Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta da sovvenzioni NIH e NSF NS047073 concessione DMS1010434.

<ol>
	<li>McCrohan, C. R., Benjamin, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+relationships+of+the+cerebral+giant+cells+with+motoneurones+in+the+feeding+system+of+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">Synaptic relationships of the cerebral giant cells with motoneurones in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 85, 169-186 (1980).</li><li>Benjamin, P. R., Rose, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+generation+of+bursting+in+the+feeding+system+of+the+snail,+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">Central generation of bursting in the feeding system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> J. Exp. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+of+multiple+identified+motor+neurons+recorded+intracellularly+during+evoked+feedinglike+motor+programs+in+Aplysia.">Activity of multiple identified motor neurons recorded intracellularly during evoked feedinglike motor programs in Aplysia.</a> J. Neurophys. 72 (4), 1794-1809 (1994).</li><li>McManus, J. M., Lu, H., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+In+Vitro+Preparation+for+Eliciting+and+Recording+Feeding+Motor+Programs+with+Physiological+Movements+in+Aplysia+californica.">An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (70), e4320 (2012).</li><li>Cullins, M. J., Chiel, H. 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C., Gapon, S., Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+buccal+motor+programs+elicited+by+a+cholinergic+agonist+applied+to+the+cerebral+ganglion+of+Aplysia+californica.">Characterization of buccal motor programs elicited by a cholinergic agonist applied to the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia californica.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 179 (4), 509-524 (1996).</li><li>Hurwitz, I., Neustadter, D., Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J., Susswein, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+patterns+of+the+B31/B32+pattern+initiators+innervating+the+I2+muscle+of+the+buccal+mass+during+normal+feeding+movements+in+Aplysia+californica.">Activity patterns of the B31/B32 pattern initiators innervating the I2 muscle of the buccal mass during normal feeding movements in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Neurophys. 75 (4), 1309-1326 (1996).</li><li>Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+buccal+nerve+activity+that+distinguishes+ingestion+from+rejection+can+be+used+to+predict+behavioral+transitions+in+Aplysia.">In vivo buccal nerve activity that distinguishes ingestion from rejection can be used to predict behavioral transitions in Aplysia.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 172 (1), 17-32 (1993).</li><li>Warman, E. N., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+chronic+single-unit+extracellular+recording+in+freely+behaving+animals+using+pipette+electrodes.">A new technique for chronic single-unit extracellular recording in freely behaving animals using pipette electrodes.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 57 (2), 161-169 (1995).</li><li>Nargeot, R. N., Baxter, D. A., Byrne, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contingent-dependent+enhancement+of+rhythmic+motor+patterns:+an+in+vitro+analog+of+operant+conditioning.">Contingent-dependent enhancement of rhythmic motor patterns: an in vitro analog of operant conditioning.</a> J. Neurosci. 17 (21), 8093-8105 (1997).</li><li>Kandel, E. 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C., Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outputs+of+radula+mechanoafferent+neurons+in+Aplysia+are+modulated+by+motor+neurons,+interneurons,+and+sensory+neurons.">Outputs of radula mechanoafferent neurons in Aplysia are modulated by motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83 (3), 1621-1636 (2000).</li><li>Rosen, S. C., Miller, M. W., Evans, C. G., Cropper, E. C., Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+synaptic+connections+between+peptidergic+radula+mechanoafferent+neurons+and+neurons+in+the+feeding+system+of+Aplysia.">Diverse synaptic connections between peptidergic radula mechanoafferent neurons and neurons in the feeding system of Aplysia.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83 (3), 1605-1620 (2000).</li><li>Weiss, K. R., Chiel, H. 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Non abbiamo nulla da rivelare.

Negli animali con grandi neuroni identificati, come molluschi (ad esempio, Lymnaea, Helix, e Aplysia), analisi di piscine motore è in genere fatto utilizzando la registrazione intracellulare 1,2,3,4. In questo protocollo, si descrive un processo per identificare univocamente i neuroni motori per un pool motore utilizzando una tecnica extracellulare. Abbiamo usato le misure di forza, come un esempio di questo processo. Si potrebbe anche usare EMG per misurare innervazioni muscolari. Brevemen...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> Cloruro di sodio </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> S671 </td><td> Biologica, certificata </td></tr><tr><td> Cloruro di potassio </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> P217 </td><td> Certificato ACS </td></tr><tr><td> Magnesio cloruro esaidrato </td><td> Acros Organics </td><td> 19753 </td><td> 99% </td></tr><tr><td> Solfato di magnesio eptaidrato </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> M63 </td><td> Certificato ACS </td></tr><tr><td> Cloruro di calcio diidrato </td><td> Fisher Scientifica </td><td> C79 </td><td> Certificato ACS </td></tr><tr><td> Glucosio (destrosio) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> G7528 </td><td> BioXtra </td></tr><tr><td> MOPS buffer </td><td> Acros Organics </td><td> 17263 </td><td> 99% </td></tr><tr><td> Carbacolo </td><td> Acros Organics </td><td> 10824 </td><td> 99% </td></tr><tr><td> Soda caustica </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> SS255 </td><td> Certificato </td></tr><tr><td> Acido cloridrico </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> SA49 </td><td> Certificato </td></tr><tr><td> Singola canna capillare di vetro </td><td> AM Sistemi </td><td> 6150 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Flaming-Brown micropipetta estrattore modello P-80/PC </td><td> Sutter Instruments </td><td></td><td> Incandescenza usata: FT345B </td></tr><tr><td> Smalto filo rivestito in acciaio inox </td><td> California filo sottile </td><td></td><td> 0.001D, rivestimento h </td></tr><tr><td> Delle famiglie in silicone II Colla </td><td> GE </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Duro Quick-Gel supercolla </td&gt; <td> Henkel corp. </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AM Sistemi amplificatore modello 1700 </td><td> AM Sistemi </td><td></td><td> Le impostazioni del filtro: 10-500 Hz per il nervo I2 / muscolare, 300-500 Hz per tutti gli altri nervi </td></tr><tr><td> Pulsemaster multicanale Stimolatore </td><td> Mondo Strumenti di precisione </td><td> A300 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stimolo Isolator </td><td> Mondo Strumenti di precisione </td><td> A360 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AxoGraph X </td><td> AxoGraph scientifico </td><td></td><td> Software per le registrazioni </td></tr><tr><td> Pin del connettore d&#39;oro </td><td> Bulgin </td><td> SA3148 / 1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gold Connector Sockets </td><td> Bulgin </td><td> SA3149 / 1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard 184 in silicone elastomero </td><td> Dow Corning </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 100 x 15 millimetri piatto cristallizzazione </td><td> Pyrex </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vuoto Grasso Alta </td><td> Dow Corning </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pipetta Suggerimenti </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 21-375D </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Minutien Pins </td><td> Strumenti Scienza Belle </td><td> 26002-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Modellazione argilla </td><td> Sargent Art </td><td> 22-4400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Whisper pompa ad aria </td><td> Tetra </td><td> 77849 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Acquario Tubi </td><td> Eheim </td><td> 7783 </td><td> 12/16 mm </td></tr><tr><td> Elite Diffusore </td><td> Hagen </td><td> A962 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vannas Primavera Forbici </td><td> Strumenti Scienza Belle </td><td> 15000-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dumont # 5 pinza sottile </td><td> Belle SciencStrumenti elettronici </td><td> 11254-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kimwipes </td><td> Kimberly-Clark </td><td> 34155 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

extracellularly identifying motor neurons for a muscle motor pool in aplysia californica

Negli animali con grandi neuroni identificati (ad esempio molluschi), analisi di piscine motore viene fatto utilizzando tecniche intracellulari 1,2,3,4. Recentemente, abbiamo sviluppato una tecnica per stimolare extracellulare e registrare i singoli neuroni in Aplysia californica 5. Descriviamo ora un protocollo per utilizzare questa tecnica per identificare e caratterizzare motoneuroni all&#39;interno di un pool motore. Questa tecnica ha vantaggi extracellulare. Primi elettrodi extracellulari, può stimolare e registrare i neuroni attraverso la guaina 5, quindi non ha bisogno di essere rimosso. Così, i neuroni saranno più sani in esperimenti extracellulari che in quelli intracellulari. Secondo, se gangli sono ruotate di appropriate pinning della guaina, elettrodi extracellulari possono accedere neuroni su entrambi i lati del ganglio, che rende più facile e più efficace per identificare neuroni multipli nella stessa preparazione. In terzo luogo, extracellulareLAR elettrodi non devono penetrare nelle cellule, e quindi può essere facilmente spostato avanti e indietro tra neuroni, causando meno danni. Ciò è particolarmente utile quando si cerca di registrare i neuroni multipli durante ripetere schemi motori che possono persistere per qualche minuto. In quarto luogo, gli elettrodi extracellulari sono più flessibili di quelli intracellulari durante i movimenti muscolari. Elettrodi intracellulari può tirare fuori e danneggiare i neuroni durante le contrazioni muscolari. Al contrario, poiché elettrodi extracellulari pigiate delicatamente sulla guaina sopra neuroni, di solito soggiornare sopra il neurone stesso durante le contrazioni muscolari, e quindi può essere utilizzato in più preparazioni intatti. Per identificare in modo univoco i neuroni motori per un parco macchine (in particolare, la I1/I3 muscolo in Aplysia) con elettrodi extracellulari, si possono usare le funzioni che non richiedono misure intracellulari come criteri: dimensione del soma e la posizione, la proiezione assonale, e innervazione muscolare 4, 6,7. Per la piscina particolare motore utilizzato per illustrare la tecnica, abbiamo registrato da nervi vestibolari 2 e 3 per misurare proiezioni assonali, e misurato le forze di contrazione del muscolo I1/I3 per determinare il modello di innervazione muscolare per i motoneuroni singoli. Dimostriamo il processo completo della prima motoneuroni identificano con innervazione del muscolo, quindi caratterizzare la loro tempistica durante schemi motori, la creazione di un metodo semplificato diagnostico per l&#39;identificazione rapida. Il metodo più semplice e rapida diagnosi è superiore per preparazioni più intatte, ad esempio nella preparazione massa sospesa buccale 8 o 9 in vivo. Questo processo può essere applicato anche in altri autoveicoli piscine 10,11,12 in Aplysia o in altri sistemi animali 2,3,13,14.

Le figure 4 e 5 mostrano i risultati tipici per identificare due I1/I3 motoneuroni. Figura 4 mostra le registrazioni soma di un grande motoneuroni, B3, durante schemi egestive-simili e ingestive-like (figure 4C, 4D). L&#39;uno-per-uno picchi corrispondenti sul canale soma e il canale ipsilaterale BN2 (figura 4E) mostrano che la specificità di registrazione B3 soma è stata mantenuta durante modelli. B3 incendi durante il medio-tardiva ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica at JoVE.com

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

Negli animali con grandi neuroni identificati (<em&gt; Ad esempio,</em&gt; Molluschi), l&#39;analisi delle piscine motore viene fatto utilizzando tecniche intracellulari<sup&gt; 1,2,3,4</sup&gt;. Recentemente, abbiamo sviluppato una tecnica per stimolare extracellulare e registrare i singoli neuroni in<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em<sup&gt; 5</sup&gt;. Descriviamo ora un protocollo per utilizzare questa tecnica per identificare e caratterizzare motoneuroni all&#39;interno di un pool motore.

Extracellulare Identificazione neuroni motori per un pool di motore muscolare in<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

extracellularly-identifying-motor-neurons-for-muscle-motor-pool

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Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

11.7K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. Negli animali con grandi neuroni identificati ( Ad esempio, Molluschi), l'analisi delle piscine motore viene fatto utilizzando tecniche intracellulari 1,2,3,4. Recentemente, abbiamo sviluppato una tecnica per stimolare extracellulare e registrare i singoli neuroni in Aplysia californica

Video: Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target skeletal muscle. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a segmental CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type.

Accoppiato a pinza registrazioni patch da Motor-neurone e muscolo scheletrico bersaglio in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

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Neuroscienze

Live-imaging of PKC Translocation in Sf9 Cells and in Aplysia Sensory Neurons

Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are serine threonine kinases that play a central role in regulating a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and learning and memory. There are four known families of PKC isoforms in vertebrates: classical PKCs (&alpha;, &beta;I, &beta;II and &gamma;), novel type I PKCs (&#949; and &eta;), novel type II PKCs (&delta; and &theta;), and atypical PKCs (&zeta; and &iota;). The classical PKCs are activated by Ca2+ and diacylclycerol (DAG), while the novel PKCs are activated by DAG, but are Ca2+-independent. The atypical PKCs are activated by neither Ca2+ nor DAG. In Aplysia californica, our model system to study memory formation, there are three nervous system specific PKC isoforms one from each major class, namely the conventional PKC Apl I, the novel type I PKC Apl II and the atypical PKC Apl III. PKCs are lipid-activated kinases and thus activation of classical and novel PKCs in response to extracellular signals has been frequently correlated with PKC translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Therefore, visualizing PKC translocation in real time in live cells has become an invaluable tool for elucidating the signal transduction pathways that lead to PKC activation. For instance, this technique has allowed for us to establish that different isoforms of PKC translocate under different conditions to mediate distinct types of synaptic plasticity and that serotonin (5HT) activation of PKC Apl II requires production of both DAG and phosphatidic acid (PA) for translocation 1-2. Importantly, the ability to visualize the same neuron repeatedly has allowed us, for example, to measure desensitization of the PKC response in exquisite detail 3. In this video, we demonstrate each step of preparing Sf9 cell cultures, cultures of Aplysia sensory neurons have been described in another video article 4, expressing fluorescently tagged PKCs in Sf9 cells and in Aplysia sensory neurons and live-imaging of PKC translocation in response to different activators using laser-scanning microscopy.

In this video, we demonstrate visualization of PKC translocation in living cells using fluorescently tagged PKCs.

Live-imaging di traslocazione della PKC in SF9 cellule e nei neuroni sensoriali Aplysia

Protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are serine threonine kinases that play a central role in regulating a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis. Retrieved SVs are then refilled with neurotransmitter and rejoin the recycling pool, defined as SVs that are available for exocytosis1,2. The recycling pool can generally be subdivided into two distinct pools - the readily releasable pool (RRP) and the reserve pool (RP). As their names imply, the RRP consists of SVs that are immediately available for fusion while RP SVs are released only during intense stimulation1,2. It is important to have a reliable assay that reports the differential replenishment of these SV pools in order to understand 1) how SVs traffic after different modes of endocytosis (such as clathrin-dependent endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis) and 2) the mechanisms controlling the mobilisation of both the RRP and RP in response to different stimuli.
FM dyes are routinely employed to quantitatively report SV turnover in central nerve terminals3-8. They have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that allows reversible partitioning in the lipid bilayer, and a hydrophilic head group that blocks passage across membranes. The dyes have little fluorescence in aqueous solution, but their quantum yield increases dramatically when partitioned in membrane9. Thus FM dyes are ideal fluorescent probes for tracking actively recycling SVs. The standard protocol for use of FM dye is as follows. First they are applied to neurons and are taken up during endocytosis (Figure 1). After non-internalised dye is washed away from the plasma membrane, recycled SVs redistribute within the recycling pool. These SVs are then depleted using unloading stimuli (Figure 1). Since FM dye labelling of SVs is quantal10, the resulting fluorescence drop is proportional to the amount of vesicles released. Thus, the recycling and fusion of SVs generated from the previous round of endocytosis can be reliably quantified.
Here, we present a protocol that has been modified to obtain two additional elements of information. Firstly, sequential unloading stimuli are used to differentially unload the RRP and the RP, to allow quantification of the replenishment of specific SV pools. Secondly, each nerve terminal undergoes the protocol twice. Thus, the response of the same nerve terminal at S1 can be compared against the presence of a test substance at phase S2 (Figure 2), providing an internal control. This is important, since the extent of SV recycling across different nerve terminals is highly variable11.
Any adherent primary neuronal cultures may be used for this protocol, however the plating density, solutions and stimulation conditions are optimised for cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)12,13.

A live fluorescence imaging technique to quantify the replenishment and mobilisation of specific synaptic vesicle (SV) pools in central nerve terminals is described. Two rounds of SV recycling are monitored in the same nerve terminals providing an internal control.

Analisi quantitativa di Replenishment pool delle vescicole sinaptiche in colture di neuroni granuli cerebellari utilizzando coloranti FM

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals to rapidly adapt their behaviors to changing environments. The marine mollusk Aplysia californica provides a tractable system for the study of multifunctionality. During feeding, Aplysia generates several distinct types of behaviors using the same feeding apparatus, the buccal mass. The ganglia that control these behaviors contain a number of large, identified neurons that are accessible to electrophysiological study. The activity of these neurons has been described in motor programs that can be divided into two types, ingestive and egestive programs, based on the timing of neural activity that closes the food grasper relative to the neural activity that protracts or retracts the grasper2. However, in isolated ganglia, the muscle movements that would produce these behaviors are absent, making it harder to be certain whether the motor programs observed are correlates of real behaviors. In vivo, nerve and muscle recordings have been obtained corresponding to feeding programs2,3,4, but it is very difficult to directly record from individual neurons5. Additionally, in vivo, ingestive programs can be further divided into bites and swallows1,2, a distinction that is difficult to make in most previously described in vitro preparations.
The suspended buccal mass preparation (Figure 1) bridges the gap between isolated ganglia and intact animals. In this preparation, ingestive behaviors - including both biting and swallowing - and egestive behaviors (rejection) can be elicited, at the same time as individual neurons can be recorded from and stimulated using extracellular electrodes6. The feeding movements associated with these different behaviors can be recorded, quantified, and related directly to the motor programs. The motor programs in the suspended buccal mass preparation appear to be more similar to those observed in vivo than are motor programs elicited in isolated ganglia. Thus, the motor programs in this preparation can be more directly related to in vivo behavior; at the same time, individual neurons are more accessible to recording and stimulation than in intact animals. Additionally, as an intermediate step between isolated ganglia and intact animals, findings from the suspended buccal mass can aid in interpretation of data obtained in both more reduced and more intact settings. The suspended buccal mass preparation is a useful tool for characterizing the neural control of multifunctionality in Aplysia.

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

We describe a technique to extracellularly record and stimulate from nerves, muscles, and individual identified neurons in vitro while eliciting and observing different types of feeding behaviors in the feeding apparatus of Aplysia.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</emPreparazione&gt; per stimolare e registrare i programmi motori Nutrire con i movimenti fisiologici in<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral  structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals  to rapidly adapt their behaviors ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

Isolamento dei neuroni sensoriali<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em&gt; Per Bloccare Registrazioni patch di correnti glutamatergico

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

This protocol specifically focuses on tools for assessing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm at both the electrophysiological and morphological levels. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recording following phrenic nerve stimulation can be used to quantitatively assess functional diaphragm innervation by PhMNs of the cervical spinal cord in vivo in anesthetized rats and mice. Because CMAPs represent simultaneous recording of all myofibers of the whole hemi-diaphragm, it is useful to also examine the phenotypes of individual motor axons and myofibers at the diaphragm NMJ in order to track disease- and therapy-relevant morphological changes such as partial and complete denervation, regenerative sprouting and reinnervation. This can be accomplished via whole-mount immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the diaphragm, followed by detailed morphological assessment of individual NMJs throughout the muscle. Combining CMAPs and NMJ analysis provides a powerful approach for quantitatively studying diaphragmatic innervation in rodent models of CNS and PNS disease.

Compound muscle action potential recording quantitatively assesses functional diaphragm innervation by phrenic motor neurons. Whole-mount diaphragm immunohistochemistry assesses morphological innervation at individual neuromuscular junctions. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how these two powerful methodologies can be used in various rodent models of spinal cord disease.

Funzionale e morfologica Valutazione della membrana innervazione da Phrenic Motor Neurons

This protocol specifically focuses on tools for assessing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm at both the electrophysiological and ...

Intramuscular Injections Along the Motor End Plates: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Shuttle Tracers Directly into Motor Neurons

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the development of several animal models of these neuromuscular disorders has provided the scientific community with different therapeutic scenarios aimed at delaying or reversing the progression of these conditions. By taking advantage of the retrograde machinery of neurons, one of these approaches has been to target skeletal muscles in order to shuttle therapeutic genes into corresponding spinal cord motor neurons. Although once promising, the success of such gene delivery approach has been hampered by the sub-optimal number of transduced motor neurons it has so far shown to yield. Motor end plates (MEPs) are highly specialized regions on the skeletal musculature that are in direct synaptic contact to the spinal cord &#945; motor neurons. In this regard, it is important to note that, so far, the efforts to retrogradely transfer genes into motor neurons were made without reference to the location of the MEP region in the targeted muscles. Here, we describe a simple protocol 1) to reveal the exact location of the MEPs on the surface of skeletal muscles and 2) to use this information to guide the intramuscular delivery and subsequent optimal retrograde transport of retrograde tracers into motor neurons. We hope to utilize the results from these tracing experiments in further studies into investigating retrograde transport of therapeutic genes to spinal cord motor neurons through the targeting of MEPs.

The efficacy of intramuscular uptake and retrograde transport of molecules to corresponding motor neurons depends on the location of the injection sites with respect to the motor end plates (MEPs). Here, we describe how to locate MEPs on skeletal muscles to optimise retrograde transport of tracers into motor neurons.

Iniezioni intramuscolari Lungo le piastre Motor finale: un approccio mini-invasivo di navetta Tracers Direttamente nella Motor Neurons

Diseases affecting the integrity of spinal cord motor neurons are amongst the most debilitating neurological conditions. Over the last decades, the ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

Perché Quantificazione Matters: Caratterizzazione dei fenotipi al<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvale Giunzione neuromuscolare

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Retrograde Neuroanatomical Tracing of Phrenic Motor Neurons in Mice

Phrenic motor neurons are cervical motor neurons originating from C3 to C6 levels in most mammalian species. Axonal projections converge into phrenic nerves innervating the respiratory diaphragm. In spinal cord slices, phrenic motor neurons cannot be identified from other motor neurons on morphological or biochemical criteria. We provide the description of procedures for visualizing phrenic motor neuron cell bodies in mice, following intrapleural injections of cholera toxin subunit beta (CTB) conjugated to a fluorophore. This fluorescent neuroanatomical tracer has the ability to be caught up at the diaphragm neuromuscular junction, be carried retrogradely along the phrenic axons and reach the phrenic cell bodies. Two methodological approaches of intrapleural CTB delivery are compared: transdiaphragmatic versus transthoracic injections. Both approaches are successful and result in similar number of CTB-labeled phrenic motor neurons. In conclusion, these techniques can be applied to visualize or quantify the phrenic motor neurons in various experimental studies such as those focused on the diaphragm-phrenic circuitry.

Here, we describe a protocol for identifying phrenic motor neurons in mice after intrapleural delivery of fluorophore conjugated cholera toxin subunit beta. Two techniques are compared to inject the pleural cavity: transdiaphragmatic versus transthoracic approaches.

Analisi Neuroanatomical retrogrado dei motoneuroni frenico in topi

Phrenic motor neurons are cervical motor neurons originating from C3 to C6 levels in most mammalian species. Axonal projections converge into phrenic ...

A Minimally Invasive Lesion Technique for Muscles Intrinsic to the Odontophore of Aplysia californica

Aplysia californica is a model system for studying the neural control of learning and behavior. This animal has a semi-open circulatory system, making it possible to access many of its internal structures without causing any significant damage. Many manipulations can be easily performed both in vivo and in vitro, making it a highly tractable model for the analysis of behavior and neural circuitry. To better understand the functions of muscles within the feeding grasper, we have developed a technique for lesioning them without opening the main body cavity of the animal or damaging the outer layers of the feeding organ (i.e., the buccal mass). In this technique, the grasper is partially everted, allowing direct access to the musculature. This procedure allows animals to recover quickly and reliably. This has made it possible to lesion the I7 muscles and sub-radular fibers, allowing us to show that both muscles significantly contribute to the opening in vivo.

A Minimally Invasive Lesion Technique for Muscles Intrinsic to the Odontophore of Aplysia californica

Here we present a protocol for minimally invasive surgical lesioning of muscles intrinsic to the feeding apparatus of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica to understand the roles of these muscles during feeding behavior.

Una tecnica di lesione mini-invasiva per i muscoli intrinseca all'odontoia di Aplysia californica

Aplysia californica is a model system for studying the neural control of learning and behavior. This animal has a semi-open circulatory system, making it ...