le cellule fornisce un approccio alternativo di utilizzare cellule staminali embrionali per T cell-based immunoterapia. Il metodo dimostra che utilizzando sia In vitro O In vivo Sistema ad induzione, le cellule iPS sono in grado di differenziarsi in linfociti T convenzionali e antigene-specifica.

Video: Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

Metodi per valutare la morte delle cellule beta Mediata da linfociti T citotossici

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection.1-4 We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective.5-8 However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. 
In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of na&iuml;ve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus.9 At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15.10 At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. 
From 50x106 CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 106 virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation.11 These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.

Here we describe the first good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant method of producing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from umbilical cord blood, a source of predominantly na&#238;ve T cells.

Espansione linfociti T citotossici da sangue del cordone ombelicale che Target Citomegalovirus, virus di Epstein-Barr virus, e Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&amp;#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

Generazione di cellule T regolatrici indotte da cellule primarie umane T naive e memoria

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 T cells in vitro with TCR- and co-stimulation in the presence of TGF&beta; and IL-2. This bears enormous potential for future therapies, however, the molecules and signaling pathways that control differentiation are largely unknown.
Primary T cells can be manipulated through ectopic gene expression, but common methods fail to target the most important naive state of the T cell prior to primary antigen recognition. Here, we provide a protocol to express ectopic genes in naive CD4 T cells in vitro before inducing Treg differentiation. It applies transduction with the replication-deficient adenovirus and explains its generation and production. The adenovirus can take up large inserts (up to 7 kb) and can be equipped with promoters to achieve high and transient overexpression in T cells. It effectively transduces naive mouse T cells if they express a transgenic Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR). Importantly, after infection the T cells remain naive (CD44low, CD62Lhigh) and resting (CD25-, CD69-) and can be activated and differentiated into Tregs similar to non-infected cells. Thus, this method enables manipulation of CD4 T cell differentiation from its very beginning. It ensures that ectopic gene expression is already in place when early signaling events of the initial TCR stimulation induces cellular changes that eventually lead into Treg differentiation.

Adenoviral gene transfer into naive CD4 T cells with transgenic expression of the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor enables the molecular analysis of regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro.

Trasduzione Adenoviral di CD4 T naive Cells allo Studio Differenziazione Treg

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to provide immune tolerance to self as well as to certain foreign antigens. Tregs can be generated from naive CD4 ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

Isolamento e differenziazione di Th17 Naïve linfociti T CD4

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic progenitors of both mouse and human origin. It is now used to address a growing variety of complex genetic, cellular and molecular questions related to hematopoiesis, and is at the cutting edge of efforts to translate these basic findings to therapeutic applications. The procedures are straightforward and routinely yield robust results. However, achieving successful hematopoietic differentiation in vitro requires special attention to the details of reagent and cell culture maintenance. Furthermore, the protocol features technique sensitive steps that, while not difficult, take care and practice to master. Here we focus on the procedures for differentiation of T lymphocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We provide a detailed protocol with discussions of the critical steps and parameters that enable reproducibly robust cellular differentiation in vitro. It is in the interest of the field to consider wider adoption of this technology, as it has the potential to reduce animal use, lower the cost and shorten the timelines of both basic and translational experimentation.

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated to T cells in vitro using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Success in this procedure requires careful attention to reagent/cell maintenance, and key technique sensitive steps. Here we discuss these critical parameters and provide a detailed protocol to encourage adoption of this technology.

Derivazione di cellule T<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Da cellule staminali embrionali di topo

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

&lt;em&gt;In Vitro&lt;/em&gt; Differentiation of Human CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;FOXP3&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&amp;#239;ve CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T Cells Using a TGF-&amp;#946;-containing Protocol

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

La differenziazione in vitro di cellule CD4 + umana FOXP3 + indotta da T regolatorie (iTregs) da cellule T CD4 Naïve utilizzando un protocollo TGF-β contenenti

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Rapid Quantification of Mitogen-induced Blastogenesis in T Lymphocytes for Identifying Immunomodulatory Drugs

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory) chemical compounds and biologics. One of the earliest steps during mitogenesis is cell enlargement or blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume increases before division. It is usually detectable in the first several hours of T-lymphocyte stimulation. Here, we describe a rapid method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes isolated from mouse spleens and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using an automated cell counter. Various commonly used proliferation assays for the most part are laborious and only reflect the overall population effect rather than individual cellular effects within a population. In contrast, the presented automated cell counter assay provides rapid, direct, and precise measurements of cell diameters that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of various mitogens and immunomodulatory drugs in vitro.

T-lymphocyte mitogenesis is accompanied by blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume enlarges before cell division. Here, we describe a method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes using an automated cell counter with the capability of measuring cell diameters.

La quantificazione rapida di Mitogen indotta blastogenesi in linfociti T per l&#39;identificazione farmaci immunomodulatori

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model to Measure Na&#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played by T cells in an immune response. This protocol describes the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to obtain granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived-dendritic cells (DCs). The protocol also describes the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin peptide (OVAp)-loaded GM-CSF-derived DCs and na&#239;ve CD4 T cells from OTII transgenic mice in order to analyze the in vivo activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation of the transferred CD4 T cells. This protocol circumvents the limitation of purely in vivo methods imposed by the inability to specifically manipulate or select the studied cell population. Moreover, this protocol allows studies in an in vivo environment, thus avoiding alterations to functional factors that may occur in vitro and including the influence of cell types and other factors only found in intact organs. The protocol is a useful tool for generating changes in DCs and T cells that modify adaptive immune responses, potentially providing important results to understand the origin or development of numerous immune associated diseases.

An &lt;em&gt;In Vivo&lt;/em&gt; Mouse Model to Measure Na&amp;#239;ve CD4 T Cell Activation, Proliferation and Th1 Differentiation Induced by Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells

Here, we present a protocol for the in vivo determination of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell (T cell) activation, proliferation, and Th1 differentiation induced by GM-CSF bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In addition, this protocol describes BM and T-cell isolation, DC generation, and DC and T-cell adoptive transfer.

Un modello di topo In Vivo di attivazione delle cellule T Naïve CD4 di misura, la proliferazione e la differenziazione Th1 indotta dalle cellule dendritiche derivate da midollo osseo

Quantification of na&#239;ve CD4 T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to T helper 1 (Th1) cells is a useful way to assess the role played ...

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where immune cells reside and therefore contribute to mucosal immunity in the intestine. A complete understanding of how M cells differentiate in the intestine as well as the molecular mechanisms of antigen uptake by M cells is lacking. This is because M cells are a rare population of cells in the intestine and because in vitro models for M cells are not robust. The discovery of a self-renewing stem cell culture system of the intestine, termed enteroids, has provided new possibilities for culturing M cells. Enteroids are advantageous over standard cultured cell lines because they can be differentiated into several major cell types found in the intestine, including goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and enterocytes. The cytokine RANKL is essential in M cell development, and addition of RANKL and TNF-&#945; to culture media promotes a subset of cells from ileal enteroids to differentiate into M cells. The following protocol describes a method for the differentiation of M cells in a transwell epithelial polarized monolayer system of the intestine using human ileal enteroids. This method can be applied to the study of M cell development and function.

This protocol describes how to induce the differentiation of M cells in human stem cell-derived ileal monolayers and methods to assess their development.

Differenziazione indotta di cellule M in monostrati Enteroidi Ileal Imbecilli derivati da cellule staminali umane

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where ...