Name: qualitative identification of carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and amines using cruciform fluorophores
Uploaded: 2013-08-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores at JoVE.com

Work in Bunz's laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF-CHE 07502753) and the work at Ruprecht-Karls-Universit&auml;t Heidelberg was funded by the "Struktur und Innovationsfond des Landes Baden-W&uuml;rttemberg". Work in Miljani&#263;'s laboratory at the University of Houston was funded by the National Science Foundation CAREER program (CHE-1151292), the Welch Foundation (grant no. E-1768), the University of Houston (UH) and its Small Grant program, and the Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH.

1. Detection of Carboxylic Acids Using Distyrylbis(arylethynyl)benzene Cruciforms
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a fresh stock solution of cruciforms 1-3 with a concentration of 1.0 x 10-3 mol/L in DCM. It is not necessary to use spectroscopic quality solvents; ACS reagent grade purity is sufficient.</li>
	<li>Using the stock solutions from 1.1 prepare 100 ml each of 2.0 x 10-6 M solution of 1-3 in dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetonitrile (AN), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropyl ...

<ol>
	<li>Zucchero, A. J., McGrier, P. J., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-conjugated+cruciform+fluorophores.">Cross-conjugated cruciform fluorophores.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 43 (3), 397-408 (2010).</li><li>Feldman, A. K., Steigerwald, M. L., Guo, X., Nuckolls, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+electronic+devices+based+on+single-walled+carbon+nanotube+electrodes.">Molecular electronic devices based on single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 41 (12), 1731-1741 (2008).</li><li>Galbrecht, F., B&#252;nnagel, T., Bilge, A., Scherf, T. J. J., M&#252;ller, U. H. F., Bunz, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functional Organic Materials. , 83 (2007).</li><li>Marsden, J. A., Miller, J. J., Shirtcliff, L. D., Haley, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-property+relationships+of+donor/acceptor-functionalized+tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzenes+and+bis(dehydrobenzoannuleno)+benzenes.">Structure-property relationships of donor/acceptor-functionalized tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzenes and bis(dehydrobenzoannuleno) benzenes.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (8), 2464-2476 (2005).</li><li>Lim, J., Albright, T. A., Martin, B. R., Miljani&#263;, O. &. #. 3. 5. 2. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benzobisoxazole+cruciforms:+heterocyclic+fluorophores+with+spatially+separated+frontier+molecular+orbitals.">Benzobisoxazole cruciforms: heterocyclic fluorophores with spatially separated frontier molecular orbitals.</a> J. Org. Chem. 76 (24), 10207-10219 (2011).</li><li>Lirag, R. C., Le, H. T. M., Miljani&#263;, O. &. #. 3. 5. 2. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-shaped+benzimidazole+fluorophores:+synthesis,+characterization+and+optical+response+to+bases,+acids+and+anions.">L-shaped benzimidazole fluorophores: synthesis, characterization and optical response to bases, acids and anions.</a> Chem. Commun. , (2013).</li><li>Hauck, M., Schoenhaber, J., Zucchero, A. J., Hardcastle, K. I., Mueller, T. J. J., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenothiazine+cruciforms:+synthesis+and+metallochromic+properties.">Phenothiazine cruciforms: synthesis and metallochromic properties.</a> J. Org. Chem. 72 (18), 6714-6725 (2007).</li><li>Zucchero, A. J., Wilson, J. N., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cruciforms+as+functional+fluorophores:+response+to+protons+and+selected+metal+ions.">Cruciforms as functional fluorophores: response to protons and selected metal ions.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (36), 11872-11881 (2006).</li><li>Wilson, J. N., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+of+intramolecular+charge+transfer+in+cruciforms:+metal+ion+sensing.">Switching of intramolecular charge transfer in cruciforms: metal ion sensing.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (12), 4124-4125 (2005).</li><li>Davey, E. A., Zucchero, A. J., Trapp, O., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrimination+of+organic+acids+using+a+three+molecule+array+based+upon+cruciform+fluorophores.">Discrimination of organic acids using a three molecule array based upon cruciform fluorophores.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (20), 7716-7718 (2011).</li><li>Lim, J., Nam, D., Miljani&#263;, O. &. #. 3. 5. 2. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+carboxylic+and+organoboronic+acids+and+phenols+with+a+single+benzobisoxazole+fluorophore.">Identification of carboxylic and organoboronic acids and phenols with a single benzobisoxazole fluorophore.</a> Chem. Sci. 3 (2), 559-563 (2012).</li><li>Lim, J., Miljani&#263;, O. &. #. 3. 5. 2. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benzobisoxazole+fluorophore+vicariously+senses+amines,+ureas,+anions.">Benzobisoxazole fluorophore vicariously senses amines, ureas, anions.</a> Chem. Commun. 48 (83), 10301-10303 (2012).</li><li>Braga, D., Polito, M., Bracaccini, M., D'Addario, D., Tagliavini, E., Sturba, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+organometallic+building+blocks+for+molecular+crystal+engineering.+2.+Synthesis+and+characterization+of+pyridyl+and+pyrimidyl+derivatives+of+diboronic+acid,+Fe(&#951;5-C5H4+-+B(OH)2)2],+and+of+pyridyl+boronic+acid,+[Fe(&#951;5-C5H4-4-C5H4N)(&#951;5-C5H4+-+B(OH)2)].">Novel organometallic building blocks for molecular crystal engineering. 2. Synthesis and characterization of pyridyl and pyrimidyl derivatives of diboronic acid, Fe(&#951;5-C5H4 - B(OH)2)2], and of pyridyl boronic acid, [Fe(&#951;5-C5H4-4-C5H4N)(&#951;5-C5H4 - B(OH)2)].</a> Organometallics. 22 (10), 2142-2150 (2003).</li><li>Schwaebel, T., Trapp, O., Bunz, U. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+photography+for+the+analysis+of+fluorescence+responses.">Digital photography for the analysis of fluorescence responses.</a> Chem. Sci. 4 (3), 273-281 (2013).</li></ol>

The protocols for qualitative discrimination described in this paper and video hold significant potential in routine quality analyses, where even a minimally trained operator could discern the differences in composition, or deviations from a well-defined formula. Practicality of this technique could be further enhanced by using simple cellphone cameras, which, in combination with pattern- and image-recognition software such as Google Goggles, could match the recorded emission colors to the database of known compositions....

Molecular cruciforms are defined as X-shaped cross-conjugated molecules in which two conjugation circuits intersect at a central core.1,2,3 With appropriate donor-acceptor substitution, these molecules can spatially localize their frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), so that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) resides dominantly along the electron-rich axis of the molecule, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) has the bulk of its density positioned along the electron-poor arm of the molecule. Such spatial isolation of FMOs is essential in the applications of these cruciforms as sensors for small molecules, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. This behavior has been demonstrated in cruciforms based on 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene,1 1,2,4,5-tetrakisethynylbenzene,4 and benzobisoxazole5,6 structural motifs. Since all three classes of molecules are inherently fluorescent, this methodology allowed their use as small-molecule sensors. In all three examples, cruciforms were substituted with Lewis basic pyridine and dialkylaniline groups and were thus responsive to Lewis acidic analytes, such as protons and metal ions.1,4,5,7,8,9
In 2011, Bunz and coworkers have shown10 that the fluorescence responses of 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene cruciforms 1 - 3 (Figure 1) dramatically varied depending on the structure of the carboxylic acid used to induce protonation of the cruciform. Subsequently, Miljani&#263; et al. demonstrated that benzobisoxazole cruciforms such as 4 (Figure 1) also show highly specific fluorescence emission responses to structurally related carboxylic acids, and that similar distinction can be seen among very similar organoboronic acids, too.11 Origins of this highly selective emission color changes are at present unclear, and are most likely complex - as fluorescence quenching by electron poor analytes, residual analyte fluorescence, and protonation-induced shifting of cruciforms&#39; emission maxima all presumably play a role. Nevertheless, the ability to discriminate among structurally related analytes is significant, especially since statistically relevant distinction can be obtained without the need to perform exhaustive UV/Vis absorption or fluorescence characterization of the optical response of cruciforms to analytes. Instead, simple photographs of emission color are sufficiently distinct to allow the discrimination among structurally closely related analytes, especially if the photographs are taken in different solvents or using more than one cruciform sensor. Using this quick methodology, dozens of analytes can be quickly analyzed in an afternoon (see panels in Figures 3-5), whereas the same analysis would require weeks if rigorous spectroscopy was employed. Furthermore, since boronic acids are dynamic species that can coordinate nucleophiles through boron&#39;s empty p-orbital, Miljani&#263; used this feature to develop hybrid sensors composed of benzobisoxazole cruciform 4 and simple non-fluorescent boronic acid additives B1 and B5 (Figure 4).11,12 This methodology operates as follows: cruciform 4 and boronic acids complex into a transient complex 4&#183;nB1 (or 4&#183;nB5); the precise structure of this complex is at present unknown, but its fluorescence differs from that of the pure cruciform. If this solution is exposed to Lewis basic analytes, they can replace one or both -OH groups on the boronic acid,13 thus significantly altering the electronic properties of boron and, in turn, the fluorescence of the entire complex. Using this &#34;vicarious sensing&#34; methodology, sensing of phenols, organic amines and ureas, as well as of small organic and inorganic anions, could be achieved.
In this paper, we present a tutorial on the use of both direct and vicarious sensing methodology to quickly qualitatively distinguish between structurally related (a) carboxylic acids (Figure 3), (b) boronic acids (Figure 4), and, vicariously, (c) organic amines (Figure 5). To illustrate the broad applicability of the reported protocols, Bunz&#39;s cruciforms were used to detect carboxylic acids, while Miljani&#263;&#39;s compounds were employed to detect boronic acids, and, through a hybrid sensor, small organic amines. We presume that these sensors could be readily interchanged without major consequences to the quality of analyte discrimination.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane (CH)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4878-02</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chlorobenzene (CB)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9179-1</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>19390</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM) - Miljani&#263;</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4879-06</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (AN)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>2856-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroform (CF)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>4440-19</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM) - Bunz</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>24233</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ethyl Acetate (EtOAc)</td>
			<td>Brenntag</td>
			<td>10010447</td>
			<td>Additional distillation</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (AN)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34851</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>38840</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2-Propanol (iPrOH)</td>
			<td>Ruprecht-Karls Universit&auml;t Heidelberg, Zentralbereich Neuenheimer Feld</td>
			<td>69595</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20847.295</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (A1)</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>54630</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic Acid (A2)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H50004</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ibuprofen (A3)</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB125950</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aspirine (A4)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5376</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Phenylacetic Acid (A5)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P16621</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Chlorophenylacetic Acid (A6)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>139262</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Benzoic Acid (A7)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>8222571000</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (A8)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D110000</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2,4-Dichlorobenzoic Acid (A9)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>139572</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2-Hydroxy-5-iodobenzoic Acid (A10)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I10600</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>2,6-Dichlorophenylboronic Acid (B1)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>D3357</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic Acid (B2)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>471070</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Mercaptophenylboronic Acid (B3)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>524018</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Methoxyphenylboronic Acid (B4)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>M1126</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Benzeneboronic Acid (B5)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A14257</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cyclohexylboronic Acid (B6)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>556580</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>3-Pyridylboronic Acid (B7)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>512125</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Nitrophenylboronic Acid (B8)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>673854</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pentafluorophenylboronic Acid (B9)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>465097</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Triethylamine (N1)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12646</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Piperidine (N2)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>2895-05</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Piperazine (N3)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>P45907</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,4-Diaminobenzene (N4)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A15680</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,3-Diaminobenzene (N5)</td>
			<td>Eastman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1,2-Diaminobenzene (N6)</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>P0168</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Methoxyaniline (N7)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10946</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aniline (N8)</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>22173-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4-Nitroaniline (N9)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10369</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>N,N-Diphenylurea (N10)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A18720</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylurea (N11)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B21329</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Urea (N12)</td>
			<td>Mallinckrodt</td>
			<td>8648-04</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Canon EOS 30D (objective EFS 18-55 mm zoom lens)</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Canon EOS Rebel T3i (objective EFS 18-55 mm zoom lens)</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FujiFilm FinePix S9000</td>
			<td>Fuji</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

qualitative identification of carboxylic acids, boronic acids, and amines using cruciform fluorophores

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with electron-donors, and the other with electron-acceptors, cruciforms&#39; HOMO will localize along the electron-rich and LUMO along the electron-poor axis. This spatial isolation of cruciforms&#39; frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) is essential to their use as sensors, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. Using this principle, Bunz and Miljani&#263; groups developed 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole cruciforms, respectively, which act as fluorescent sensors for metal ions, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, phenols, amines, and anions. The emission colors observed when these cruciform are mixed with analytes are highly sensitive to the details of analyte&#39;s structure and - because of cruciforms&#39; charge-separated excited states - to the solvent in which emission is observed. Structurally closely related species can be qualitatively distinguished within several analyte classes: (a) carboxylic acids; (b) boronic acids, and (c) metals. Using a hybrid sensing system composed from benzobisoxazole cruciforms and boronic acid additives, we were also able to discern among structurally similar: (d) small organic and inorganic anions, (e) amines, and (f) phenols. The method used for this qualitative distinction is exceedingly simple. Dilute solutions (typically 10-6 M) of cruciforms in several off-the-shelf solvents are placed in UV/Vis vials. Then, analytes of interest are added, either directly as solids or in concentrated solution. Fluorescence changes occur virtually instantaneously and can be recorded through standard digital photography using a semi-professional digital camera in a dark room. With minimal graphic manipulation, representative cut-outs of emission color photographs can be arranged into panels which permit quick naked-eye distinction among analytes. For quantification purposes, Red/Green/Blue values can be extracted from these photographs and the obtained numeric data can be statistically processed.

To illustrate the potential of cruciform fluorophores in sensing and discriminating closely related analytes, three classes of results are presented. First, 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene cruciforms 1-3 (Figure 1) are used to discriminate among structurally related carboxylic acids A1-A10 shown in Figure 3. Then, benzobisoxazole-based cruciform 4 (Figure 1) has been used to analyze boronic acids B1-B9 (Figure 4). Finally, cruciform 4 is used in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores at JoVE.com

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Cross-conjugated cruciform fluorophores based on 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole nuclei can be used to qualitatively identify diverse Lewis acidic and Lewis basic analytes. This method relies on the differences in emission colors of the cruciforms that are observed upon analyte addition. Structurally closely related species can be distinguished from each other.

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with ...

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Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids

Here we demonstrate potentially low cost and green productions of high thermally stable and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrils ...

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Disaccharide nucleosides, which consist of disaccharide and nucleobase moieties, have been known as a valuable group of natural products having ...

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids

The epoxidized metabolites of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed epoxy fatty acids, have a wide range of roles in human physiology. These ...

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it ...