Questo lavoro è stato supportato da una Alleanza Nazionale per la Ricerca sulla Depressione e schizofrenia (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award e National Institutes of Health concedere R01NS073635 AV.

1. Preparazione dei reagenti e soluzioni <ol><li> Rivestimento di 35 mm piatto di coltura: collagene di tipo 1 soluzione viene fornito in soluzione acquosa in 20 mM di acido acetico (~ 100 mg di proteina / fiala). Diluire un volume adeguato di soluzione di collagene per una concentrazione di lavoro del 0,01% con acqua di coltura tissutale sterile grado. Piatti cappotto con 1 ml di soluzione di collagene per 3-4 ore a temperatura ambiente (RT) o 37 ° C, o durante la notte a 2-8 ° C. Rimuovere la soluzione in eccesso dal piatto rivestito e lasciarlo asciugare durante la notte. Sciacquare il piatto con acqua di coltura tissutale grado o PBS prima di aggiungere media. Piatti rivestiti possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per un mese. </li><li> Preparare completa di Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Integrare il DMEM (500 ml) con 10% FBS e soluzione antibiotica-antimicotica (concentrazione 1x; 1 ml/100 ml). DMEM completo può essere conservato a 4 ° C per due mesi. </li><li> Preparare una aliquota (50 ml) di DMEM con DNasi I (0,001 mg / ml), (denominato DMEM-DNasi I). </li><li> Preparare un&#39;altra aliquota (10 ml) di DMEM con collagenasi e dispasi (1 mg / ml) (denominato DMEM-collagenase/dispase). </li><li> Preparare cellule endoteliali Cultura Media (ECCM, 500 ml), integrato con EGF (5 mg), ECG (100 mg) e 5 ml di soluzione antibiotica-antimicotica. ECCM può essere conservato a 4 ° C per due mesi. </li><li> Preriscaldare tutti i media prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Preparare buffer di purificazione: PBS, pH 7,2 con 0,5% BSA e 2 mM EDTA. Tenere tampone a freddo (2-8 ° C). </li></ol> 2. Rimozione di embrioni e la dissezione di Telencefalo Tutti gli esperimenti su animali da laboratorio sono approvati dalla cura degli animali e l&#39;uso comitati del McLean Hospital e conformi alle linee guida NIH per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio. <ol><li> Utilizzare cronometrate topi CD1 gravidanza (giorno embrionale 15). Il giorno della scoperta spina vaginale è considerato embrionale giorno 0 (E0). Dighe CD1 generalmente producono grandi cucciolate, così 10-12 embriones sono attesi da una diga incinta. </li><li> Per isterotomia, anestetizzare i topi in gravidanza con un&#39;iniezione intraperitoneale di ketamina (100 mg / kg) / xylazina (5 mg / kg). Per i topi di circa 20-30 g, erogare 0,3 ml di una soluzione anestetica 10 ml / kg di ketamina / xilazina e garantire che il dolore e il disagio è minimo durante le iniezioni intraperitoneali di anestetico. Utilizzare ritenuta mano per le iniezioni. </li><li> Controllare anestesia profonda da pizzico punta. Rimuovere gli embrioni di topi profondamente anestetizzati. Decapitare ogni embrione immediatamente dopo l&#39;estrazione dalla madre. Mettere le teste embrionali in piastre sterili a freddo ghiaccio PBS. </li><li> Segui isterectomia per eutanasia immediato con overdose di anestetico (130 mg / kg pentobarbital, ip), un metodo di eutanasia, che è coerente con le linee guida AVMA per l&#39;eutanasia degli animali: 2013 Edition. </li><li> Sotto un microscopio stereo, rimuovere il cervello dalla testa con le forbici MicroTip sottili e una pinza sottile. Nota: Un sezionare alta qualitàione è essenziale per rimuovere con successo la membrana piale dal cervello embrionale. Ciò si ottiene con la pratica. Pinza sottile e forbici MicroTip sono strumenti fondamentali per ottenere un buon dissezione. </li><li> Utilizzare le pinze per avere una presa salda sul cervello e le forbici MicroTip a staccarsi membrana piale. Rimuovere il mesencefalo e metencephalon e isolare il telencefalo. Trasferimento telencefalo-piale libero da tutti gli embrioni per un piatto di cultura 35 millimetri con 2 ml di PBS nel ghiaccio. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento delle cellule <ol><li> Macinare telencefalo in 1-2 mm frammenti con una lama di bisturi e raccogliere il tessuto in un tubo Falcon da 15 ml contenente 2 ml di DMEM completo. </li><li> Dissociare il tessuto delicatamente ma accuratamente con una pipetta 1 ml fino grumi scompaiono e una sospensione lattiginosa è raggiunto. </li><li> Centrifugare dissociato cellule a 800-1000 xg per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Rimuovere con attenzione il surnatante e risospendere pellet in DMEM-DNasi I. delicatamente dissociare il cells nuovamente utilizzando 1 ml pipetta e centrifugare a 800-1000 xg per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet in caldo DMEM completo. Celle filtranti attraverso una sterile maglia di Nylon 70 micron. Raccogliere le cellule filtrati e tenere in ghiaccio. </li><li> Raccogliere le cellule porzioni trattenuti sulla maglia e digerire ulteriormente con DMEM-collagenase/dispase (2 ml) per 1-2 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Lavare 3x cellule in DMEM-DNasi tramite centrifugazione a 800-1000 xg per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Pool queste cellule con le cellule filtrati raccolti nel passo 3.5. Lavare le cellule in totale una volta con DMEM completo. Procedere per determinare il numero di cellulare e passaggi di etichettatura magnetici. Nota: è importante avere una cella singola sospensione prima marcatura magnetica. </li></ol> 4. Etichettatura magnetica <ol><li> Questo protocollo mostra la marcatura magnetica di 10 7 cellule. Per il numero di cellule inferiore a 10 7, utilizzare lo stesso volume di reagente e per il numero di cellule superiore a 10 7, scalare tutti i volumi dei reagenti e dei volumi totalidi conseguenza (ad esempio 2 x 10 7 cellule totali, utilizzare il doppio del volume di tutti i reagenti indicati). Conservare tutti i reagenti e le cellule in ghiaccio. </li><li> Determinare il numero di cellule con un emocitometro. </li><li> Sospensione cellulare centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 minuti a RT. Aspirare il surnatante completamente. </li><li> Aggiungere 90 μl/10 7 cellule di tampone di purificazione al pellet seguita da 10 ml di microsfere CD31. Le microsfere forniti dal costruttore sono coniugati ad anticorpo monoclonale anti-CD31 mouse. </li><li> Mescolare bene e incubare per 15 minuti in frigorifero. Nota: temperature più elevate e / o tempo di incubazione più lungo durante l&#39;etichettatura magnetica può provocare legame non specifico. </li><li> Lavare le cellule aggiungendo 1-2 ml/10 7 cellule di tampone di purificazione e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min. Rimuovere le cellule surnatante e risospendere in 500 ml di buffer di purificazione. Procedere alla separazione magnetica o fase di purificazione. </li></ol> 5. Purification <ol><li> Mettere colonna MS nel campo magnetico della MACS separatore. </li><li> Risciacquare colonna con 500 microlitri di tampone di purificazione. </li><li> Applicare sospensione cellulare sulla colonna. Caricare numero adeguato di cellule per colonna MS come numero di cellule superiore può intasare la colonna. Attenzione: Ogni colonna MS può ospitare un numero massimo di 2 x 10 7 cellule, per un numero di cellule superiore, utilizzare più colonne. </li><li> Raccogliere e smaltire flow-through contenente cellule senza etichetta. </li><li> Lavare colonna con 500 ml di buffer di depurazione tre volte. Durante le fasi di lavaggio, assicurarsi che il serbatoio colonna è vuota prima di aggiungere ulteriori aliquote del buffer di purificazione. </li><li> Togliere colonna dal separatore MACS e posizionarlo su un tubo Falcon 15 ml. </li><li> Un pistone viene fornito insieme con la colonna MS. Pipettare 1 ml di tampone di purificazione nella colonna MS e subito scovare le cellule marcate magneticamente saldamente spingendo lo stantuffo nella colonna. </li><li> Piatto cells su un piatto di coltura 35 millimetri rivestiti con collagene di tipo 1 e crescere le cellule in ECCM in un incubatore a 37 ° C con 95% O 2 e 5% CO 2. </li><li> Cambia il mezzo ogni quattro giorni. Utilizzare PVECs per esperimenti o sottocultura dopo 10-12 giorni, quando il piatto è confluente. </li></ol> 6. Subculture del fotovoltaico ECS <ol><li> Rimuovere il ECCM e risciacquare il monostrato di PVECS con 1-2 ml di PBS sterile. </li><li> Aggiungere delicatamente 1,5 ml di soluzione 0,25% tripsina-EDTA a coprire il monostrato cellulare. </li><li> Riportare il piatto per l&#39;incubatore. Entro 5-7 minuti, le cellule saranno staccarsi dalla superficie del piatto. </li><li> Dopo che le cellule hanno staccato, immediatamente aggiungere un uguale volume di inibitore della tripsina e triturare più volte. </li><li> Trasferire le cellule ad una sterile 15 ml tubo Falcon. Centrifugare la provetta a 500 xg per 5 min. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante e risospendere il pellet in 1 ml di preriscaldata ECCM. </li><li> Seed le cellule per espandere la cultura, iminvecchiamento o altri saggi. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shen, Q., S, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cells+stimulate+self-renewal+and+expand+neurogenesis+of+neural+stem+cells.">Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells.</a> Science. 304, 1338-1340 (2004).</li><li>Milner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+three-dimensional+system+to+study+interactions+between+endothelial+cells+and+neural+cells+of+the+developing+central+nervous+system.">A novel three-dimensional system to study interactions between endothelial cells and neural cells of the developing central nervous system.</a> BMC Neurosci. 8, 3 (2007).</li><li>Rauch, M. F., Michaud, M., Xu, H., Madri, J. A., Lavik, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-culture+of+primary+neural+progenitor+and+endothelial+cells+in+a+macroporous+gel+promotes+stable+vascular+networks+in+vivo.">Co-culture of primary neural progenitor and endothelial cells in a macroporous gel promotes stable vascular networks in vivo.</a> 19, 1469-1485 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Long, J. E., Crandall, J. E., Rubenstein, J. L., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartment-specific+transcription+factors+orchestrate+angiogenesis+gradients+in+the+embryonic+brain.">Compartment-specific transcription factors orchestrate angiogenesis gradients in the embryonic brain.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 11, 429-439 (2008).</li><li>Vasudevan, A., Bhide, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenesis+in+the+embryonic+CNS:+a+new+twist+on+an+old+tale.">Angiogenesis in the embryonic CNS: a new twist on an old tale.</a> Cell Adh. Migr. 2, 167-169 (2008).</li><li>Won, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomous+vascular+networks+synchronize+GABA+neuron+migration+in+the+embryonic+forebrain.">Autonomous vascular networks synchronize GABA neuron migration in the embryonic forebrain.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 2149-2162 (2013).</li><li>Dong, Q. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+strategy+for+isolation+of+endothelial+cells+from+murine+tissues.+Characterization+of+two+endothelial+cell+lines+from+the+murine+lung+and+subcutaneous+sponge+implants.">A general strategy for isolation of endothelial cells from murine tissues. Characterization of two endothelial cell lines from the murine lung and subcutaneous sponge implants.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 1599-1604 (1997).</li><li>Erblich, B., Zhu, L., Etgen, A. M., Dobrenis, K., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+colony+stimulation+factor-1+receptor+results+in+loss+of+microglia,+disrupted+brain+development+and+olfactory+deficits.">Absence of colony stimulation factor-1 receptor results in loss of microglia, disrupted brain development and olfactory deficits.</a> PLoS One. 6, (2011).</li><li>Wichterle, H., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Herrera, D. G., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Young+neurons+from+medial+ganglionic+eminence+disperse+in+adult+and+embryonic+brain.">Young neurons from medial ganglionic eminence disperse in adult and embryonic brain.</a> 2, 461-466 (1999).</li><li>Snapyan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasculature+guides+migrating+neuronal+precursors+in+the+adult+mammalian+forebrain+via+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+signaling.">Vasculature guides migrating neuronal precursors in the adult mammalian forebrain via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 4172-4188 (2009).</li><li>Whitman, M. C., Fan, W., Rela, L., Rodriguez-Gil, D. J., Greer, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+form+a+migratory+scaffold+in+the+rostral+migratory+stream.">Blood vessels form a migratory scaffold in the rostral migratory stream.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 516, 94-104 (2009).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Funzione PVEC di sono fisiologicamente più rilevanti rispetto adulte cellule endoteliali cerebrali e EC da altre fonti di tessuto per gli studi incentrati sulle interazioni neurovascolari e anche avere un potenziale terapeutico. Per la preparazione funzione PVEC, è principio fondamentale con dissezione di lavorare velocemente per ottenere una buona redditività poiché le cellule morte possono legarsi in modo aspecifico a microsfere CD31. Inoltre, se cella singola sospensione non viene raggiunto prima della fase di ma...

Angiogenesi, neurogenesi e migrazione neuronale sono eventi critici nel sistema nervoso centrale (SNC) lo sviluppo, la riparazione e la rigenerazione. Diversi studi eleganti hanno dimostrato che le cellule endoteliali stimolano la proliferazione neuronale e viceversa attraverso il rilascio di fattori solubili e per contatto diretto. Abbiamo trovato curioso che nella maggior parte di questi studi 1-3, mentre progenitori neuronali / cellule staminali neurali sono isolate dal cervello embrionale, sono co-coltivate con cellule endoteliali da cervello adulto, altre fonti tessuti adulti, o con linee di cellule endoteliali. Ciò può essere dovuto in parte alle difficoltà tecnici associati isolando e coltivando popolazioni pure di cellule endoteliali dal cervello embrionale. Tuttavia, l&#39;angiogenesi, la neurogenesi e migrazione neuronale sono eventi concomitanti che si verificano in ordini di grandezza più robusta nel cervello embrionale rispetto al normale cervello adulto. La rete vascolare periventricolare del embryonic proencefalo (telencefalo) proviene da una nave situata all&#39;interno dei gangli basali primordium e si sviluppa in forma di un gradiente ordinata da ventrale a quella dorsale telencefalo dal giorno embrionale 11 (E11) 4,5. Questo plesso delle navi della rete vascolare periventricolare sono distinti da navi piale basato su origini, posizione anatomica, modelli di crescita, e la regolamentazione dello sviluppo 4,5. La direzione di propagazione della sfumatura angiogenesi periventricolare corrisponde alla telencefalico trasversale gradiente neurogenetico. All&#39;interno del telencefalo, il gradiente angiogenesi periventricolare e la pendenza dei neuroni GABA migrazione sovrapposizioni tangenzialmente spazialmente pure 6. Per quanto riguarda i tempi, il gradiente angiogenesi è in anticipo rispetto al neurogenetico gradiente e GABA neurone gradiente di circa un giorno. Così, le cellule endoteliali periventricolare sono spazialmente e temporalmente ben posizionati per fornire spunti critici per sostenere la neurogenesi telencefalica eneuronale 4,6 migrazione. Pertanto, l&#39;uso delle embrionali cellule endoteliali periventricolare in esperimenti di co-coltura con cellule progenitrici e / o neuroni neuronali potrebbe fornire un modello più favorevole per lo studio delle interazioni neurovascolari e lo sviluppo di nuovi viali per il trattamento di malattie neurodegenerative o lesioni cerebrali traumatiche / ischemico. Sottolineiamo l&#39;importanza di eliminare la membrana piale, non solo per limitare la contaminazione delle cellule epiteliali, ma anche per separare le cellule endoteliali piale che sono molecolarmente e funzionalmente distinta dalle cellule endoteliali della periventricolare rete vascolare 4,6 (PVECs denominati per distinguerli da piale EC) . Qui, descriviamo il metodo che usiamo abitualmente nel nostro laboratorio per ottenere una resa ricca e pura di PVECs. Queste cellule endoteliali sono preparati da forebrains embrionali isolate da un singolo mouse al momento giusto incinta. Essi possono essere ampliati, subcoltivate e congelati giù con successo per un uso futuro.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">D-4527</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagen, Type 1 solution from rat tail </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DPBS</td>
			<td>Quality Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">114057-131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M4055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MS column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CD31 microbeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-097-418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS separator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACS multi stand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cell strainer 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antibiotic and antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase/Dispase</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10269638001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">DMEM </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 mm culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml falcon tube </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50 ml falcon tube</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">ECCM kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">355054</td>
			<td>Kit Includes Endothelial cell growth supplement, EGF and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RBECGM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Cell applications </td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R819-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM F12 </td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">305050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">tissue culture grade water</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15230162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">0.25% Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Soyabean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">5425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qtracker 655 Cell Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Q25021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">CellLight Plasma Membrane-RFP, BacMam 2.0</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C10608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Biotinylated Isolectin B4 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">L2140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-Von Willebrand factor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F3520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Anti-CD31/PECAM-1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">550274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Vectashield Hardset Mounting media with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">H-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:271px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Butler Schein Animal Health Supply</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">44028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Motic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SMZ-168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">267110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus CK-40</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CK-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Flouroscent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus FSX-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FSX-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>7 inox</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Fine microtip scissors</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roboz surgical instrument</td>
			<td>RS5611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain

Cellule endoteliali cerebrali embrionali possono servire come strumento importante nello studio dell&#39;angiogenesi e sviluppo neurovascolari e interazioni. Le due reti vascolari del prosencefalo embrionale, piale e periventricolare, sono spazialmente distintivo e avere origini e modelli di crescita. Le cellule endoteliali delle reti vascolari piale e periventricolare hanno profili di espressione genica e funzioni uniche. Qui vi presentiamo un protocollo step-by-step per l&#39;isolamento, la cultura, e la verifica delle popolazioni pure di cellule endoteliali dalla rete vascolare periventricolare (PVECs) del prosencefalo embrionale (telencefalo). In questo approccio, telencefalo privo di membrana piale ottenuto da giorno embrionale 15 topi è macinata, digerito con collagenasi / dispasi, e disperso meccanicamente in una sospensione di cellule singole. PVECs sono purificati dalla sospensione cellulare mediante la selezione positiva con l&#39;anticorpo anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 coniugato con microsfere con un forte magneticometodo di separazione. Cellule purificate sono coltivate su collagene 1 rivestite piatti di coltura di cellule endoteliali terreno di coltura fino a quando diventano confluenti e l&#39;ulteriore subcoltivate. PVECs ottenuto con questo protocollo mostra ciottoli e fenotipi fusiformi, come visualizzato dal contrasto di fase microscopia ottica e microscopia a fluorescenza. Purezza delle culture funzione PVEC è stato stabilito con i marcatori delle cellule endoteliali. Nelle nostre mani, questo metodo affidabile e coerente produce popolazioni pure di PVECs. Questo protocollo andrà a beneficio studi volti a ottenere intuizioni meccanicistica nel prosencefalo angiogenesi, comprendere le interazioni funzione PVEC e trasversali colloqui con tipi di cellule neuronali e detiene un enorme potenziale per l&#39;angiogenesi terapeutica.

La caratterizzazione fenotipica di PVECs dal giorno 1-12 è mostrata da contrasto di fase microscopia ottica (Figura 2). Le cellule attaccate al piatto al giorno 1 mostra morfologia caratteristica di divisione cellulare (Figura 2A). Tra 5-8 giorni, PVECs transizione dalla pietra, affastellate al mandrino morfologia forma tipica per le cellule endoteliali e più simile al suo stato in vivo (Figure 2B e 2C). Di giorno 12 la cultura funzione PVEC ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Questo video mostra una strategia semplice e affidabile per la preparazione di colture pure di cellule endoteliali del prosencefalo embrionale entro 10-12 giorni e sarà utile per la ricerca focalizzata su molti aspetti della angiogenesi cerebrale.

Isolamento e coltura di cellule endoteliali dal embrionali Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

isolation-culture-endothelial-cells-from-embryonic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.3K Views.  Harvard Medical School.  Questo video mostra una strategia semplice e affidabile per la preparazione di colture pure di cellule endoteliali del prosencefalo embrionale entro 10-12 giorni e sarà utile per la ricerca focalizzata su molti aspetti della angiogenesi cerebrale. 

Video: Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissezione e la cultura di neuroni embrionali commissurali da midollo spinale

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

L&#39;isolamento e la coltura di cellule staminali neurali Crest di follicoli dei capelli umani

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

Lectin-based Isolation and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Motoneurons

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. Neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube that express Nkx6.1 are the unique precursor cells for spinal motoneurons1. Though postmitotic motoneurons move towards their final position and organize themselves into columns along the spinal tract2,3. More than 90% of all these differentiated and positioned motoneurons express the transcription factors Islet 1/2. They innervate the muscles of the limbs as well as those of the body and the inner organs. Among others, motoneurons typically express the high affinity receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), the tropomyosin-related kinase B and C (TrkB, TrkC). They do not express the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA)4. Beside the two high affinity receptors, motoneurons do express the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. The p75NTR can bind all neurotrophins with similar but lower affinity to all neurotrophins than the high affinity receptors would bind the mature neurotrophins. Within the embryonic spinal cord, the p75NTR is exclusively expressed by the spinal motoneurons5. This has been used to develop motoneuron isolation techniques to purify the cells from the vast majority of surrounding cells6. Isolating motoneurons with the help of specific antibodies (panning) against the extracellular domains of p75NTR has turned out to be an expensive method as the amount of antibody used for a single experiment is high due to the size of the plate used for panning. A much more economical alternative is the use of lectin. Lectin has been shown to specifically bind to p75NTR as well7. The following method describes an alternative technique using wheat germ agglutinin for a preplating procedure instead of the p75NTR antibody. The lectin is an extremely inexpensive alternative to the p75NTR antibody and the purification grades using lectin are comparable to that of the p75NTR antibody. Motoneurons from the embryonic spinal cord can be isolated by this method, survive and grow out neurites.

An alternative way of isolating mouse embryonic motoneurons from the spinal cord is described. The method takes into account the fact that lectin can bind to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR. This lectin-based preplating allows a purification similar to that with a specific antibody against the p75NTR.

Lectina a base di isolamento e la coltura del mouse motoneuroni embrionali

Spinal motoneurons develop towards postmitotic stages through early embryonic nervous system development and subsequently grow out dendrites and axons. ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Isolamento e la coltura di neuroni ippocampali da topi prenatali

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied successfully to the isolation of mouse and human primary neurons and neural progenitors. Dissociated neurons are maintained in serum-free medium up to several weeks. These cultures can be used for nucleofection, immunocytochemistry, nucleic acids preparation, as well as electrophysiology. Older neuronal cultures can also be transfected with a good efficiency rate by lentiviral transduction and, less efficiently, with calcium phosphate or lipid-based methods such as lipofectamine.

We describe a rapid methodology to isolate and culture hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos. This protocol allows us to perform experiments in which nearly pure neuronal cultures are required.

Isolamento e la coltura di cellule embrionali neuronali di ratto: un protocollo veloce

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Isolamento e la coltura delle cellule della cresta neurale da Embryonic Murine tubo neurale

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional complex of tight and adherens junctions. Together with other cell-types such as astrocytes or pericytes, they form the neurovascular unit (NVU), which specifically regulates the interchange of fluids, molecules and cells between the peripheral blood and the CNS. Through this complex and dynamic system BMECs are involved in various processes maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. A dysfunction of the BBB is observed as an essential step in the pathogenesis of many severe CNS diseases. However, specific and targeted therapies are very limited, as the underlying mechanisms are still far from being understood. 
Animal and in vitro models have been extensively used to gain in-depth understanding of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. By reduction and simplification it is possible to focus the investigation on the subject of interest and to exclude a variety of confounding factors. However, comparability and transferability are also reduced in model systems, which have to be taken into account for evaluation. The most common animal models are based on mice, among other reasons, mainly due to the constantly increasing possibilities of methodology. In vitro studies of isolated murine BMECs might enable an in-depth analysis of their properties and of the blood-brain-barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further insights into the complex mechanisms at the BBB potentially provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies.
This protocol describes a method to isolate primary murine microvascular endothelial cells by a sequence of physical and chemical purification steps. Special considerations for purity and cultivation of MBMECs as well as quality control, potential applications and limitations are discussed.

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) are interconnected by specific junctional proteins forming a highly regulated barrier separating blood and the central nervous system (CNS), the so-called blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The isolation of primary murine brain microvascular endothelial cells, as discussed in this protocol, enables detailed in vitro studies of the BBB.

Isolamento di cellule primarie murini cervello microvascolare endoteliali

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Isolamento, cultura e lungo termine Manutenzione di primaria mesencefalico neuroni dopaminergici Da Brains embrionali dei roditori

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolamento e la coltura di adulti neurali cellule staminali dal Subcallosal Zona mouse

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and expansion of NSCs provide a suitable source of cells for neuroscientists to study the function of neurons and glial cells along with their interactions. There are several reported techniques for the isolation of neural stem cells from adult or embryo mammalian brains. During the microsurgical operation to isolate NSCs from different regions of the embryonic CNS, it is very important to reduce the damage to the brain cells to obtain the highest ratio of live and expandable stem cells. A possible technique for stress reduction during isolation of these cells from the mouse embryo brain is the reduction of surgical time. Here, we demonstrate a developed technique for rapid isolation of these cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence. Surgical procedures include harvesting E13 mouse embryos from the uterus, cutting the frontal fontanelle of the embryo with a bent needle tip, extracting the brain from the skull, microdissection of the isolated brain to harvest the ganglionic eminence, dissociation of the harvested tissue in NSC medium to gain a single cell suspension, and finally plating cells in suspension culture to generate neurospheres.

Here, we introduce a novel microsurgical technique for the isolation of neural stem cells from the E13 mouse embryo ganglionic eminence.