Ringraziamo Stephan Wilkens aiuto in microscopia elettronica a trasmissione. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Institutes of Health di Grant R01AG023731.

Precedenti studi hanno dimostrato che i primi amino-terminali 22 residui di Mgm101 sono spaccati dopo l&#39;importazione in mitocondri 19. Per l&#39;espressione in Escherichia coli, la cornice di lettura aperta MGM101 mancano i primi 22 codoni viene amplificato mediante PCR e collocato a valle della sequenza codificante la proteina MASCHIO legante il maltosio (MBP) in una versione modificata del vettore di espressione pMAL-c2e. Questo genera la fusione MBP-Mgm101 con un linker che contiene un sito di taglio per la proteasi prescissione (Figura 3). Il plasmide viene costruito selezionando E. trasformanti coli senza l&#39;IPTG e selezione blu / bianco Xgal. Il plasmide risultante pMAL-C2E-MGM101 viene poi introdotto nella E. coli ceppo BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL selezionando ampicillina e colonie resistenti cloramfenicolo. 1. Espressione, induzione, Cell Lysis e DNasi Trattamento io <ol><li> InocUlate trasformanti freschi in 10 ml di terreno LB (1% Bacto triptone, 0,5% estratto di lievito, 1% di NaCl) addizionato con glucosio (0,2%), ampicillina (100 pg / ml) e cloramfenicolo (50 mg / ml). Incubare a 37 ° CO / N con agitazione a 200 rpm. </li><li> Inoculare il ml precoltura 10 in 2 litri di terreno LB integrato come sopra. Crescere le cellule a 37 ° C con agitazione fino a OD 600 raggiunge 0,5. </li><li> Indurre l&#39;espressione della proteina di fusione MBP-Mgm101 aggiungendo isopropil β-D-1-tiogalattopiranoside (IPTG) ad una concentrazione finale di 0,3 mM. Crescere le cellule in agitazione a 30 ° C per 5 ore. </li><li> Raccogliere le cellule per centrifugazione utilizzando una Beckman JA-10 rotore (5.500 xg, a 4 ° C, 10 min). Dopo aver scartato il surnatante, risospendere il pellet cellulare in 30 ml di tampone di lisi (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4 e 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4) contenente inibitori delle proteasi (25 pM leupeptina, 1 pM pepstatina A e 1 mM PMSF). </li><li> Sonicare sospensione cellulare in ghiaccio per 20sec utilizzando un processore ad ultrasuoni (Sistemi di calore; modello W-385) al duty cycle del 50%, lasciare raffreddare in ghiaccio per 30 secondi, e ripetere 2x. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di DNAse 1 magazzino a 2 mg / ml. Rock il lisato cellulare a 4 ° C per 2 h. </li><li> Regolare NaCl ad una concentrazione finale di 500 mm. </li><li> Rimuovere i detriti cellulari mediante centrifugazione a 10.000 xg a 4 ° C per 30 min. </li></ol> 2. Purificazione con amilosio Affinity Chromatography <ol><li> Equilibrare 1,5 ml di resina amilosio (50% slurry) nel tampone di lisi. Aggiungere la resina amilosio equilibrata al lisato cellulare. Agitare delicatamente a 4 ° CO / N. </li><li> Caricare il mix lisato-resina su una colonna cromatografica Econo-colonna installata in una stanza fredda. Lasciare le proteine ​​non legate al passaggio della colonna per gravità. </li><li> Lavare la resina con amilosio 300 ml di tampone di lavaggio I (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4, 400 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, e 0,2 mM PMSF). </li><li> Ripetere il lavaggio con 150 ml di tampone di lavaggio II (20 mm tris-HCl, pH 7,4, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, e 0,2 mM PMSF). </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di tampone di eluizione (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, e 0,2 mM PMSF, 10 mM maltosio) alla colonna, incubare a 4 ° C per 10 min, raccogliere l&#39;eluato e ripetere per più volte. </li><li> Combinare gli eluati, determinare la resa e la purezza di MBP-Mgm101 caricando una aliquota dell&#39;eluato su un gel SDS-PAGE seguita da colorazione con Coomassie (Figura 4). </li></ol> 3. Prescissione proteasi Decolleté e cromatografia a scambio cationico <ol><li> Aggiungere 50 unità di prescissione proteasi per l&#39;eluato MBP-Mgm101. Eseguire la scissione a 4 ° CO / N e lasciarlo continuare durante la dialisi contro il tampone di dialisi (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,4, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, e 0,2 mM PMSF) </li><li> Controllare l&#39;efficienza della fenditura su un gel SDS-PAGE (Figura 5A). </li><li> Caricare il spaccati MBP-Mgm101 da iniettare multiplaioni su una cartuccia Mini Macro-Prep Alta S Bio-Scale collegati ad un sistema biologico FPLC doppio passaggio Bio-Rad. </li><li> Avviare la cromatografia a scambio cationico mediante l&#39;applicazione di un gradiente passo sale di 5 mm, 300 mm, 500 mm, 750 mm e 1000 mm di NaCl che viene creato da tampone di miscelazione A (5 mM NaCl, 10 mM Na-fosfato, pH 7,2; 1 mM PMSF) e tampone B (1 M NaCl, 10 mM Na-fosfato, pH 7,2, 1 mM PMSF). Impostare la velocità di flusso a 0,5 ml / min. Raccogliere la frazione Mgm101 e controllare la purezza della proteina su un gel SDS-PAGE (Figura 5B). </li></ol> 4. Size Exclusion Chromatography <ol><li> Unire le frazioni proteiche da cromatografia a scambio cationico. Dializzare la proteina in tampone di equilibrazione GF (20 mM MOPS, pH 7,0; 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, 5 mM di 2-mercaptoetanolo, 0,2 mM PMSF). </li><li> Concentrare la proteina con Vivaspin 15R colonnine ultrafiltrazione a ridurre il volume a ~ 1 ml mediante filatura a 3000 xga 4 ° C. </li><li> Caricare Mgm101 ona calibrato Superose 6 prep grade colonna equilibrata con il tampone di cromatografia (20 mM MOPS, pH 7,0; 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM β-mercaptoetanolo, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7,4; 0,2 mM PMSF). </li><li> Avviare la dimensione del buffer con esclusione cromatografia funzionare ad una velocità di flusso di 0,5 ml / min. </li><li> Raccogliere le frazioni di purificate Mgm101 picchi. Caricare aliquote delle frazioni su un 12% SDS-PAGE per il controllo della qualità finale della proteina. </li><li> Concentrato della proteina con Vivaspin 6, poi congelare rapidamente i campioni in N2 liquido e conservare a -80 ° C. </li><li> Utilizzare i campioni Mgm101 entro 6-12 mesi per i test ssDNA-binding (Figura 8) e per la visualizzazione strutturale di microscopia elettronica a trasmissione (Figura 9). </li></ol>

<ol>
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K., Park, D., Xu, L., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DMC1:+a+meiosis-specific+yeast+homolog+of+E.+coli+recA+required+for+recombination,+synaptonemal+complex+formation,+and+cell+cycle+progression.">DMC1: a meiosis-specific yeast homolog of E. coli recA required for recombination, synaptonemal complex formation, and cell cycle progression.</a> Cell. 69, 439-456 (1992).</li><li>Shinohara, A., Ogawa, H., Ogawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rad51+protein+involved+in+repair+and+recombination+in+S.+cerevisiae+is+a+RecA-like+protein.">Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in S. cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein.</a> Cell. 69, 457-470 (1992).</li><li>Passy, S. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Dmc1+protein+binds+DNA+as+an+octameric+ring.">Human Dmc1 protein binds DNA as an octameric ring.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 10684-10688 (1999).</li><li>Story, R. M., Weber, I. T., Steitz, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+the+E.+coli+recA+protein+monomer+and+polymer.">The structure of the E. coli recA protein monomer and polymer.</a> Nature. 355, 318-325 (1992).</li><li>Yu, X., Jacobs, S. A., West, S. C., Ogawa, T., Egelman, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Domain+structure+and+dynamics+in+the+helical+filaments+formed+by+RecA+and+Rad51+on+DNA.">Domain structure and dynamics in the helical filaments formed by RecA and Rad51 on DNA.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 8419-8424 (2001).</li><li>Conway, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+a+Rad51+filament.">Crystal structure of a Rad51 filament.</a> Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11, 791-796 (2004).</li><li>Bai, Y., Davis, A. P., Symington, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+allele+of+RAD52+that+causes+severe+DNA+repair+and+recombination+deficiencies+only+in+the+absence+of+RAD51+or+RAD59.">A novel allele of RAD52 that causes severe DNA repair and recombination deficiencies only in the absence of RAD51 or RAD59.</a> Genetics. 153, 1117-1130 (1999).</li><li>Bai, Y., Symington, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Rad52+homolog+is+required+for+RAD51-independent+mitotic+recombination+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">A Rad52 homolog is required for RAD51-independent mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genes Dev. 10, 2025-2037 (1996).</li><li>Paques, F., Haber, J. 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U.S.A. 96, 4279-4284 (1999).</li><li>Ploquin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+structural+basis+for+a+bacteriophage+homolog+of+human+RAD52.">Functional and structural basis for a bacteriophage homolog of human RAD52.</a> Curr. Biol. 18, 1142-1146 (2008).</li><li>Chen, X. J., Guan, M. X., Clark-Walker, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MGM101,+a+nuclear+gene+involved+in+maintenance+of+the+mitochondrial+genome+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">MGM101, a nuclear gene involved in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nucl. Acids Res. 21, 3473-3477 (1993).</li><li>Meeusen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mgm101p+is+a+novel+component+of+the+mitochondrial+nucleoid+that+binds+DNA+and+is+required+for+the+repair+of+oxidatively+damaged+mitochondrial+DNA.">Mgm101p is a novel component of the mitochondrial nucleoid that binds DNA and is required for the repair of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial DNA.</a> J. Cell Biol. 145, 291-304 (1999).</li><li>Mbantenkhu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mgm101+is+a+Rad52-related+protein+required+for+mitochondrial+DNA+recombination.">Mgm101 is a Rad52-related protein required for mitochondrial DNA recombination.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 286, 42360-42370 (2011).</li><li>Nardozzi, J. D., Wang, X., Mbantenkhu, M., Wilkens, S., Chen, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+properly+configured+ring+structure+is+critical+for+the+function+of+the+mitochondrial+DNA+recombination+protein.">A properly configured ring structure is critical for the function of the mitochondrial DNA recombination protein.</a> Mgm101. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 37259-37268 (2012).</li><li>Zuo, X., Xue, D., Li, N., Clark-Walker, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+functional+core+of+the+mitochondrial+genome+maintenance+protein+Mgm101p+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+with+a+temperature-conditional+allele.">A functional core of the mitochondrial genome maintenance protein Mgm101p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined with a temperature-conditional allele.</a> FEMS Yeast Res. 7, 131-140 (2007).</li><li>Itoh, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+packaging+proteins+Glom+and+Glom2+coordinately+organize+the+mitochondrial+nucleoid+of+Physarum+polycephalum.">DNA packaging proteins Glom and Glom2 coordinately organize the mitochondrial nucleoid of Physarum polycephalum.</a> Mitochondrion. 11, 575-586 (2011).</li><li>Janicka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+RAD52-like+single-stranded+DNA+binding+protein+affects+mitochondrial+DNA+repair+by+recombination.">A RAD52-like single-stranded DNA binding protein affects mitochondrial DNA repair by recombination.</a> Plant J. 72, 423-435 (2012).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

E &#39;stata una sfida per la produzione di una stalla, nativo Mgm101 proteina ricombinante da E. coli forse a causa della sua insolubilità in cellule batteriche. In questo rapporto, si dimostra che la strategia di MBP-fusione permette la proteina da esprimere ad un livello ragionevolmente elevato. Mediante microscopia elettronica a colorazione negativa e cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale, abbiamo precedentemente dimostrato che la proteina di fusione MBP-forma oligomeri uniformi in vitro 1...

Ricombinazione omologa è importante per la riparazione delle rotture del doppio filamento (DSB) e interstrand legami crociati, e per la ripresa della replicazione del DNA da forche di replicazione crollate 1. Nel convenzionale ricombinazione omologa, la reazione è catalizzata centrale dalle ricombinasi ATP-dipendenti comprese RecA nei procarioti e Rad51 e Dmc1 negli eucarioti 1-3. Questi ricombinasi formano filamenti nucleoproteici sul ssDNA, che sono essenziali per l&#39;avvio ricerca di omologia e invasione filone all&#39;interno dei modelli di DNA duplex (Figura 1, pannello di sinistra) 4-7. Oltre alla schema convenzionale, ricombinazione omologa può avvenire anche in maniera RecA/Rad51-independent (figura 1, pannello di destra). Per esempio, il lievito e RAD52 Rad59 proteine ​​possono catalizzare direttamente la ricottura del complementari ssDNA filamenti che sono esposti per resezione di dsDNA pause. Questo processo di ricombinazione, noto come cantareLe filone ricottura, generalmente non comporta omologa l&#39;abbinamento con i modelli di DNA a doppia elica. Dopo la ricottura, code eterologhe vengono rimossi da esonuleasi e nick sono legatura a ripristinare genoma 8-10 di continuità. Riparazione da parte del singolo meccanismo di ricottura filo è spesso accompagnata da delezioni di sequenze genomiche tra regioni ripetute direttamente. RAD52 appartiene ad un gruppo eterogeneo di proteine ​​di ricombinazione che sono diffuse tra i batteriofagi 11. Queste proteine ​​sono conosciute anche come singolo filamento Proteine ​​ricottura (SSAPs), in base alla loro attività nel promuovere la ricottura di molecole di DNA a singolo filamento omologo. I migliori SSAPs batteriofagi sono caratterizzati Redβ e Erf dal batteriofagi λ e P22, rect dal profago RAC e la proteina Sak dal Lactococcal fago ul36. Le SSAPs sono strutturalmente caratterizzate da una tipica piega β-β-β-α, sebbene somiglianza è praticamente undetectgrado nelle loro sequenze primarie. Essi ogni forma di grandi anelli omo-oligomeri di 10-14 volte simmetria in vitro 12-14. Le implicazioni funzionali di questa caratteristica organizzazione strutturale ordine superiore non è ben compreso. Siamo interessati a capire il meccanismo di ricombinazione omologa nel genoma mitocondriale. Abbiamo precedentemente identificato il gene MGM101 che è essenziale per il mantenimento del mtDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15. MGM101 stato successivamente trovato per essere associato con nucleoidi mitocondriali ed è necessario per la tolleranza del mtDNA ad agenti che danneggiano il DNA 16. Tuttavia, lo studio di Mgm101 è stata frenata nell&#39;ultimo decennio dalla difficoltà di produrre Mgm101 ricombinante. Abbiamo recentemente riusciti a produrre Mgm101 solubile in grandi quantità da E. coli usando la strategia di MBP-fusion. Questo ci ha permesso di dimostrare che Mgm101 azionisimilitudini biochimiche e strutturali con il RAD52-famiglia di proteine ​​17,18. In questo rapporto, una procedura di purificazione in tre fasi è descritta, che produce Mgm101for analisi biochimiche e strutturali omogenee (Figura 2).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Expression vector pMAL-c2E</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>#N8066S</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PreScission Protease</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>#27-0843-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL cells</td>
			<td>Strategene</td>
			<td>#230245</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11034626001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepstatin</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11359053001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#10837091001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse I</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>#DN25-1G</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl &beta;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11411446001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylose resin</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>#E8021L</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Econo-Column chromatography column</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>#7372512</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Scale Mini Macro-Prep High S cartridge (1 ml)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>#732-4130</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIVASPIN 15R Ultrafiltration spin column (10,000 MWCO)</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedium</td>
			<td>#VS15RH02</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superose 6 prep grade column</td>
			<td>Amersham Bioscirnces</td>
			<td>#17-0489-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIVASPIN 6 Ultrafiltration spin column (5,000 MWCO)</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedium</td>
			<td>#VS0611</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of the mgm101 recombination protein by mbp-based tagging strategy

Il gene è stato identificato MGM101 20 anni fa per il suo ruolo nel mantenimento del DNA mitocondriale. Studi condotti in diversi gruppi hanno suggerito che la proteina Mgm101 è coinvolta nella riparazione ricombinazione del DNA mitocondriale. Recenti indagini hanno indicato che Mgm101 è legato alla famiglia RAD52-tipo ricombinazione proteica. Queste proteine ​​formano grandi anelli oligomeriche e promuovere la ricottura di molecole di DNA a singolo filamento omologo. Tuttavia, la caratterizzazione di Mgm101 è stata ostacolata dalla difficoltà di produrre la proteina ricombinante. Qui, una procedura affidabile per la preparazione di Mgm101 ricombinante è descritto. Il maltosio Binding Protein (MBP)-tag Mgm101 è prima espressa in Escherichia coli. La proteina di fusione è inizialmente purificato mediante cromatografia di affinità amilosio. Dopo essere stato rilasciato da clivaggio proteolitico, Mgm101 è separato da MBP mediante cromatografia di scambio cationico. Monodisperso Mgm101 è quindi ottenutoper cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale. Una resa di ~ 0,87 mg di Mgm101 per litro di coltura batterica può essere ottenuta routine. Il Mgm101 ricombinante ha la contaminazione minima di DNA. I campioni preparati sono utilizzati con successo per biochimici, strutturali e singola particella analisi dell&#39;immagine di Mgm101. Questo protocollo può essere utilizzato anche per la preparazione di altri grandi oligomeriche proteine ​​che legano il DNA che possono essere mal ripiegate e tossici per le cellule batteriche.

Mgm101 è una proteina di ricombinazione RAD52-correlati nei mitocondri. RAD52 è stato ampiamente studiato per il suo ruolo nella ricombinazione del DNA mitocondriale (Figura 1). Ricombinante Mgm101 può essere preparato da una procedura in tre fasi (Figura 2). Ciò è facilitato dall&#39;utilizzo della strategia MBP-tagging che permette Mgm101 essere espressi in una forma solubile e successivamente rilasciato dal tag da taglio proteolitico (Figura 3). <p class="jo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy at JoVE.com

Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

Il lievito mitocondriale proteina nucleoide, Mgm101, è una proteina di ricombinazione RAD52-tipo che forma grandi anelli oligomeriche. Un protocollo è descritto da preparare Mgm101 solubile ricombinante utilizzando la proteina legante il maltosio (MBP)-tagging strategia accoppiato con scambio cationico e cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale.

Preparazione del Mgm101 ricombinazione delle proteine ​​da Strategy Tagging MBP-based

The MGM101 gene was identified 20 years ago for its role in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Studies from several groups have suggested that the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.0K Views.  State University of New York Upstate Medical University. Il lievito mitocondriale proteina nucleoide, Mgm101, è una proteina di ricombinazione RAD52-tipo che forma grandi anelli oligomeriche. Un protocollo è descritto da preparare Mgm101 solubile ricombinante utilizzando la proteina legante il maltosio (MBP)-tagging strategia accoppiato con scambio cationico e cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale.

Video: Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

La colorazione delle proteine ​​in gel con Coomassie G-250, senza solventi organici acido acetico e

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Utilizzando il sistema GELFREE 8100 Frazionamento per peso molecolare basata su Frazionamento con recupero della fase liquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Identifying the Effects of BRCA1 Mutations on Homologous Recombination using Cells that Express Endogenous Wild-type BRCA1

The functional analysis of missense mutations can be complicated by the presence in the cell of the endogenous protein. Structure-function analyses of the BRCA1 have been complicated by the lack of a robust assay for the full length BRCA1 protein and the difficulties inherent in working with cell lines that express hypomorphic BRCA1 protein1,2,3,4,5. We developed a system whereby the endogenous BRCA1 protein in a cell was acutely depleted by RNAi targeting the 3'-UTR of the BRCA1 mRNA and replaced by co-transfecting a plasmid expressing a BRCA1 variant. One advantage of this procedure is that the acute silencing of BRCA1 and simultaneous replacement allow the cells to grow without secondary mutations or adaptations that might arise over time to compensate for the loss of BRCA1 function. This depletion and add-back procedure was done in a HeLa-derived cell line that was readily assayed for homologous recombination activity. The homologous recombination assay is based on a previously published method whereby a recombination substrate is integrated into the genome (Figure 1)6,7,8,9. This recombination substrate has the rare-cutting I-SceI restriction enzyme site inside an inactive GFP allele, and downstream is a second inactive GFP allele. Transfection of the plasmid that expresses I-SceI results in a double-stranded break, which may be repaired by homologous recombination, and if homologous recombination does repair the break it creates an active GFP allele that is readily scored by flow cytometry for GFP protein expression. Depletion of endogenous BRCA1 resulted in an 8-10-fold reduction in homologous recombination activity, and add-back of wild-type plasmid fully restored homologous recombination function. When specific point mutants of full length BRCA1 were expressed from co-transfected plasmids, the effect of the specific missense mutant could be scored. As an example, the expression of the BRCA1(M18T) protein, a variant of unknown clinical significance10, was expressed in these cells, it failed to restore BRCA1-dependent homologous recombination. By contrast, expression of another variant, also of unknown significance, BRCA1(I21V) fully restored BRCA1-dependent homologous recombination function. This strategy of testing the function of BRCA1 missense mutations has been applied to another biological system assaying for centrosome function (Kais et al, unpublished observations). Overall, this approach is suitable for the analysis of missense mutants in any gene that must be analyzed recessively.

We provide a method for testing BRCA1 variants in a tissue culture based assay for homologous recombination repair of DNA damage by depleting endogenous BRCA1 protein from a cell using RNAi and replacing it with a BRCA1 point mutant that contains a coding change.

Identificare gli effetti delle mutazioni BRCA1 sulla ricombinazione omologa utilizzando cellule che esprimono endogeno wild-type BRCA1

The functional analysis of missense mutations can be complicated by the presence in the cell of the endogenous protein. Structure-function analyses of the ...

Genetic Modification and Recombination of Salivary Gland Organ Cultures

Branching morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the study of branching morphogenesis. In the developing SMG, this process involves iterative steps of epithelial bud and duct formation, to ultimately give rise to a complex branched network of acini and ducts, which serve to produce and modify/transport the saliva, respectively, into the oral cavity1-3. The epithelial-associated basement membrane and aspects of the mesenchymal compartment, including the mesenchyme cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix, produced by these cells, are critical to the branching mechanism, although how the cellular and molecular events are coordinated remains poorly understood 4. The study of the molecular mechanisms driving epithelial morphogenesis advances our understanding of developmental mechanisms and provides insight into possible regenerative medicine approaches. Such studies have been hampered due to the lack of effective methods for genetic manipulation of the salivary epithelium. Currently, adenoviral transduction represents the most effective method for targeting epithelial cells in adult glands in vivo5. However, in embryonic explants, dense mesenchyme and the basement membrane surrounding the epithelial cells impedes viral access to the epithelial cells. If the mesenchyme is removed, the epithelium can be transfected using adenoviruses, and epithelial rudiments can resume branching morphogenesis in the presence of Matrigel or laminin-1116,7. Mesenchyme-free epithelial rudiment growth also requires additional supplementation with soluble growth factors and does not fully recapitulate branching morphogenesis as it occurs in intact glands8. Here we describe a technique which facilitates adenoviral transduction of epithelial cells and culture of the transfected epithelium with associated mesenchyme. Following microdissection of the embryonic SMGs, removal of the mesenchyme, and viral infection of the epithelium with a GFP-containing adenovirus, we show that the epithelium spontaneously recombines with uninfected mesenchyme, recapitulating intact SMG glandular structure and branching morphogenesis. The genetically modified epithelial cell population can be easily monitored using standard fluorescence microscopy methods, if fluorescently-tagged adenoviral constructs are used. The tissue recombination method described here is currently the most effective and accessible method for transfection of epithelial cells with a wild-type or mutant vector within a complex 3D tissue construct that does not require generation of transgenic animals.

A technique to genetically manipulate epithelial cells within whole ex vivo cultured embryonic mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) using viral gene transfer is described. This method takes advantage of the innate ability of SMG epithelium and mesenchyme to spontaneously recombine after separation and infection of epithelial rudiments with adenoviral vectors.

Modificazione genetica e ricombinazione delle Culture organo ghiandola salivare

Branching  morphogenesis occurs during the development of many organs, and the embryonic  mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is a classical model for the ...

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

The continued development of techniques for fast, large-scale manipulation of endogenous gene loci will broaden the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model organism for human-disease related research. Recent years have seen technical advancements like homologous recombination and recombineering. However, generating unequivocal null mutations or tagging endogenous proteins remains a substantial effort for most genes. Here, we describe and demonstrate techniques for using recombineering-based cloning methods to generate vectors that can be used to target and manipulate endogenous loci in vivo. Specifically, we have established a combination of three technologies: (1) BAC transgenesis/recombineering, (2) ends-out homologous recombination and (3) Gateway technology to provide a robust, efficient and flexible method for manipulating endogenous genomic loci. In this protocol, we provide step-by-step details about how to (1) design individual vectors, (2) how to clone large fragments of genomic DNA into the homologous recombination vector using gap repair, and (3) how to replace or tag genes of interest within these vectors using a second round of recombineering. Finally, we will also provide a protocol for how to mobilize these cassettes in vivo to generate a knockout, or a tagged gene via knock-in. These methods can easily be adopted for multiple targets in parallel and provide a means for manipulating the Drosophila genome in a timely and efficient manner.

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

Homologous recombination techniques greatly advance Drosophila genetics by enabling the creation of molecularly precise mutations. The recent adoption of recombineering allows one to manipulate large pieces of DNA and transform them into Drosophila6. The methods presented here combine these techniques to rapidly generate large homologous recombination vectors.

Recombineering costrutti omologhi ricombinazione<em&gt; Drosophila</em

The continued development of techniques for fast, large-scale manipulation of endogenous gene loci will broaden the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a ...

Improving the Success Rate of Protein Crystallization by Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Random microseed matrix screening (rMMS) is a protein crystallization technique in which seed crystals are added to random screens. By increasing the likelihood that crystals will grow in the metastable zone of a protein's phase diagram, extra crystallization leads are often obtained, the quality of crystals produced may be increased, and a good supply of crystals for data collection and soaking experiments is provided. Here we describe a general method for rMMS that may be applied to either sitting drop or hanging drop vapor diffusion experiments, established either by hand or using liquid handling robotics, in 96-well or 24-well tray format.

Here we describe a general method for random microseed matrix screening. This technique is shown to significantly increase the success rate of protein crystallization screening experiments, reduce the need for optimization, and provide a reliable supply of crystals for data collection and ligand-soaking experiments.

Migliorare il tasso di successo di cristallizzazione della proteina da Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Random microseed matrix screening  (rMMS) is a protein crystallization technique in which seed crystals are added  to random screens. By increasing the ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

Green Fluorescent Protein-base Espressione Proiezione di proteine ​​di membrana in<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein subcellular localization changes; in particular, a nuclear translocation under a heat stress condition. Proteins react correspondingly to external and internal signals. A common mechanism is to change its subcellular localization. This article describes a protocol to track protein localization that does not require an antibody, radioactive labeling, or a confocal microscope. In this article, GFP is used to tag the target protein EXL-1 in C. elegans, a member of the chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) family, including mammalian CLIC4. An integrated translational exl-1::gfp transgenic line (with a promoter and a full gene sequence) was created by transformation and &#947;-radiation, and stably expresses the gene and gfp. Recent research showed that upon heat stress, not oxidative stress, EXL-1::GFP accumulates in the nucleus. Overlapping the GFP signal with both the nuclei structure and the DAPI signals confirms the EXL-1 subcellular localization changes under stress. This protocol presents two different fixation methods for DAPI staining: ethanol fixation and acetone fixation. The DAPI staining protocol presented in this article is fast and efficient and preserves both the GFP signal and the protein subcellular localization changes. This method only requires a fluorescence microscope with Nomarski, a FITC filter, and a DAPI filter. It is suitable for a small laboratory setting, undergraduate student research, high school student research, and biotechnology classrooms.

Detecting Protein Subcellular Localization by Green Fluorescence Protein Tagging and 4&#039;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole Staining in Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol demonstrates how to track a protein nuclear translocation under heat stress by using a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein as a marker and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The DAPI staining protocol is fast and preserves the GFP and protein subcellular localization signals.

Rilevamento di localizzazione sottocellulare della proteina di verde fluorescenza della proteina Tagging e 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole macchiatura in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this protocol, a green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion protein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining are used to track protein ...

Detecting and Characterizing Protein Self-Assembly In Vivo by Flow Cytometry

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from low-sensitivity, indirect read-outs, limited throughput, and/or population-level rather than single-cell resolution. We designed a flow cytometry-based single methodology that addresses all of these limitations: Distributed Amphifluoric FRET or DAmFRET. DAmFRET detects and quantifies protein self-assemblies by sensitized emission FRET in vivo, enables deployment across model systems-from yeast to human cells-and achieves sensitive, single-cell, high-throughput read-outs irrespective of protein localization or solubility.

This article describes a FRET-based flow cytometry protocol to quantify protein self-assembly in both S. cerevisiae and HEK293T cells.

Rilevamento e caratterizzazione dell'autoassemblaggio proteico in vivo da parte della Cytometria di flusso

Protein self-assembly governs protein function and compartmentalizes cellular processes in space and time. Current methods to study it suffer from ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Un test di chemiotassi migliorato per la rapida identificazione dei chemioattrattivi rizobatterici negli essudati radicali

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...

Preparazione del Mgm101 ricombinazione delle proteine ​​da Strategy Tagging MBP-based

Preparazione del Mgm101 ricombinazione delle proteine da Strategy Tagging MBP-based