Gli autori desiderano ringraziare il sostegno da parte del New York Capital Region Research Alliance Grant.

1. Bioprinting Platform Establishment La modifica stampante è basata su una stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro termico HP Deskjet 500 e HP 51626a cartuccia di inchiostro nero. <ol><li> Rimuovere il coperchio di plastica superiore della stampante e con attenzione rimuovere il pannello di controllo dal coperchio. </li><li> Staccare i 3 cavi di collegamento tra la parte superiore della stampante e base. Rimuovere la parte superiore della stampante dalla base. </li><li> Sulla parte superiore della stampante, rimuovere la piccola plastica e gomma accessori (sistema di pulizia delle testine di stampa) a destra sotto la cartuccia di inchiostro. </li><li> Rimuovere la base del vassoio carta con le molle. </li><li> Rimuovere la piastra metallica che copre la barra di alimentazione della carta plastica. </li><li> Tagliare la barra di alimentazione della carta plastica alla posizione della ruota di alimentazione centrale con una sega a mano o altro utensile da taglio. </li><li> Rimuovere le 2 ruote alimentazione della carta esposti dopo il passaggio precedente. La plastica ruota è molto duro e un sistema elettronicosega sarà utile. </li><li> Pulire la polvere e detriti utilizzando salviette di aria e di etanolo in scatola. </li><li> Fissare la parte superiore della stampante alla base. </li><li> UV sterilizzare la stampante modificata per almeno 2 ore in una cappa a flusso laminare prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Tagliare il tappo di una cartuccia d&#39;inchiostro HP 51626a con una sega a mano o altro utensile da taglio. </li><li> Svuotare l&#39;inchiostro e rimuovere il filtro che copre il serbatoio ben inferiore della cartilagine. </li><li> Sciacquare la cartuccia accuratamente con acqua corrente. </li><li> Ultrasonicate la cartuccia in deionizzata (DI) per 10 minuti per rimuovere l&#39;inchiostro residuo. </li><li> Esaminare la cartuccia per assicurarsi che tutto l&#39;inchiostro è stato rimosso. Risciacquare o spruzzare la cartuccia accuratamente con etanolo al 70% per la sterilizzazione, seguita da acqua deionizzata sterile. </li><li> Impostare una lampada a raggi ultravioletti lunghezza d&#39;onda sulla piattaforma di stampa per fornire capacità di fotopolimerizzazione simultanea. </li><li> Misurare l&#39;intensità UV alla piattaforma di stampa con una luce UVmeter. Regolare la distanza tra la lampada UV e la piattaforma stampante così l&#39;intensità verso il soggetto di stampa è tra 4-8 mW / cm 2 (circa 25 cm dalla lampada alla piattaforma stampante). </li></ol> 2. Bioink Preparazione <ol><li> Espansione Monolayer condrociti <ol><li> Piatto 5 milioni di condrociti umani in ogni T175 tessuto pallone di coltura per l&#39;espansione di cellule in Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) supplementato con siero di vitello del 10% e 1x penicillina-streptomicina-glutammina (PSG). Cellule di coltura a 37 ° C con aria umidificata contenente il 5% di CO 2. Cambiare il terreno di coltura ogni 3 giorni fino a quando il pallone è 85% di confluenza. Utilizzare le cellule dello stesso brano. </li></ol></li><li> Sciogliere PEGDA in PBS ad una concentrazione finale del 10% w / v Aggiungere fotoiniziatore I-2959 ad una concentrazione finale di 0,05% w / v Filtrare sterilizzare la soluzione. </li><li> Sospendere coltivate condrociti umani nella soluzione PEGDA preparata a 5 x 10 6 cellule /ml. </li></ol> 3. Cartilagine Tessuto di stampa <ol><li> Accendere la stampante e il computer portatile. </li><li> Creare un modello di stampa di un solido cerchio con 4 mm di diametro utilizzando Microsoft Word o Adobe Photoshop. <ol><li> Regolare la posizione del modello e assicurarsi che stamperà esattamente nello stampo di plastica. </li><li> Calcolare il numero di stampe necessari per raggiungere lo spessore desiderato del ponteggio. Per 4 mm di altezza, 220 stampe sono necessari per creare l&#39;impalcatura desiderato. </li></ol></li><li> Caricare il bioink nella cartuccia di inchiostro. Coprire la cartuccia con un foglio di alluminio per proteggerlo dall&#39;esposizione diretta ai raggi UV durante la stampa. </li><li> Inviare il comando di stampa alla stampante. Estrarre il sensore della carta quando la stampante inizia a stampare. L&#39;intero processo di stampa dovrebbe richiedere meno di 4 minuti per un ponteggio di 4 mm di diametro e 4 mm. </li><li> Trasferimento stampato neocartilage ad una piastra da 24 pozzetti e aggiungere 1,5 ml di mezzo di coltura di ogni pozzetto. </li></ol><ol><li> Incubare la neocartilage stampata in soluzione LIVE / DEAD Viabilità / citotossicità lavorare a temperatura ambiente per 15 minuti nel buio. </li><li> Tagliare l&#39;idrogel cellulare carico a metà e prendere le immagini fluorescenti della zona di taglio. </li><li> Conte dal vivo (verde) e (rosso) le cellule morte da un osservatore cieco a cinque immagini scattate in modo casuale. Calcolo della vitalità cellulare dividendo il numero di cellule vive per il numero totale di cellule vive e morte. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cui, X., Boland, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+microvasculature+fabrication+using+thermal+inkjet+printing+technology.">Human microvasculature fabrication using thermal inkjet printing technology.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 6221-6227 (2009).</li><li>Cui, X., Breitenkamp, K., Finn, M. G., Lotz, M., D'Lima, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+human+cartilage+repair+using+three-dimensional+bioprinting+technology.">Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 18, 1304-1312 (2012).</li><li>Cui, X., Breitenkamp, K., Lotz, M., D'Lima, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+action+of+fibroblast+growth+factor-2+and+transforming+growth+factor-beta1+enhances+bioprinted+human+neocartilage+formation.">Synergistic action of fibroblast growth factor-2 and transforming growth factor-beta1 enhances bioprinted human neocartilage formation.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109, 2357-2368 (2012).</li><li>Cui, X., Breitenkamp, K., Finn, M. G., Lotz, M., Colwell, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+human+cartilage+repair+using+thermal+inkjet+printing+technology.">Direct human cartilage repair using thermal inkjet printing technology.</a> Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 19, (2011).</li><li>Cui, X., Boland, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+deposition+of+human+microvascular+endothelial+cells+and+biomaterials+for+human+microvasculature+fabrication+using+inkjet+printing.">Simultaneous deposition of human microvascular endothelial cells and biomaterials for human microvasculature fabrication using inkjet printing.</a> NIP24/digital Fabrication 2008: 24th International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies, Technical Program and Proceedings. 24, 480-483 (2008).</li><li>Cui, X., Dean, D., Ruggeri, Z. M., Boland, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+damage+evaluation+of+thermal+inkjet+printed+Chinese+hamster+ovary+cells.">Cell damage evaluation of thermal inkjet printed Chinese hamster ovary cells.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106, 963-969 (2010).</li><li>Cui, X., Hasegawa, A., Lotz, M., D'Lima, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structured+three-dimensional+co-culture+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+with+meniscus+cells+promotes+meniscal+phenotype+without+hypertrophy.">Structured three-dimensional co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells with meniscus cells promotes meniscal phenotype without hypertrophy.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109, 2369-2380 (2012).</li><li>Cui, X., Gao, G., Qiu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+myotube+formation+using+bioprinting+technology+for+biosensor+applications.">Accelerated myotube formation using bioprinting technology for biosensor applications.</a> Biotechnol. Lett. 35, 315-321 (2013).</li><li>Cui, X., Boland, T., D'Lima, D. D., Lotz, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+inkjet+printing+in+tissue+engineering+and+regenerative+medicine.">Thermal inkjet printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</a> Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 6, 149-155 (2012).</li><li>Bryant, S. J., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogel+properties+influence+ECM+production+by+chondrocytes+photoencapsulated+in+poly(ethylene+glycol)+hydrogels.">Hydrogel properties influence ECM production by chondrocytes photoencapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 59, 63-72 (2002).</li><li>Elisseeff, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoencapsulation+of+chondrocytes+in+poly(ethylene+oxide)-based+semi-interpenetrating+networks.">Photoencapsulation of chondrocytes in poly(ethylene oxide)-based semi-interpenetrating networks.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 51, 164-171 (2000).</li><li>Buskirk, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+A+High-Resolution+Thermal+Inkjet+Printhead.">Development of A High-Resolution Thermal Inkjet Printhead.</a> Hewlett-Packard Journal. 39, 55-61 (1988).</li><li>Harmon, J. P., Widder, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+the+Printhead+Into+the+HP+Deskjet+Printer.">Integrating the Printhead Into the HP Deskjet Printer.</a> Hewlett-Packard Journal. 39, 62-66 (1988).</li><li>Kim, T. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+model+for+cartilage+tissue+engineering+to+regenerate+the+zonal+organization+of+articular+cartilage.">Experimental model for cartilage tissue engineering to regenerate the zonal organization of articular cartilage.</a> Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 11, 653-664 (2003).</li><li>Sharma, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+zonal+organization+into+tissue-engineered+cartilage.">Designing zonal organization into tissue-engineered cartilage.</a> Tissue Engineering. 13, 405-414 (2007).</li><li>Cohen, D. L., Lipton, J. I., Bonassar, L. J., Lipson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive+manufacturing+for+in+situ+repair+of+osteochondral+defects.">Additive manufacturing for in situ repair of osteochondral defects.</a> Biofabrication. 2, (2010).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno alcun interesse finanziario in questo studio.

Questo sistema bioprinting 3D con capacità di fotopolimerizzazione simultaneo offre una risoluzione di stampa significativamente maggiore rispetto il miglior metodo precedentemente riportato nella stampa situ dei difetti osteocondrali con siringa estruso un idrogel alginato cellulare 16. Maggiore risoluzione di stampa è particolarmente critico per l&#39;ingegneria tissutale della cartilagine per ripristinare il anatomico cartilagine organizzazione zonale. Fotopolimerizzazione simultanea du...

Bioprinting basata sulla stampa a getto d&#39;inchiostro termico è una delle tecnologie abilitanti più promettenti nel campo dell&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti e medicina rigenerativa. Con controllo digitale e high throughput testine fattori cellule, scaffold, e crescita possono essere depositati esattamente alla desiderata bidimensionale (2D) e (3D) posizioni tridimensionali rapidamente. Molte applicazioni di successo sono stati realizzati con questa tecnologia in ingegneria dei tessuti e medicina rigenerativa 1-9. In questo lavoro, una piattaforma bioprinting è stato istituito con una Hewlett-Packard (HP) Deskjet 500 stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro termico modificato e un sistema di fotopolimerizzazione simultanea. Idrogel sintetici formulati da poli (glicole etilenico) (PEG), hanno dimostrato la capacità di mantenere la vitalità dei condrociti e promuovere la produzione ECM condrogenico 10,11. Inoltre, photocrosslinkable PEG è altamente solubile in acqua a bassa viscosità, che lo rende ideale per polyme simultanearizzazione durante bioprinting 3D. In questo lavoro, condrociti umani sospesi in poli (etilene) diacrilato glicole (PEGDA; MW 3.400) sono stati stampati proprio per costruire neocartilage layer-by-layer con 1.400 dpi risoluzione 3D. È stata osservata una distribuzione omogenea di cellule depositate in un ponteggio 3D, che ha generato tessuto cartilagineo con eccellenti proprietà meccaniche e produzione ECM migliorata. Per contro, nella fabbricazione manuale cellule accumulate sul fondo del gel invece delle loro posizioni inizialmente depositati causa del rallentamento della polimerizzazione ponteggio, che ha portato alla formazione di cartilagine disomogenea dopo coltura 2,3.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">HP Deskjet 500 thermal inkjet printer</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">C2106a</td>
			<td style="width:433px;">Discontinued. Purchased refurbished from internet vendor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">HP black ink cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">51626a</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Ultraviolet lamp</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">UVP</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">B-100AP</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">UV light meter</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">General Tools</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">UV513AB</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Zeiss LSM 510 laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">LSM 510</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Mediatech</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10-013</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Penicillin-streptomycin-glutamine (PSG)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10378-016</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Accutase cell dissociation reagent</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">A11105-01</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">10010-023</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Live/Dead viability/cytotoxicity Kit</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">L-3224</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Glycosan Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">GS700</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Irgacure 2959</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Ciba Specialty Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">I-2959</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:357px;">Human articular chondrocytes</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CC-2550</td>
			<td style="width:433px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

human cartilage tissue fabrication using three-dimensional inkjet printing technology

Bioprinting, che si basa sulla stampa a getto d&#39;inchiostro termico, è una delle tecnologie abilitanti più interessanti nel campo dell&#39;ingegneria dei tessuti e medicina rigenerativa. Con cellule di controllo digitale, ponteggi e fattori di crescita possono essere depositati esattamente alla desiderata bidimensionale (2D) e tridimensionali (3D) riprese rapidamente. Pertanto, questa tecnologia è un approccio ideale per fabbricare tessuti mimano loro strutture anatomiche native. Al fine di progettare la cartilagine con l&#39;organizzazione nativo zonale, composizione della matrice extracellulare (ECM), e le proprietà meccaniche, abbiamo sviluppato una piattaforma bioprinting utilizzando una stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro commerciale con fotopolimerizzazione contemporanea capace per 3D cartilagine ingegneria dei tessuti. Condrociti umani sospesi in poli (glicole etilenico) diacrilato (PEGDA) sono stati stampati per la costruzione neocartilage 3D via assemblaggio layer-by-layer. Le cellule stampati sono stati fissati sui loro posizioni originali depositati, sostenuto dal ampliata daFINANZIAMENTO impalcatura in fotopolimerizzazione simultanea. Le proprietà meccaniche del tessuto stampato erano simili alla cartilagine nativa. Rispetto alla fabbricazione tessuto convenzionale, che richiede l&#39;esposizione UV più, la vitalità delle cellule stampati con fotopolimerizzazione simultanea era significativamente maggiore. Neocartilage Stampato dimostrato eccellente glicosaminoglicani (GAG) e la produzione di collagene di tipo II, che era coerente con l&#39;espressione genica. Pertanto, questa piattaforma è ideale per la distribuzione delle cellule accurate e arrangiamento per l&#39;ingegneria tissutale anatomica.

La stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro termico modificato era capace di cellule e scaffold deposizione ad alta velocità e la vitalità delle cellule eccellente. Unendo con fotopolimerizzazione simultanea e biomateriali fotosensibili, questa tecnologia è in grado di fissare le cellule e altre sostanze stampati nelle posizioni inizialmente depositati. Secondo le proprietà della stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro termica modificato, la risoluzione di stampa 2D era 300 dpi con un unico volume goccia d&#39;inchiostro di 13...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology at JoVE.com

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

I metodi descritti in questo documento mostrano come convertire una stampante a getto d&#39;inchiostro di commercio in un bioprinter con polimerizzazione UV simultanea. La stampante è in grado di costruire la struttura del tessuto 3D con cellule e biomateriali. Lo studio ha dimostrato qui costruito un neocartilage 3D.

Umana Cartilagine Tessuto Fabrication Uso tridimensionale Tecnologia Inkjet Printing

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

human-cartilage-tissue-fabrication-using-three-dimensional-inkjet

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

15.6K Views.  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.  I metodi descritti in questo documento mostrano come convertire una stampante a getto d'inchiostro di commercio in un bioprinter con polimerizzazione UV simultanea. La stampante è in grado di costruire la struttura del tessuto 3D con cellule e biomateriali. Lo studio ha dimostrato qui costruito un neocartilage 3D. 

Video: Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

Stampa planare e tridimensionale di inchiostri conduttivi

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

Generazione di una tridimensionale a tutto spessore della pelle Equivalent e Automated Ferimento

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro- and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels

Tissue scaffolds play a crucial role in the tissue regeneration process. The ideal scaffold must fulfill several requirements such as having proper composition, targeted modulus, and well-defined architectural features. Biomaterials that recapitulate the intrinsic architecture of in vivo tissue are vital for studying diseases as well as to facilitate the regeneration of lost and malformed soft tissue. A novel biofabrication technique was developed which combines state of the art imaging, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and selective enzymatic activity to create a new generation of biomaterials for research and clinical application. The developed material, Bovine Serum Albumin rubber, is reaction injected into a mold that upholds specific geometrical features. This sacrificial material allows the adequate transfer of architectural features to a natural scaffold material. The prototype consists of a 3D collagen scaffold with 4 and 3 mm channels that represent a branched architecture. This paper emphasizes the use of this biofabrication technique for the generation of natural constructs. This protocol utilizes a computer-aided software (CAD) to manufacture a solid mold which will be reaction injected with BSA rubber followed by the enzymatic digestion of the rubber, leaving its architectural features within the scaffold material.

An innovative biofabrication technique was developed to engineer three-dimensional constructs that resemble the architectural features, components, and mechanical properties of in vivo tissue. This technique features a newly developed sacrificial material, BSA rubber, which transfers detailed spatial features, reproducing the in vivo architectures of a wide variety of tissues.

Tridimensionale Tecnologia biomimetica: Novel Biorubber Consente di creare Definito micro e macro scala Architetture in collagene idrogel

Tissue scaffolds play a crucial role in the tissue regeneration process. The ideal scaffold must fulfill several requirements such as having proper ...

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing drugs targeted at the liver, requires a platform in which cells receive proper biochemical and mechanical cues. Recent liver tissue engineering systems have employed three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds composed of synthetic or natural hydrogels, given their high water retention and their ability to provide the mechanical stimuli needed by the cells. There has been growing interest in the inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffold, a recent development, which allows high spatial organization, homotypic and heterotypic cell interaction, as well as cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction. Herein, we describe a protocol to fabricate the ICC scaffold using poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and the particle leaching method. Briefly, a lattice is made from microsphere particles, after which a pre-polymer solution is added, properly polymerized, and the particles are then removed, or leached, using an organic solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran). The dissolution of the lattice results in a highly porous scaffold with controlled pore sizes and interconnectivities that allow media to reach cells more easily. This unique structure allows high surface area for the cells to adhere to as well as easy communication between pores, and the ability to coat the PEGDA ICC scaffold with proteins also shows a marked effect on cell performance. We analyze the morphology of the scaffold as well as the hepatocarcinoma cell (Huh-7.5) behavior in terms of viability and function to explore the effect of ICC structure and ECM coatings. Overall, this paper provides a detailed protocol of an emerging scaffold that has wide applications in tissue engineering, especially liver tissue engineering.

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

This manuscript presents a detailed protocol for the fabrication of an emerging three-dimensional hepatocyte culture platform, the inverted colloidal crystal scaffold, and the concomitant techniques to assess hepatocyte behavior. The size-controllable pores, interconnectivity and ability to conjugate extracellular matrix proteins to the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold enhance Huh-7.5 cell performance.

Fabbricazione di invertito colloidale cristallo poli (glicole etilenico) Scaffold: una piattaforma Cell Culture tridimensionale per il fegato Tissue Engineering

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing ...

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and directed within a layer of paper. Moreover, stacking multiple layers of patterned paper creates sophisticated three-dimensional microfluidic networks that can support the development of analytical and bioanalytical assays. Paper-based microfluidic devices are inexpensive, portable, easy to use, and require no external equipment to operate. As a result, they hold great promise as a platform for point-of-care diagnostics. In order to properly evaluate the utility and analytical performance of paper-based devices, suitable methods must be developed to ensure their manufacture is reproducible and at a scale that is appropriate for laboratory settings. In this manuscript, a method to fabricate a general device architecture that can be used for paper-based immunoassays is described. We use a form of additive manufacturing (multi-layer lamination) to prepare devices that comprise multiple layers of patterned paper and patterned adhesive. In addition to demonstrating the proper use of these three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices with an immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), errors in the manufacturing process that may result in device failures are discussed. We expect this approach to manufacturing paper-based devices will find broad utility in the development of analytical applications designed specifically for limited-resource settings.

We detail a method to fabricate three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for use in the development of immunoassays. Our approach to device assembly is a type of multilayer, additive manufacturing. We demonstrate a sandwich immunoassay to provide representative results for these types of paper-based devices.

Fabbricazione di dispositivi microfluidici basati su carta tridimensionale per gli immunodosaggi

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

Sciogliere elettrofilatura scrittura di scaffold tridimensionale Poly(ε-caprolactone) con morfologie controllabile per applicazioni di ingegneria del tessuto

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Culturing Mammalian Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Scaffolds

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an environment that closely mimics the structural features of non-polarized tissue. Furthermore, the particular intrinsic nanofiber structure of the scaffold makes it transparent to visual light, which allows for easy visualization of the sample under microscopy. This advantage was largely used to study cell migration, organization, proliferation, and differentiation and thus any development of their particular cellular function by staining with specific dyes or probes. Furthermore, in this work, we describe the good performance of this system to easily study the redifferentiation of expanded human articular chondrocytes into cartilaginous tissue. Cells were encapsulated into self-assembling peptide scaffolds and cultured under specific conditions to promote chondrogenesis. Three-dimensional cultures showed good viability during the 4 weeks of the experiment. As expected, samples cultured with chondrogenic inducers (compared to non-induced controls) stained strongly positive for toluidine blue (which stains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are highly present in cartilage extracellular matrix) and expressed specific molecular markers, including collagen type I, II and X, according to Western Blot analysis. This protocol is easy to perform and can be used at research laboratories, industries and for educational purposes in laboratory courses.

Here, we present a protocol to obtain 3D-culture systems in self-assembling peptide scaffolds to promote the differentiation of dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes into cartilage-like tissue.

Coltura di cellule di mammifero in scaffold tridimensionale Peptide

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an ...

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic experimentation is a stable fluid handling system capable of accurately providing an inlet flow rate or inlet pressure. Here, we have developed a syringe pump system capable of controlling and regulating the inlet fluid pressure delivered to a microfluidic device. This system was designed using low-cost materials and additive manufacturing principles, leveraging three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic materials and off-the-shelf components whenever possible. This system is composed of three main components: a syringe pump, a pressure transducer, and a programmable microcontroller. Within this paper, we detail a set of protocols for fabricating, assembling, and programming this syringe pump system. Furthermore, we have included representative results that demonstrate high-fidelity, feedback control of inlet pressure using this system. We expect this protocol will allow researchers to fabricate low-cost syringe pump systems, lowering the entry barrier for the use of microfluidics in biomedical, chemical, and materials research.

Here we present a protocol to construct a pressure-controlled syringe pump to be used in microfluidic applications. This syringe pump is made from an&#160;additively manufactured body, off-the-shelf hardware, and open-source electronics. The resulting system is low-cost, straightforward to build, and delivers well-regulated fluid flow to enable rapid microfluidic research.

Tridimensionale di stampa di materiali termoplastici per creare automatizzati pompe a siringa con controllo in retroazione per applicazioni di microfluidica

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...

Fabrication of Decellularized Cartilage-derived Matrix Scaffolds

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage research has focused on the development of regenerative scaffolds. This article describes the development of scaffolds that are completely derived from natural cartilage extracellular matrix, coming from an equine donor. Potential applications of the scaffolds include producing allografts for cartilage repair, serving as a scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering, and providing in vitro models to study tissue formation. By decellularizing the tissue, the donor cells are removed, but many of the natural bioactive cues are thought to be retained. The main advantage of using such a natural scaffold in comparison to a synthetically produced scaffold is that no further functionalization of polymers is required to drive osteochondral tissue regeneration. The cartilage-derived matrix scaffolds can be used for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration in both in vivo and in vitro settings.

Decellularized cartilage-derived scaffolds can be used as a scaffold to guide cartilage repair and as a means to regenerate osteochondral tissue. This paper describes the decellularization process in detail and provides suggestions to use these scaffolds in in vitro settings.

Fabbricazione di scaffold decellularizzati matrice della cartilagine-derivato

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage ...

Pancreatic Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Printing 3D Cell-Laden Pancreatic Tissue Constructs

The transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising treatment for patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes accompanied by hypoglycemia and secondary complications. However, islet transplantation still has several limitations such as the low viability of transplanted islets due to poor islet engraftment and hostile environments. In addition, the insulin-producing cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells have limited ability to secrete sufficient hormones that can regulate the blood glucose level; therefore, improving the maturation by culturing cells with proper microenvironmental cues is strongly required. In this article, we elucidate protocols for preparing a pancreatic tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (pdECM) bioink to provide a beneficial microenvironment that can increase glucose sensitivity of pancreatic islets, followed by describing the processes for generating 3D pancreatic tissue constructs using a microextrusion-based bioprinting technique.

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can provide suitable microenvironmental cues to recapitulate the inherent functions of target tissues in an engineered construct. This article elucidates the protocols for the decellularization of pancreatic tissue, evaluation of pancreatic tissue-derived dECM bioink, and generation of 3D pancreatic tissue constructs using a bioprinting technique.

Bioinchiostro a matrice extracellulare derivato dal tessuto pancreatico per la stampa di costrutti di tessuto pancreatico 3D Cell-Laden

The transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising treatment for patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes accompanied by hypoglycemia and secondary ...