Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal Fondo nazionale svizzero (Grants n ° PZ00P2_126430 / 1 e PZ00P2_144595). Prof. C. Leumann Si ringrazia per la fornitura di spazi e attrezzature di laboratorio, nonché per il suo costante sostegno. La signora Sue Knecht è riconosciuto per le discussioni fruttuose.

1. Sintesi dei nucleosidi trifosfati modificati L&#39;approccio sintetico prescelto segue la procedura sviluppata da Ludwig e Eckstein poiché questo metodo è generalmente affidabile e porta a pochissimi collaterali prodotti (Figura 1A) 39. <ol><li> Coevaporate nucleoside 3&#39;-OAc protetto adeguatamente (tipicamente 0,1 mmol) due volte con piridina anidra (2 ml) e quindi asciugare sotto vuoto durante la notte. Allo stesso tempo, pirofosfato secco tributylammonium (0,13 mmol) sottovuoto durante la notte. </li><li> Sciogliere il nucleoside in un minimo di piridina secca (0,2 ml) e aggiungere diossano secco (0,4 ml) come co-solvente. Infine, aggiungere 2-cloro-1 ,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one (0,11 mmol) e lasciare reagire a temperatura ambiente per 45 min. Nota: È interessante notare che particolare cura deve essere presa con il 2-cloro-1 ,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one reagente. Infatti, anche stoccaggio di questo reagente sotto un atmosp gas inertequi non è sufficiente per evitare la decomposizione. Così, il solido bianco che si forma in questa decomposizione può e deve essere raschiata prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione di tributylammonium pirofosfato a secco DMF (0,17 ml) e tributilammina distillata (58 ml; mai aggiungere setacci molecolari). Aggiungere la soluzione risultante alla miscela di reazione (un precipitato bianco ma scompare rapidamente) e lasciare reagire a temperatura ambiente per 45 min. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione di iodio (0,16 mmol) in piridina (0,98 ml) e H 2 O (20 mL) e aggiungere alla miscela di reazione per ossidare il Pα (III) centro. Lasciare la soluzione scura risultante agitazione a temperatura ambiente per 30 min. </li><li> Utilizzare una soluzione acquosa al 10% NAS 2 O 3 per placare l&#39;eccesso I 2. Rimuovere il solvente sotto vuoto (temperatura del bagno d&#39;acqua dell&#39;evaporatore rotante deve essere mantenuta al di sotto di 30 ° C). Aggiungere H 2 O (5 ml) e consentire l&#39;kmxture riposare a temperatura ambiente per 30 min per idrolizzare il trifosfato parte ciclica. </li><li> In questa fase, i gruppi di protezione vengono solitamente rimossi (cioè il 3&#39;-OAc ei gruppi delle catene laterali del nucleobase). Conseguentemente, aggiungere NH 4 OH (30% in H 2 O, 10 ml) al grezzo e mescolare per 1,5 ore a temperatura ambiente, e rimuovere il solvente sotto vuoto. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di H 2 O e suddivisa in 2 tubi. Aggiungere 12 ml di una soluzione al 2% di NaClO 4 in acetone e centrifuga (1000 xg) per 30 min. Questa procedura viene ripetuta ancora una volta. Questa precipitazione consente la separazione dei solventi e reagenti utilizzati nella sintesi del trifosfato (che precipitare), semplificando così la conseguente purificazione con RP-HPLC sostanzialmente. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;essiccazione all&#39;aria del residuo oleoso, registrare un 31 P-NMR spettro del grezzo (seguendo le procedure standard, vedere anche elenco dei materiali e figura 3) esciogliere in 4 ml di H 2 O. Nota: Questa procedura sintetica concentra principalmente sulla generazione di deossinucleoside trifosfati modificati, ma una procedura molto simile può essere applicato per i loro omologhi RNA (semplicemente utilizzando 2 &#39;, 3&#39;-bis-O-acetilato precursori). </li></ol> 2. HPLC purificazione dei nucleosidi trifosfati modificati <ol><li> Preparazione di una M soluzione stock di trietilammonio bicarbonato (Teab) 1: 40 <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione di 1 mole di trietilammina (139 ml) in ≈ 600 ml di acqua distillata e filtrata H 2 O. </li><li> Bubble CO 2 (tramite ghiaccio secco e un gorgogliatore gas) nella soluzione sotto agitazione vigorosa fino a raggiungere un pH di 7,6 (questo richiederà almeno 10 ore). Questa soluzione madre può essere conservato in frigorifero per fino a un mese. </li></ol></li><li> Purificazione: <ol><li> Preparare due soluzioni tampone dal magazzino 1 M: 2 L di 50 Teab mM in acqua ultrapura (eluente A)nd 1 L di 50 mM in Teab 50% MeCN (eluente B). Degas due eluenti sottovuoto e agitazione per 20 min (attenzione è richiesta al fine di non alterare il pH rimuovendo CO 2 durante degasaggio). </li><li> Preparare un campione da analizzare sciogliendo 10 ml di trifosfato grezzo in 300 ml di H 2 O distillata e iniettare in un sistema HPLC con una colonna RP semi-preparativa (C18) e con pendenza che varia da 0-100% B in 40 min (Figura 4). Regolare il programma HPLC con R t del trifosfato (che di solito è il picco principale sul cromatogramma) e il difosfato (che ha una leggermente inferiore R t). Purificare la miscela grezza utilizzando tali condizioni e rimuovendo prime frazioni che potrebbero contenere qualche difosfato. </li><li> Combinare tutte le frazioni che contengono il prodotto e la liofilizzazione (che viene preferito evaporazione nell&#39;evaporatore rotante al fine di minimizzare l&#39;idrolisi alla diphosph indesideratoate). Coevaporate più volte con acqua ultrapura (per rimuovere trietilammina residuo dalle eluenti). Valutare la purezza del trifosfato mediante NMR (sia 1 H e 31 P NMR) e MALDI-TOF applicando protocolli standard (vedere la Figura 5). Le rese ottenute mediante l&#39;applicazione di questo protocollo tipicamente si trovano nell&#39;intervallo 30-70%, a seconda del substrato. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Reazioni primer extension e TdT polimerizzazione <ol><li> Etichettatura 5&#39;-end del primer <ol><li> Mescolare 30 pmol di primer appropriato (ad esempio P1, elenco dei materiali) con 4 ml di 10x Polinucleotide chinasi (PNK) tampone, 3 ml di γ-[32 P]-ATP, 1 ml di PNK, e DDH 2 O (per un volume di reazione totale di 40 microlitri). Incubare la miscela di reazione a 37 ° C per 30 min e poi termicamente disattivare la chinasi (10 min a 70 ° C). </li><li> Durante la reazione di marcatura preparareuna colonna Sephadex G10 inserendo una punta della pipetta da 1 ml con lana di vetro silanizzata e riempiendo la punta con la soluzione G10 (10% in DDH 2 O, autoclave). Spin down e lavare tre volte con 500 microlitri DDH 2 O e un lavaggio finale con 50 microlitri DDH 2 O. Eseguire la miscela di reazione attraverso il G10 (per rimuovere l&#39;etichetta radioattivo gratuito). </li><li> Gel purificare (PAGE 20%) il primer radiomarcato e recuperare mediante l&#39;applicazione del metodo di compressione e ammollo (cioè eluizione con 500 ml di una soluzione acquosa contenente 1% LiClO 4 e 1 mM rete 3 (pH 8) a 72 ° C per 15 min). Etanolo precipitato e G10 desalt l&#39;oligonucleotide eluito. </li></ol></li><li> Reazione di primer extension <ol><li> Anneal 1 pmol di innesco radiomarcato P1, 10 pmol di primer P1, e 10 pmol di modello T1 (elenco dei materiali) in tampone di reazione 10x (fornito dal fornitore della polimerasi da utilizzare) posizionando il tUbe a (90-95 ° C) acqua calda e consentendo di raffreddare gradualmente fino a temperatura ambiente (oltre 45 min). </li><li> Mettere la provetta in ghiaccio e aggiungere (a sua volta) cocktail dNTP (contenenti sia modificato e trifosfati naturali, 100 pM concentrazione finale) e 1 U di DNA polimerasi (Vent (exo -), Klenow, Pwo o 9 ° N m) e terminare con acqua (per un volume totale di reazione di 20 microlitri). Incubare alla temperatura ottimale di lavoro dell&#39;enzima (ad esempio 60 ° C per 30 min quando Vent (Exo - viene utilizzato)). </li><li> Aggiungere 20 ml di soluzione di arresto (formammide (70%), etilendiamminotetraacetico (EDTA, 50 mm), blu di bromofenolo (0,1%), xilene cyanol (0,1%)), riscaldare i campioni (95 ° C, 5 min), fresco verso il basso (0 ° C), e risolvere da denaturazione elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide. Visualizza da phosphorimager. </li></ol></li><li> TdT polimerizzazione <ol><li> Diluire 7 pmol di singolo filamento, Senza etichetta Primer P2 (Elenco dei materiali), 1 pmol di primer radioattivo in 1 microlitri di buffer TdT 10x. </li><li> Mettere la provetta in ghiaccio e aggiungere (a sua volta) il cocktail dNTP (ad un&#39;adeguata concentrazione compresa tra 10 e 200 mM) e la polimerasi TdT (4 U). Incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora. Aggiungere 10 ml di soluzione di stop, riscaldare i campioni (95 ° C, 5 min), raffreddare (0 ° C), e risolvere da denaturazione elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide (PAGE 15%). Visualizza da phosphorimager. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. PCR con modificati nucleosidi trifosfati <ol><li> Mescolare 8 pmol sia del forward e reverse primer con 0,5 pmol del modello da amplificare. Aggiungere 10x tampone di reazione e il cocktail dNTP (per una concentrazione finale di 200 mM) e mettere la provetta in ghiaccio. Aggiungere 1 U di DNA polimerasi e completo di H 2 O a raggiungere un volume finale di 20 microlitri. Trasferire il composto in una provetta per PCR e di effettuare 30 cicli di PCR.</li><li> Diluire 6 ml con 6 ml di 2x tampone di caricamento saccarosio e risolvere per via di agarosio 2% (colorati con bromuro di etidio) elettroforesi. Visualizza da phosphorimager. </li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

L&#39;inclusione di modifiche in acidi nucleici è di interesse per numerose applicazioni pratiche, tra cui lo sviluppo di agenti antisenso e antigene 42,43, l&#39;etichettatura e tagging funzionale di oligonucleotidi 41, e negli sforzi per espandere l&#39;alfabeto genetico 44-46. Le alterazioni chimiche e gruppi funzionali sono generalmente introdotti in acidi nucleici mediante l&#39;applicazione di protocolli di sintesi in fase solida standard e automatizzati. Tuttavia, i mattoni Phosp...

<html> 5&#39;-trifosfato (nucleosidi (d) PTR) rappresentano una classe di biomolecole vitali che sono coinvolti in innumerevoli processi e funzioni che vanno dall&#39;essere la valuta universale di energia regolatori del metabolismo cellulare. Oltre al loro ruolo in queste trasformazioni biologiche fondamentali, loro omologhi modificati hanno avanzato come piattaforma versatile e delicato per l&#39;introduzione di gruppi funzionali in oligonucleotidi, una metodologia che integra piacevolmente la sintesi in fase solida automatizzata che viene solitamente applicato 1,2. Infatti, a condizione che i (d) PTR possono agire come substrati per RNA e DNA polimerasi 3, una ricchezza di gruppi funzionali, tra cui aminoacidi, acidi 4-13 boronici 14,15, nornbornene 16, residui diamondoide-17, come catene laterali per organocatalisi 18, acidi biliari 19, e anche oligonucleotidi 20 può essere introdotto in oligonucleotidi. _content &quot;&gt; Oltre che rappresenta una comoda vettoriale per la funzionalizzazione di acidi nucleici, dNTPs modificati possono essere impegnati in SELEX e altri metodi combinatori correlate di selezione in vitro per la generazione di modificati acidi nucleici catalitici 21-30 e aptameri per varie applicazioni pratiche 10, 31-36. Le ulteriori catene laterali che vengono introdotti dalla polimerizzazione dei dNTP modificati sono pensati per aumentare lo spazio chimico che può essere esplorato durante un esperimento di selezione e integrare l&#39;arsenale funzionale piuttosto povera di acidi nucleici 37. Tuttavia, nonostante questi tratti interessanti e recenti progressi nello sviluppo sia di sintesi e di analisi, universalmente applicabile e alla procedura ad alto rendimento esiste per la lavorazione di modificati trifosfati nucleosidici 2,38. L&#39;obiettivo del presente protocollo è quello di far luce nel (a volte) le procedure intricate leader to la sintesi e caratterizzazione biochimica di questi blocchi attivati ​​(Figura 1B). Sarà data particolare enfasi su tutti i dettagli sintetici che spesso sono difficili da trovare o sono assenti nelle sezioni sperimentali, ma sono ancora cruciali per il buon esito del percorso di sintesi che porta all&#39;isolamento di puri (d) PTR (Figura 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="799">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">tributylammonium pyrophosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P8533</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Hygroscopic solid, keep under Ar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-4-one&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">324124</td>
			<td>Moisture sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Pyridine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">82704</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Dioxane</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">296309</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">40248</td>
			<td>Under molecular sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">90342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Tributylamine</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">90781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:333px;">ddH2O</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Milli-Q</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>deionized and purified water, autoclaved in the presence of Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">159220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="86">
			<td height="86" style="height:86px;width:333px;">D2O</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">DLM-4-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Biochemical reagents</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">g-[32P]-ATP</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hartmann Analytics</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">FP-301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Natural dNTPs</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">U1420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:333px;">Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M0257S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">DNA polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MO210S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:333px;">9&#176;Nm DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">MO260S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M828A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Pwo DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Peqlab</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">01 01 5010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">T4 PNK</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EK0032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Acrylamide/bisacrylamide (19:1, 40%)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Serva</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:143px;">10679.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Apollo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIA1177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">G10 Sephadex</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">G10120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Apollo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BIU4110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Jupiter semi-preparative RP-HPLC column (5m C18 300&#197;)</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Gene Q Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bioconcept</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BYQ6042E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">PCR vials</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bioconcept</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3220-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">HPLC system</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Amersham Pharmacia Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>&#196;kta basic 10/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
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		</tr>
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			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Oligonucleotides</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">All oligonucleotides were purchased from Microsynth and purified by PAGE</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
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			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">5&#39;-CAAGGACAAAATACCTGTATTCCTT P1</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">5&#39;-GACATCATGAGAGACATCGCCTCTGGGCTAAT-AGGACTACTTCTAATCTGTAAGAGCAGATCCCTGG-ACAGGCAAGGAATACAGGTATTTTGTCCTTG T1</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">5&#39;-GAATTCGATATCAAG P2</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:333px;">More information on experimental procedures and equipment can be found in the following articles:</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:333px;">Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 13320 &#8211; 13330</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:333px;">Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3OB40842F.</td>
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			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nucleoside triphosphates - from synthesis to biochemical characterization

La strategia tradizionale per l&#39;introduzione di funzionalità chimiche è l&#39;uso di sintesi in fase solida aggiungendo precursori Phosphoramidite opportunamente modificati alla catena nascente. Tuttavia, le condizioni utilizzate durante la sintesi e la restrizione di sequenze piuttosto brevi ostacolano l&#39;applicabilità di questa metodologia. D&#39;altra parte, nucleosidi trifosfati modificati vengono attivati ​​blocchi che sono stati impiegati per l&#39;introduzione mite di numerosi gruppi funzionali in acidi nucleici, una strategia che apre la strada per l&#39;uso di acidi nucleici modificati in una tavolozza ampia di applicazioni pratiche come codifica funzionale e generazione di ribozimi e DNAzymes. Una delle maggiori difficoltà risiede nella complessità della metodologia che porta all&#39;isolamento e caratterizzazione di questi analoghi nucleosidici. In questo articolo video, presentiamo un protocollo dettagliato per la sintesi di these analoghi modificati utilizzando reagenti a base di fosforo-(III). Inoltre, la procedura per la loro caratterizzazione biochimica di divulgazione, con particolare attenzione alle reazioni del primer e TdT tailing polimerizzazione. Questo protocollo dettagliato sarà di uso per la lavorazione di dNTP modificati e il loro ulteriore utilizzo in biologia chimica.

Nucleosidi trifosfati modificati sono seducenti bersagli sintetici in quanto consentono l&#39;introduzione facile di una vasta gamma di gruppi funzionali in acidi nucleici 41. Tuttavia, l&#39;isolamento e la caratterizzazione di questi blocchi attivato viene rivelano spesso ardua. Di conseguenza, i risultati qui indicati sono pensati per fornire una mano per seguire le varie fasi all&#39;interno delle suddette procedure sintetiche e biochimici (Figura 1B). In part...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization at JoVE.com

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Il protocollo qui descritto ha lo scopo di spiegare e abbreviare i numerosi ostacoli nel cammino del percorso intricato portando a nucleosidi trifosfati modificati. Di conseguenza, questo protocollo facilita sia la sintesi di questi blocchi di costruzione attivati ​​e la loro disponibilità per applicazioni pratiche.

Nucleosidi trifosfati - Dalla sintesi di biochimica Caratterizzazione

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

nucleoside-triphosphates-from-synthesis-to-biochemical

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

17.0K Views.  University of Bern.  Il protocollo qui descritto ha lo scopo di spiegare e abbreviare i numerosi ostacoli nel cammino del percorso intricato portando a nucleosidi trifosfati modificati. Di conseguenza, questo protocollo facilita sia la sintesi di questi blocchi di costruzione attivati ​​e la loro disponibilità per applicazioni pratiche. 

Video: Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

Split-e-pool Sintesi e caratterizzazione di peptidi Terziario Ammide Biblioteca

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di funzionalizzato metallo-organici quadri

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the hydroxylmethylene phosphine precursor with ammonia in methanol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The N-triphosPh ligand precipitates from the solution after approximately 1 hr of reflux and can be isolated analytically pure via simple cannula filtration procedure under nitrogen. Reaction of the N-triphosPh ligand with [Ru3(CO)12] under reflux affords a deep red solution that show evolution of CO gas on ligand complexation. Orange crystals of the complex [Ru(CO)2{N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (2) were isolated on cooling to RT. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed a characteristic single peak at lower frequency compared to the free ligand. Reaction of a toluene solution of complex 2 with oxygen resulted in the instantaneous precipitation of the carbonate complex [Ru(CO3)(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (3) as an air stable orange solid. Subsequent hydrogenation of 3 under 15 bar of hydrogen in a high-pressure reactor gave the dihydride complex [RuH2(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (4), which was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3 and 4 are potentially useful catalyst precursors for a range of hydrogenation reactions, including biomass-derived products such as levulinic acid (LA). Complex 4 was found to cleanly react with LA in the presence of the proton source additive NH4PF6 to give [Ru(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P{CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H}-&#954;2O](PF6) (6).

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Ruthenium phosphine complexes are widely used for homogeneous catalytic reactions such as hydrogenations. The synthesis of a series of novel tridentate ruthenium complexes bearing the N-triphos ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 is reported. Additionally, the stoichiometric reaction of a dihydride Ru&#8211;N-triphos complex with levulinic acid is described.

La sintesi, caratterizzazione e reattività di una serie di rutenio<em&gt; N</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt; Ph</sup&gt; Complessi

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

Sintesi, Caratterizzazione, e funzionalizzazione di ibrida UA / CdS e Au / ZnS core / shell nanoparticelle

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di supramolecolari colloidi

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and validated for the quantification of extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleosides produced by purified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells under different culture conditions. The chromatographic separation of adenosine 5&#39;-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine (ADO) and inosine (INO) is performed at RT on a silica-based, reversed-phase column that is used for polar compound retention. The method includes a binary mobile phase, which consists of 7 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1.00 ml/min. The eluates are monitored using a Photodiode Array UV detector set at 260 nm. A standard calibration curve is generated to calculate the equation for the analytical quantification of each purine compound. System control, data acquisition and analysis are then performed. Applying this protocol, AMP, INO and ADO elute at 7, 11 and 11.9 min, respectively, and the total run time for each sample is 20 min. This protocol may be applied to different cell types and cell lines (both suspension and adherent), using culture media as matrix. The advantages are easy and fast sample preparation and the requirement of a small amount of supernatant for analysis. Furthermore, the use of a serum-free medium allows skipping the protein precipitation step with acetonitrile that impacts the final concentration of purine compounds. One of the limitations of the method is the requirement of the equilibration column run before each single sample run, making the total run time of the experiment longer and preventing high throughput screening applications.

The protocol described here represents an easy and reproducible method that employs reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to measure purine metabolism on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cultured under different conditions.

HPLC-based test per monitorare extracellulare Nucleotide / nucleosidici metabolismo in cronica cellule umane leucemia linfocitica

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-doped Aluminosilicate Nanotubes with Enhanced Electron Conductive Properties

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe aims at lowering the band gap of imogolite, an insulator with the chemical formula (OH)3Al2O3SiOH, and at modifying its adsorption properties towards azo-dyes, an important class of organic pollutants of both wastewater and groundwater.
Fe-doped nanotubes are obtained in two ways: by direct synthesis, where FeCl3 is added to an aqueous mixture of the Si and Al precursors, and by post-synthesis loading, where preformed nanotubes are put in contact with a FeCl3&#8226;6H2O aqueous solution. In both synthesis methods, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ occurs, preserving the nanotube structure. Isomorphic substitution is indeed limited to a mass fraction of ~1.0% Fe, since at a higher Fe content (i.e., a mass fraction of 1.4% Fe), Fe2O3 clusters form, especially when the loading procedure is adopted. The physicochemical properties of the materials are studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption isotherms at -196 &#176;C, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-Vis spectroscopy, and &#950;-potential measurements. The most relevant result is the possibility to replace Al3+ ions (located on the outer surface of the nanotubes) by post-synthesis loading on preformed imogolite without perturbing the delicate hydrolysis equilibria occurring during nanotube formation. During the loading procedure, an anionic exchange occurs, where Al3+ ions on the outer surface of the nanotubes are replaced by Fe3+ ions. In Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes, isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by Fe3+ is found to affect the band gap of doped imogolite. Nonetheless, Fe3+ sites on the outer surface of nanotubes are able to coordinate organic moieties, like the azo-dye Acid Orange 7, through a ligand-displacement mechanism occurring in an aqueous solution.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize and characterize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes. The materials are obtained by either sol-gel synthesis upon addition of FeCl3&#8226;6H2O to the mixture containing the Si and Al precursors or by post-synthesis ionic exchange of preformed aluminosilicate nanotubes.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di Fe-drogato Alluminosilicato nanotubi con una maggiore Electron proprietà conduttive

The goal of the protocol is to synthesize Fe-doped aluminosilicate nanotubes of the imogolite type with the formula (OH)3Al2-xFexO3SiOH. Doping with Fe ...

Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine

Amino alcohols are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. For instance, they have been used as chiral scaffolds in organic synthesis. Their synthesis by conventional organic chemistry often requires tedious multi-step synthesis processes, with difficult control of the stereochemical outcome. We present a protocol to enzymatically synthetize amino alcohols starting from the readily available L-lysine in 48 h. This protocol combines two chemical reactions that are very difficult to conduct by conventional organic synthesis. In the first step, the regio- and diastereoselective oxidation of an unactivated C-H bond of the lysine side-chain is catalyzed by a dioxygenase; a second regio- and diastereoselective oxidation catalyzed by a regiodivergent dioxygenase can lead to the formation of the 1,2-diols. In the last step, the carboxylic group of the alpha amino acid is cleaved by a pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) decarboxylase (DC). This decarboxylative step only affects the alpha carbon of the amino acid, retaining the hydroxy-substituted stereogenic center in a beta/gamma position. The resulting amino alcohols are therefore optically enriched. The protocol was successfully applied to the semipreparative-scale synthesis of four amino alcohols. Monitoring of the reactions was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after derivatization by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Straightforward purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) afforded the amino alcohols with excellent yields (93% to &#62;95%).

Chiral amino alcohols are versatile molecules for use as scaffolds in organic synthesis. Starting from L-lysine, we synthesize amino alcohols by an enzymatic cascade reaction combining diastereoselective C-H oxidation catalyzed by dioxygenase followed by cleavage of the carboxylic acid moiety of the corresponding hydroxyl amino acid by a decarboxylase.

Reazioni a cascata enzimatica per la sintesi di Amino alcoli chirali da L-lisina

Amino alcohols are versatile compounds with a wide range of applications. For instance, they have been used as chiral scaffolds in organic synthesis. ...

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting self-assembled supramolecular structures. The synthetic route takes advantage of solid-phase peptide synthesis with the on-resin coupling of the dithiolane precursor molecule, 3-(acetylthio)-2-(acetylthiomethyl)propanoic acid, and the microwave-assisted thioacetate deprotection of the peptide N-terminus before final cleavage from the resin to yield the 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide. After the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification of the 1,2-dithiolane peptide, derived from the nucleating core of the A&#946; peptide associated with Alzheimer&#39;s disease, the peptide is shown to self-assemble into cross-&#946; amyloid fibers. Protocols to characterize the amyloid fibers by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are presented. The methods of N-terminal modification with a 1,2-dithiolane moiety to well-characterized self-assembling peptides can now be explored as model systems to develop post-assembly modification strategies and explore dynamic covalent chemistry on supramolecular peptide nanofiber surfaces.

A protocol for the synthesis of a 1,2-dithiolane modified peptide and the characterization of the supramolecular structures resulting from the peptide self-assembly.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di 1,2-Dithiolane per volta peptidi autoassemblanti

This report focuses on the synthesis of an N-terminus 1,2-dithiolane modified self-assembling peptide and the characterization of the resulting ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione delle nanoparticelle d'oro dell'anfifile

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...