This work was supported by a grant from the NIH. The assays shown in Figure 1 was performed by Dr. Joseph Fasolo. We thank Dr. Rui Chen for helpful comments.

1. Preparazione della sonda <ol><li> Cultura e purificare le sonde chinasi V5-fusione utilizzate per esaminare le interazioni con altre proteine ​​come segue: <ol><li> Utilizzare appena striato ceppo di lievito Y258 (Mata pep4-3, his4-580, ura3-53, leu2-3,112) contenenti proteine ​​V5-fusion (espressa da GATEWAY vettoriali pYES-DEST52). Utilizzare la proteina isolata come sonda sui microarray. Piatto il lievito in sintetico complete-uracile (Sc-Ura) / 2% destrosio / Agar e crescere a 30 ° C per 3 giorni di cultura congelati (-80 ° C glicerolo magazzino). </li><li> Seminare colture starter (5-20 ml) da una singola colonia e crescere durante la notte in Sc-Ura / 2% destrosio sulla piattaforma (220-250 giri al minuto) o la rotella che agita a 30 ° C. </li><li> La mattina seguente, inoculare 400 ml di Sc-Ura / 2% cultura raffinosio con la cultura di avviamento sufficiente per un diametro finale 600 del 0.1. </li><li> Crescere i inoculums a OD 600 di 0,6, seguita da induzione galattosio del fu V5-chinasisione costruire espressione aggiungendo una soluzione di 3x Yeast Extract / Peptone (YEP) supplementato con 6% galattosio, aggiungendo abbastanza per diluire il supporto di induzione di un fattore 3 in modo che la concentrazione finale di galattosio è 2%. </li><li> Indurre le cellule a 30 ° C per 6 h su una piattaforma oscillante. Utilizzare un pallone da 2 L Erlenmeyer per garantire un&#39;adeguata aerazione. </li><li> Celle di raccolta utilizzando un rotore JA-10 (o comparabili) facendo girare 400 ml di sospensione cellulare a 1000 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavare le cellule una volta con 50 ml di ghiaccio tampone PBS freddo e trasferirlo in una provetta da 50 ml. Lavare il pellet di nuovo in ghiaccio PBS freddo (senza detergenti o altri additivi) utilizzati per lisi e trasferimento in 2 ml snap-cap tubi per lisi. </li><li> Spin le cellule a 20.000 xg per 1 min a 4 ° C per un pellet e pipetta via buffer. </li><li> Mettere le provette su ghiaccio e procedere con il passaggio di lisi. </li><li> Lyse le cellule (250-350 ml pellet) con 00,5 millimetri perle zirconia in un 1: 1: 1 volume di pellet, perline, e PBS (PBS) Lysis Buffer e vortex la miscela utilizzando una piattaforma di agitazione per 3 volte a 2 min a intervalli di 4 ° C. </li><li> Centrifugare il lisato a 20.000 xg in una microcentrifuga da tavolo per 10 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Dispensare surnatante in provetta da centrifuga in policarbonato ad alta velocità e chiarire da ulracentrufugation per 30 min a 150.000 xg a 4 ° C. </li><li> Trasferire il lisato chiarificato in una provetta contenente prelavato Ni 2 + resina di affinità (~ 100 ml) e incubare su un nutator per 2 ore a 4 ° C per catturare istidina (His) 6X tagged proteine ​​V5-fusion. </li><li> Lavare la resina tre volte per 10 minuti a 4 ° C con tampone di lavaggio. Pellet resina utilizzando una centrifuga da tavolo per 5 min a 1000 xga 4 ° C e aspirare il surnatante. Aggiungere tampone di lavaggio fresco per ogni lavaggio e restituire il tubo del nutator per l&#39;agitazione durante il lavaggio. </li><li> Dopo il lavaggio steps sono completi, applicare la resina lavato per un nuovo G-25 colonna per eluizione. </li><li> Applicare 25 microlitri di tampone di eluizione in maniera graduale iniziando con imidazolo 100 mM imidazolo 500 mM in incrementi di 50 mm per un totale di 9 frazioni. </li><li> Analizzare frazioni raccolte utilizzando gel di sodio dodecil solfato poliacrilammide (SDS-PAGE) e colorazione Coomassie identificare la frazione (s) più altamente arricchito per l&#39;uso nel saggio e aggiungere glicerolo al 30% e conservare a -80 ° C fino all&#39;uso nel test. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Probing gli Array NOTA: Si prega di vedere il punto 2.6 di questa sezione per preparare la soluzione di anticorpi prima di iniziare il test. <ol><li> Per rilevare le interazioni, diluire l&#39;anticorpo coniugato V5-fluoroforo (cioè AlexaFluor 647) a 260 ng / ml in tampone sonda e mescolare accuratamente agitando. NOTA: Preparare questa soluzione di anticorpo 30 min prima dell&#39;uso e porre il tubo su una nutato o ruota per permettere una miscelazione completa e una sospensione omogenea di anticorpi. </li><li> Diluire la sonda proteica V5-fusione su un intervallo di concentrazione di 5-500 mg / ml. NOTA: Ottimizzato per ogni proteina-proteina test interazione, utilizzando tampone sonda. Ottimizzazione comporta l&#39;aggiunta più sonde per sondare buffer. Tipicamente 10 ug / ml viene usata come punto di partenza e regolati di conseguenza sulla base della forza del segnale. </li><li> Rimuovere i microarrays della proteina dal congelatore (-20 ° C) e portare a 4 ° C in frigorifero immediatamente prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Aggiungere tampone di bloccaggio direttamente al titolare diapositiva contenente i micorarrays proteine ​​e coprire la parte superiore con parafilm per evitare perdite. Bloccare gli array in tampone bloccante per 1 ora agitando a 50 giri su un palco a 4 ° C. </li><li> Dopo il blocco, trasferire gli array ad una camera umidificata refrigerate a 4 ° C e aggiungere 90 ml di sonda diluito direttamente sulla superficie dell&#39;array. Sovrapporre il arrays con una scivolata sollevatore alzato e incubare statico (senza agitando) nella camera umidificata a 4 ° C per 1,5 ore. </li><li> Lavare gli array 3 volte per 1 min ciascuna in tampone sonda in tre provette da 50 ml coniche. Aggiungere la diapositiva per provette coniche contenenti abbastanza tampone sonda pre-raffreddata a busta completamente la diapositiva. Lasciare che la polizza sollevatore di scivolare delicatamente fuori del microarray di proteine ​​(non forzare fuori come questo potrebbe causare danni alla superficie array). </li><li> Applicare la soluzione di anticorpi direttamente a matrice immediatamente dopo aver completato il lavaggio (passo 2.5) e overlay con una scivolata sollevatore cresciuto come prima. Incubare le matrici per 30 min a 4 ° C in camera umidificata. </li><li> Eseguire la stessa fase di lavaggio come prima (3 volte 1 min in tampone sonda), e centrifuga in una provetta conica da 50 ml a 800 xg in una centrifuga da tavolo per 5 min a temperatura ambiente. Asciugare gli array in un supporto di diapositive al buio per 30 minuti prima scansione della matrice a 647 nm. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fasolo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+protein+kinase+interactions+identified+by+protein+microarrays+reveal+novel+connections+between+cellular+processes.">Diverse protein kinase interactions identified by protein microarrays reveal novel connections between cellular processes.</a> Genes. 25, 767-778 (2011).</li><li>Zhu, X., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ProCAT:+a+data+analysis+approach+for+protein+microarrays.">ProCAT: a data analysis approach for protein microarrays.</a> Genome biology. 7, R110 (2006).</li><li>Breitkreutz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+protein+kinase+and+phosphatase+interaction+network+in+yeast.">A global protein kinase and phosphatase interaction network in yeast.</a> Science. 328, 1043-1046 (2010).</li><li>Gavin, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+the+yeast+proteome+by+systematic+analysis+of+protein+complexes.">Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes.</a> Nature. 415, 141-147 (2002).</li><li>Jeong, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+identification+of+monospecific+monoclonal+antibodies+using+a+human+proteome+microarray.">Rapid identification of monospecific monoclonal antibodies using a human proteome microarray.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 11 (6), (2012).</li><li>Krogan, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+landscape+of+protein+complexes+in+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Global landscape of protein complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nature. 440, 637-643 (2006).</li><li>Popescu, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+binding+of+calmodulin-related+proteins+to+their+targets+revealed+through+high-density+Arabidopsis+protein+microarrays.">Differential binding of calmodulin-related proteins to their targets revealed through high-density Arabidopsis protein microarrays.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104, 4730-4735 (2007).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+activities+using+proteome+chips.">Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips.</a> Science. 293, 2101-2105 (2001).</li><li>Ptacek, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+phosphorylation+in+yeast.">Global analysis of protein phosphorylation in yeast.</a> Nature. 438, 679-684 (2005).</li><li>Haab, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+arrays+in+cancer+research.+Molecular+&amp;+cellular+proteomics.">Antibody arrays in cancer research. Molecular &amp; cellular proteomics.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 4 (4), 377-383 (2005).</li><li>Kopf, E., Zharhary, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+arrays--an+emerging+tool+in+cancer+proteomics.">Antibody arrays--an emerging tool in cancer proteomics.</a> The international journal of biochemistry &amp; cell biology. 39, 1305-1317 (2007).</li><li>Berrade, L., Garcia, A. E., Camarero, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+microarrays:+novel+developments+and+applications.">Protein microarrays: novel developments and applications.</a> Pharmaceutical research. 28, 1480-1499 (2011).</li><li>Balboni, I., Limb, C., Tenenbaum, J. D., Utz, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+microarray+surfaces+and+arraying+parameters+for+autoantibody+profiling.">Evaluation of microarray surfaces and arraying parameters for autoantibody profiling.</a> Proteomics. 8, 3443-3449 (2008).</li><li>Gelperin, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+genetic+analysis+of+the+yeast+proteome+with+a+movable+ORF+collection.">Biochemical and genetic analysis of the yeast proteome with a movable ORF collection.</a> Genes &amp; development. 19, 2816-2826 (2005).</li><li>Fasolo, J., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+microarrays.">Protein microarrays.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 548, 209-222 (2009).</li><li>Im, H., Snyder, M., Coligan, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+recombinant+protein+spotted+arrays+for+proteome-wide+identification+of+kinase+targets.">Preparation of recombinant protein spotted arrays for proteome-wide identification of kinase targets.</a> Current protocols in protein science. 27, Unit 27 24 (2013).</li><li>MacBeath, G., Schreiber, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Printing+proteins+as+microarrays+for+high-throughput+function+determination.">Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination.</a> Science. 289, 1760-1763 (2000).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Il protocollo è stato originariamente presentato effettuata utilizzando 85 proteine ​​del lievito proteine ​​chinasi-V5 fusione unica di confrontare attività di legame attraverso distinte famiglie e connessi di protein chinasi lievito conseguente individuazione di nuove reti di interazione in vivo chinasi 1. Come un emergente tecnologia profilazione proteomica, lo sviluppo di High Throughput (HTP) proiezione del proteoma usando microarrays della proteina invocato librerie peptidiche e eucar...

La necessità di effettuare analisi globali di biochimica delle proteine ​​e di attività in vivo legame ha portato allo sviluppo di nuovi metodi di profiling interazioni proteina-proteina (PPI) e le modificazioni post-traduzionali di proteomi interi 1,3-8. Microarrays proteine ​​sono prodotte come microarray proteici funzionali utilizzando proteine ​​funzionali full-length 4-6,8,9 o microarrays della proteina analitiche contenenti anticorpi 10,11. Essi sono progettati per contenere una alta densità di proteine ​​disposte su vetrini da microscopio con una varietà di chimiche superficiali per facilitare una varietà di condizioni sperimentali necessari per condurre ampio biochimico analisi 12. Nitrocellulosa e di superficie aldeide chimiche per il fissaggio chimico tramite lisina o attaccamento affinità metodi come diapositive chelati nichel per fissare le proteine ​​His-tag e glutatione per il fissaggio affinità tra gli altri 13. </p&gt; L&#39;uso di microarray della proteina funzionali per rilevare le interazioni proteina-proteina richiede l&#39;accesso a una elevata qualità library proteina funzionale 14. S. cerevisiae è suscettibile di produrre una tale biblioteca attraverso l&#39;abbinamento di alta copia affinità tagged costrutti di proteine ​​ad alto throughput tecniche di purificazione cromatografica. La stragrande maggioranza del genoma del lievito è stato sequenziato e quasi l&#39;intero proteoma può essere espresso da un plasmide alta copia per la purificazione e biochimico analisi 12. Una volta che le proteine ​​sono ottenuti e disposte in formato da 384 pozzetti, vengono stampate su un vetrino da microscopio che permette una rapida analisi biochimica multi-parametrica parallelo e interrogatori bioinformatica 8,14-16. Microarrays della proteina sono stati utilizzati per saggi enzimatici e interazioni con proteine, lipidi, piccole molecole, e acidi nucleici tra molte altre applicazioni. L&#39;accessibilità delle proteine ​​sulla superficie del proteomaarray li rendono suscettibili di diversi tipi di rilevazione analitica, tra cui, immuno-affinità, risonanza plasmonica di superficie, fluorescenza e molte altre tecniche. Inoltre, esso consente un controllo preciso della condizione sperimentale dove potrebbe essere difficile da fare in vivo. L&#39;obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di dimostrare l&#39;uso appropriato di microarrays della proteina funzionali per rilevare le interazioni proteina-proteina. Questa applicazione consente l&#39;analisi biochimica in parallelo ad alta produttività delle attività di legame alle proteine ​​usando un analita altamente purificato (proteina) di interesse. Una C-terminale (carbossi-terminale) etichettato V5-fusione esca proteina di interesse è prodotta da un plasmide alta copia in un ceppo di lievito ottimizzato per la purificazione della proteina. C-terminale codifica assicura che l&#39;intera lunghezza proteina è stato tradotto. La proteina utilizzata in questo studio è TDA1-V5 proteina di fusione chinasi, che viene potabilizzata con resina nichel affinità tramite un tag His6X. La costru fusione TDA1-V5t è purificato tramite eluizione seriale utilizzando un gradiente di imidazolo per eluire la frazione più altamente arricchito per l&#39;uso nel saggio.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="855">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR</td>
			<td>NC-10747</td>
			<td>or comparable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0217-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto peptone</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0118-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Difco</td>
			<td>0140-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Raffinose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>R0514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Galactose</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G0750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Sc-Ura drop out media</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Bio</td>
			<td>114410622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Small Culture tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Large Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge JA-10 rotor</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Centrifuge tubes (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Falcon tube (50 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td>21008-951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PBS Tablets</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Tubes(2ml screw cap tube)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">FastPrep Machine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">116004500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Zircon Beads</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">BioSpec</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11079105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Triton X100</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>D9779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:267px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>S3014&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Imidazole (pH = 7.4)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>I5513&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>93482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Complete Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA Free)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11873580001</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 1</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">sigma</td>
			<td>P2850</td>
			<td style="width:291px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A1852&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Shaking Incubator (30 &#176;C)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nickel Affinity Resin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R901-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">G25 column</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GE life sciences</td>
			<td>27-5325-01&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Nutator</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">VWR/Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">SDS-PAGE Gel (NuPage)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Coomassie Blue Stain</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R960-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Alexa647 Tagged monoclonal V5 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>451098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Protein Microarrays Kit</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PAH0525013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Genepix Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:267px;">Lifter Slips</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">http://www.thomassci.com/Supplies/Microscope-Cover-Glass/_/LIFTER-SLIPS/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:267px;">Lysis Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 
			2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF&#160; (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS (0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M potassium chloride, 0.137 M sodium chloride; pH 7.4) to obtain the desired volume of lysis solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Blocking Buffer: 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1% Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagents to 1 X PBS to obtain the desired volume of blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:267px;">Probe Buffer: 2 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.05% Triton X-100, 50 mM NaCl,500 &#956;M ATP (for kinases), 1% BSA</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="67">
			<td height="67" style="height:67px;width:267px;">Wash Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 50 mM imidazole (pH 7.4),2 mM MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:267px;">Elution Buffer: 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 2 mM MgCl2, 500 mM NaCl, 50 &#8211; 500 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), Complete protease inhibitor cocktail &#8211; EDTA-free, Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail 1, 1 mM PMSF (add just prior to use)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Before you begin, it is important to note the concentration gradient of imidazole (50 &#8211; 500 mM) and to create separate tubes for each concentration (it is advisable to create the interval using 50 mM increments). Add the reagent to 1 X PBS to obtain desired volume of probe buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:267px;">3x YEP +6% galactose: Dissolve 30 g of yeast extract and&#160; 60 g of peptone in 700 ml of H2O, and autoclave. Add 300 ml of filter sterilized 20% galactose (wt/vol)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;galactose should not be autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

probing high-density functional protein microarrays to detect protein-protein interactions

Ad alta densità di microarrays della proteina funzionali contenenti ~ 4.200 proteine ​​ricombinanti di lievito vengono esaminati per le interazioni proteina-proteina chinasi utilizzando una proteina di fusione purificate per affinità lievito chinasi contenente un tag V5-epitopi per read-out. Chinasi purificata è ottenuto attraverso la cultura di un ceppo di lievito ottimizzato per alta copia la produzione di proteine ​​ospitare un plasmide contenente una fusione chinasi-V5 costruire sotto un elenco indirizzi globale promotore inducibile. Il lievito viene coltivato in mezzi restrittiva con una fonte di carbonio neutro per 6 ore seguita da induzione con 2% galattosio. Successivamente, la coltura è raccolta e chinasi è purificato mediante affinità standard di tecniche cromatografiche per ottenere una proteina chinasi altamente purificata per uso nel saggio. La chinasi purificata è diluita con tampone chinasi ad una gamma appropriata per il dosaggio e microarray della proteina sono bloccate prima ibridazione con il microarray della proteina. Dopo l&#39;ibridazione, gli array vengono sondati con un anticorpo monoclonale V5 ANTIBody per identificare le proteine ​​legate dalla proteina chinasi-V5. Infine, gli array vengono sottoposti a scansione utilizzando uno scanner microarray standard ei dati vengono estratti per l&#39;informatica a valle dell&#39;analisi 1,2 per determinare una elevata fiducia insieme di interazioni proteiche per la convalida a valle in vivo.

L&#39;attività di interazione proteina-proteina è stata osservata utilizzando un lettore di chip standard per valutare l&#39;TDA1-V5 proteina chinasi di fusione costrutto come proteina esca contro un lievito microarray proteina funzionale contenente circa 4,200 unica S. cerevisiae proteine ​​di fusione GST-. Ulteriore interrogatorio con il software GenePix rivelato una moltitudine di eventi di intensità variabili vincolanti. L&#39;affinità è stato misurato l&#39;intensità graduata del segnale derivato...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions at JoVE.com

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Utilizzando microarray proteici contenenti quasi tutta la S. cerevisiae proteoma è sondato per un rapido interrogatori imparziale di migliaia di interazioni proteina-proteina in parallelo. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato per la proteina-piccola molecola, modificazione post-traslazionale, e altri saggi in high-throughput.

Probing ad alta densità di microarrays della proteina funzionali per rilevare le interazioni proteina-proteina

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

probing-high-density-functional-protein-microarrays-to-detect-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.9K Views.  Stanford University.  Utilizzando microarray proteici contenenti quasi tutta la S. cerevisiae proteoma è sondato per un rapido interrogatori imparziale di migliaia di interazioni proteina-proteina in parallelo. Questo metodo può essere utilizzato per la proteina-piccola molecola, modificazione post-traslazionale, e altri saggi in high-throughput. 

Video: Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) for full-length transmembrane proteins. To this end, our lab developed the split-ubiquitin based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) system. This technology allows for the sensitive detection of transient and stable protein interactions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host organism. MYTH takes advantage of the observation that ubiquitin can be separated into two stable moieties: the C-terminal half of yeast ubiquitin (Cub) and the N-terminal half of the ubiquitin moiety (Nub). In MYTH, this principle is adapted for use as a 'sensor' of protein-protein interactions. Briefly, the integral membrane bait protein is fused to Cub which is linked to an artificial transcription factor. Prey proteins, either in individual or library format, are fused to the Nub moiety. Protein interaction between the bait and prey leads to reconstitution of the ubiquitin moieties, forming a full-length 'pseudo-ubiquitin' molecule. This molecule is in turn recognized by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes, resulting in cleavage of the transcription factor, and subsequent induction of reporter gene expression. The system is highly adaptable, and is particularly well-suited to high-throughput screening. It has been successfully employed to investigate interactions using integral membrane proteins from both yeast and other organisms.

Split-Ubiquitin Based Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid MYTH System: A Powerful Tool For Identifying Protein-Protein Interactions

MYTH allows the sensitive detection of transient and stable interactions between proteins that are expressed in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been successfully applied to study exogenous and yeast integral membrane proteins in order to identify their interacting partners in a high throughput manner.

Split-Ubiquitina membrana a base di lievito Due-Hybrid (MITO) Sistema: un potente strumento per identificare interazioni proteina-proteina

The fundamental biological and clinical importance of integral membrane proteins prompted the development of a yeast-based system for the high-throughput ...

Ricerca

Biologia

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of methodological options for addressing molecular interactions in cells have been developed, but most of these methods suffer from being rather indirect and therefore hardly quantitative. On the contrary, a few high-end quantitative approaches were introduced, which however are difficult to extend to high throughput. To combine high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information, we recently developed a new concept for identifying protein-protein interactions (Schwarzenbacher et al., 2008). Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the design and the construction of this system which allows for analyzing interactions between a fluorophore-labeled protein ("prey") and a membrane protein ("bait") in-vivo. Cells are plated on micropatterned surfaces functionalized with antibodies against the bait exoplasmic domain. Bait-prey interactions are assayed via the redistribution of the fluorescent prey. The method is characterized by high sensitivity down to the level of single molecules, the capability to detect weak interactions, and high throughput capability, making it applicable as screening tool.

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

This video shows experiments with subsequent analysis of protein-protein interactions by the use of micro-patterned surfaces. The approach offers the possibility to detect protein interactions in living cells and combines high throughput capabilities with the possibility to extract quantitative information.

In vivo di rilevamento di interazioni proteina-proteina su disegno micro, Superfici

Unraveling the interaction network of molecules in-vivo is key to understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell function and metabolism. A multitude of ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

Imaging interazioni proteina-proteina In vivo</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

Un protocollo per l&#39;identificazione di interazioni proteina-proteina Sulla base di<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N marcatura metabolica, immunoprecipitazione, Spettrometria di massa quantitativa e di affinità di modulazione

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC is based on the production of fluorescence using two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein (Venus, a Yellow Fluorescent Protein variant, is used here). Non-fluorescent Venus fragments (VN and VC) are fused to two interacting proteins (in this case, AKAP-Lbc and PDE4D3), yielding fluorescence due to VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 interaction and the formation of a functional fluorescent protein inside cells.
BiFC provides information on the subcellular localization of protein complexes and the strength of protein interactions based on fluorescence intensity. However, BiFC analysis using microscopy to quantify the strength of protein-protein interaction is time-consuming and somewhat subjective due to heterogeneity in protein expression and interaction. By coupling flow cytometric analysis with BiFC methodology, the fluorescent BiFC protein-protein interaction signal can be accurately measured for a large quantity of cells in a short time. Here, we demonstrate an application of this methodology to map regions in PDE4D3 that are required for the interaction with AKAP-Lbc. This high throughput methodology can be applied to screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

Flow cytometric analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation provides a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction. This methodology can be applied to mapping protein binding sites and for screening factors that regulate protein-protein interaction.

L&#39;analisi citofluorimetrica di bimolecular Complementation Fluorescenza: A High Throughput Metodo quantitativo per studiare l&#39;interazione proteina-proteina

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

Utilizzo di co-coltura per rilevare chimicamente mediata interspecie Interazioni

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

Interazioni proteina-proteina visualizzati tramite bimolecular complementazione fluorescenza in protoplasti di tabacco e foglie

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

Indagare interazioni proteina-proteina in cellule vive utilizzando il trasferimento bioluminescenza Resonance Energy

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Identifying Protein-protein Interaction Sites Using Peptide Arrays

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may result in disease, making protein interactions important drug targets. It is thus highly important to understand these interactions at the molecular level. Protein interactions are studied using a variety of techniques ranging from cellular and biochemical assays to quantitative biophysical assays, and these may be performed either with full-length proteins, with protein domains or with peptides. Peptides serve as excellent tools to study protein interactions since peptides can be easily synthesized and allow the focusing on specific interaction sites. Peptide arrays enable the identification of the interaction sites between two proteins as well as screening for peptides that bind the target protein for therapeutic purposes. They also allow high throughput SAR studies. For identification of binding sites, a typical peptide array usually contains partly overlapping 10-20 residues peptides derived from the full sequences of one or more partner proteins of the desired target protein. Screening the array for binding the target protein reveals the binding peptides, corresponding to the binding sites in the partner proteins, in an easy and fast method using only small amount of protein.
In this article we describe a protocol for screening peptide arrays for mapping the interaction sites between a target protein and its partners. The peptide array is designed based on the sequences of the partner proteins taking into account their secondary structures. The arrays used in this protocol were Celluspots arrays prepared by INTAVIS Bioanalytical Instruments. The array is blocked to prevent unspecific binding and then incubated with the studied protein. Detection using an antibody reveals the binding peptides corresponding to the specific interaction sites between the proteins.

Peptide array screening is a high throughput assay for identifying protein-protein interaction sites. This allows mapping multiple interactions of a target protein and can serve as a method for identifying sites for inhibitors that target a protein. Here we describe a protocol for screening and analyzing peptide arrays.

Identificare proteina-proteina siti di interazione Uso Peptide Array

Protein-protein interactions mediate most of the processes in the living cell and control homeostasis of the organism. Impaired protein interactions may ...

Development of Inhibitors of Protein-protein Interactions through REPLACE: Application to the Design and Development Non-ATP Competitive CDK Inhibitors

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by providing improved methodology for the identification of inhibitors for such binding sites and which represent the majority of potential drug targets. The main goal of this paper is to provide a methodological overview of the use and application of the REPLACE strategy which involves computational and synthetic chemistry approaches. REPLACE is exemplified through its application to the development of non-ATP competitive cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. CDKs are frequently deregulated in cancer and hence are considered as important targets for drug development. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclin A in S phase has been reported to promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells in a p53 independent manner through the E2F1 pathway. Targeting the protein-protein interaction at the cyclin binding groove (CBG) is an approach which will allow the specific inhibition of cell cycle over transcriptional CDKs. The CBG is recognized by a consensus sequence derived from CDK substrates and tumor suppressor proteins termed the cyclin binding motif (CBM). The CBM has previously been optimized to an octapeptide from p21Waf (HAKRRIF) and then further truncated to a pentapeptide retaining sufficient activity (RRLIF). Peptides in general are not cell permeable, are metabolically unstable and therefore the REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) strategy has been applied in order to generate more drug-like inhibitors. The strategy begins with the design of Fragment ligated inhibitory peptides (FLIPs) that selectively inhibit cell cycle CDK/cyclin complexes. FLIPs were generated by iteratively replacing residues of HAKRRLIF/RRLIF with fragment like small molecules (capping groups), starting from the N-terminus (Ncaps), followed by replacement on the C-terminus. These compounds are starting points for the generation of non-ATP competitive CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics.

We describe implementation of the REPLACE strategy for targeting protein-protein interactions. REPLACE is an iterative strategy involving synthetic and computational approaches for the conversion of optimized peptidic inhibitors into drug like molecules.

Sviluppo di inibitori di interazioni proteina-proteina attraverso REPLACE: Applicazione alla progettazione e allo sviluppo non ATP inibitori CDK competitivo

REPLACE is a unique strategy developed to more effectively target protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It aims to expand available drug target space by ...