Gli autori desiderano ringraziare le seguenti finanziamenti del NIH per sostenere questa ricerca: K08DK082783 (AR), P30DK56465 (BTS), U01HL099993 (BTS), T32HL00715036 (SKS), e K12HL0806406 (SKS); e McCarthy Fondazione JP (AR).

Scritto consenso informato, come approvato dai Institutional Review Boards del Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center e il Children &quot;s Hospital di Filadelfia, è stato ottenuto da pazienti prima di raccogliere campioni di sangue periferico. Sono state rispettate tutte le linee guida istituzionali. Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali, tra cui la generazione MEF e formazione di teratoma è stato approvato dal Comitato di cura e l&#39;uso degli animali istituzionale. 1. Ficoll Separazione dei PBMC ed espansione degli eritroblasti - Giorno 0 <ol><li> Diluire sangue periferico 1: 1 con Dulbecco Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS). In un tubo da 15 ml in polistirolo a fondo rotondo, strato attentamente 7 ml di sangue diluito su 3 ml di temperatura ambiente Ficoll-Hypaque. </li><li> Centrifugare il campione a 400 xg per 30 min. </li><li> Le PBMC si sono insediati all&#39;interfaccia tra il plasma e il Ficoll-Hypaque, visto come uno strato bianco nuvoloso. Usando una pipetta sterile per il trasferimento, raccogliere il PBMC in un tubo da 15 ml. Portare il volume a 10 ml con DPBS. </li><li> Utilizzando un emocitometro, contare le PBMC. </li><li> Pipettare 2 × 10 6 PBMC in un tubo da 15 ml separata e centrifugare a 300 xg per 5 min. Centrifugare le restanti cellule e congelare ad una concentrazione di 2 x 10 6 PBMC / ml nel siero fetale bovino al 90% (FBS) / 10% di dimetilsolfossido (DMSO). </li><li> Preparare media espansione: terreno privo QBSF-60 nel siero (protegge dalla luce) + penicillina / streptomicina (1%) + acido ascorbico (50 ng / ml) + fattore della cellula staminale (SCF, 50 ng / ml) + interleuchina 3 (IL- 3, 10 ng / ml) + eritropoietina (EPO, 2 U / ml) + insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, 40 ng / ml) + desametasone (1 mM; riparo dalla luce, scongelare una nuova aliquota ciascun supporto cambiare). </li><li> Risospendere 2 × 10 6 PBMC in 2 ml di appena fatto medio di espansione e riporre in un pozzetto di una piastra di coltura 12 tessuti bene e incubare a 37 ° C incubatore umidificato con un clima di 5% O 2, 5% di CO 2, e 90% N 2. </li><li> Il giorno 3 e il giorno 6, sostituire il supporto. <ol><li> Raccogliere le cellule e lavare il bene con 2 ml di QBSF-60 per raccogliere tutte le cellule rimanenti. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione cellulare a 300 xg per 5 min e aspirare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule in 2 ml di nuovi media espansione e ritornare allo stesso 12 pozzetti. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. riprogrammazione delle cellule di Nucleofection - Day 9 <ol><li> Pipettare i plasmidi riprogrammazione in una sterile 1,5 ml provetta Eppendorf (Tabella 1). </li><li> Mescolare la soluzione nucleofection con supplemento (fornita dal produttore) e trasferirli in una provetta sterile da 1,5 ml provetta Eppendorf. </li><li> Pipettare 2 ml di espansione medio in un pozzetto di una piastra ben 12 e posto in un umidificata 37 ° C incubatore (5% O 2, 5% di CO 2, e 90% N 2) di equilibramento prima di aggiungere le cellule. </li><li> Raccogliere ilcellule in coltura e lavare il bene con 2 ml di QBSF-60 per raccogliere le cellule rimanenti. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule a 300 xg per 5 min e aspirare il surnatante. </li><li> Lavare le cellule da risospendere in 5 ml di DPBS e centrifugazione a 300 xg per 5 min. </li><li> Aspirare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet di cellule in 100 ml di soluzione di nucleofection + Supplemento, avendo cura di evitare bolle di generazione. </li><li> Pipettare la sospensione cellulare nella provetta contenente i plasmidi riprogrammazione, pipettare su e giù una volta, e dispensare il campione nella parte inferiore della cuvetta nucleofection. </li><li> Posizionare la cuvetta nella macchina nucleofection ed eseguire il programma T-019. </li><li> Trasferire 100 ml di espansione preriscaldata Media (dalla piastra equilibrante al punto 2.3) nella cuvetta nucleofection. </li><li> Raccogliere immediatamente l&#39;intero campione e deposito nel pozzetto di pre-riscaldato medio di espansione. Evitare di raccogliere il bianco, detriti cellulari morti galleggianti. </li&gt; <li> Porre la piastra in un umidificata 37 ° C incubatore (5% O 2, 5% di CO 2, e 90% N 2) per la crescita. </li></ol> 3. Placcatura cellule di alimentazione - Giorno 10 o 11 <ol><li> Il 10 Giorno, cellule di alimentazione piastra. <ol><li> Cappotto uno 6 e piastra di coltura tissutale con gelatina. <ol><li> Pipettare 1 m di 0,1% di gelatina in soluzione salina tamponata di Hank (HBSS) in ciascun pozzetto della piastra. </li><li> Porre la piastra in un umidificata 37 ° C incubatore per almeno 5 minuti. </li><li> Immediatamente prima dell&#39;uso, aspirare la soluzione di gelatina dalla piastra. </li></ol></li><li> Scongelare una fiala di 2 × 10 6 fibroblasti embrionali di topo irradiati a 3.000 cGy in 10 ml di preriscaldata MEF media (Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) + FBS (10%) + di penicillina / streptomicina (1%)). </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule a 300 xg per 5 min e aspirare il surnatante. Risospendere le cellule in 12 ml di MEF Media e pipetta 2 ml into ciascun pozzetto della piastra ben 6 gelatina rivestita. Porre la piastra in un umidificata 37 ° C incubatore (5% O 2, 5% di CO 2, e 90% N 2) fino al giorno 12. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Placcatura Celle Celle a Feeder e modifica Medium - Giorno 12 <ol><li> Raccogliere le cellule nucleofected in un tubo da 15 ml e raccogliere tutte le cellule residue lavando i ben con 2 ml di QBSF-60. Centrifugare il campione a 300 xg per 5 min. </li><li> Preparare Riprogrammazione Media: Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium (IMDM) + FBS (10%) + non animale L-glutammina (1 mM) + aminoacidi non essenziali (NEAA, 1%) + di penicillina / streptomicina (1%) + β -mercaptoethanol (0.1 mM) + fattore di crescita basico dei fibroblasti (bFGF, aggiunte fresca al seno, 10 ng / ml) + acido ascorbico (aggiunte fresca al seno, 50 mg / ml). </li><li> Aspirare il surnatante e risospendere le cellule in 12 ml di riprogrammazione Media. Pipettare 2 ml per pozzetto di sospensione cellulare inla piastra 6 e di cellule di alimentazione (come preparato al punto 3). Centrifugare la piastra a 50 xg per 30 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Porre la piastra in un umidificata 37 ° C incubatore (5% O 2, 5% di CO 2, e 90% N 2) per la crescita. Cambiare la riprogrammazione medio a giorni alterni fino a quando le colonie IPSC iniziano apparire (1-2 settimane). </li><li> Preparare hESC Media: DMEM / F12 1: 1 + Knockout siero sostituzione (20%) + di penicillina / streptomicina (1%) + NEAA (1%) + non animale L-glutammina (1 mM) + piruvato di sodio (1%) + bicarbonato di sodio (0,12%) + β-mercaptoetanolo (0,1 mM) + bFGF (aggiunte fresca al seno, 10 ng / ml) </li><li> Preparare inibitori HDAC: butirrato di sodio (aggiunto a fresco di alimentazione, 100 micron), acido suberanilohydroxamic (SAHA, ha aggiunto fresca al seno, 200 nm). Una volta che appaiono colonie IPSC, iniziare a nutrire le cellule con inibitori HDAC hESC Medium +, cambiando mezzo di tutti i giorni. NOTA: butirrato di sodio è una piccola molecola che viene adsorbito in provette di plastica, therefore conservarlo in una provetta di vetro borosilicato a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 5. Cloni isolamento IPSC <ol><li> Una volta colonie IPSC sono abbastanza grandi da essere isolato (20-25 cellule), raccoglierli con una pipetta P20. </li><li> Preparare inibitori HDAC: butirrato di sodio (aggiunto a fresco di alimentazione, 100 micron), SAHA (aggiunto a fresco di alimentazione, 200 nm) </li><li> Mettere le colonie isolate su iMEFs nei singoli piatti 35 mm contenenti inibitori HDAC hESC Medium + + Clonazione &amp; Recovery supplemento. </li><li> Il giorno dopo la raccolta delle colonie, cambiare il medio-inibitori hESC Media + HDAC. </li><li> Cambiare la media tutti i giorni fino a quando le colonie IPSC sono pronti per passaging. </li><li> Rimuovere gli inibitori HDAC dal mezzo una volta colonie stabilizzano a passaggio 2-3. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+adult+human+fibroblasts+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.</a> Cell. 131 (5), 861-872 (2007).</li><li>Koche, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+factor+expression+initiates+widespread+targeted+chromatin+remodeling.">Reprogramming factor expression initiates widespread targeted chromatin remodeling.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8 (1), 96-105 (2011).</li><li>Baum, C., Kustikova, O., Modlich, U., Li, Z., Fehse, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutagenesis+and+oncogenesis+by+chromosomal+insertion+of+gene+transfer+vectors.">Mutagenesis and oncogenesis by chromosomal insertion of gene transfer vectors.</a> Human Gene Therapy. 17 (3), 253-263 (2006).</li><li>Okita, K., Ichisaka, T., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+germline-competent+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 448 (7151), 313-317 (2007).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+free+of+vector+and+transgene+sequences.">Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences.</a> Science. 324 (5928), 797-801 (2009).</li><li>Hong, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+generation+by+the+p53-p21+pathway.">Suppression of induced pluripotent stem cell generation by the p53-p21 pathway.</a> Nature. 460 (7259), 1132-1135 (2009).</li><li>Okita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+more+efficient+method+to+generate+integration-free+human+iPS+cells.">A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells.</a> Nature Methods. 8 (5), 409-412 (2011).</li><li>Yates, J. L., Warren, N., Sugden, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+replication+of+plasmids+derived+from+Epstein-Barr+virus+in+various+mammalian+cells.">Stable replication of plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus in various mammalian cells.</a> Nature. 313 (6005), 812-815 (1985).</li><li>Ware, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+deacetylase+inhibition+elicits+an+evolutionarily+conserved+self-renewal+program+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">Histone deacetylase inhibition elicits an evolutionarily conserved self-renewal program in embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4 (4), 359-369 (2009).</li><li>Mali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Butyrate+greatly+enhances+derivation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+by+promoting+epigenetic+remodeling+and+the+expression+of+pluripotency-associated+genes.">Butyrate greatly enhances derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by promoting epigenetic remodeling and the expression of pluripotency-associated genes.</a> Stem Cells. 28 (4), 713-720 (2010).</li><li>Azuara, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+signatures+of+pluripotent+cell+lines.">Chromatin signatures of pluripotent cell lines.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 8 (5), 532-538 (2006).</li><li>Sommer, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+peripheral+blood+using+the+STEMCCA+lentiviral+vector.">Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using the STEMCCA lentiviral vector.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (68), e4327 (2012).</li><li>Yoshida, Y., Takahashi, K., Okita, K., Ichisaka, T., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+enhances+the+generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Hypoxia enhances the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 5, 237-241 (2009).</li><li>Abbondanzo, S. J., Gadi, I., Stewart, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derivation+of+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+Lines.">Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 225, 803-823 (1993).</li><li>Kim, H. J., Bae, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+deacetylase+inhibitors:+molecular+mechanisms+of+action+and+clinical+trials+as+anti-cancer+drugs.">Histone deacetylase inhibitors: molecular mechanisms of action and clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs.</a> American Journal of Translational Research. 3 (2), 166-179 (2011).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Per successo generazione IPSC quando si utilizza questo protocollo, ci sono diversi avvertimenti importanti che devono essere considerati. Durante la fase di espansione eritroblasti, il programma di cambiamento dei media deve essere rigorosamente rispettata, come deviazioni possono portare alla stimolazione inefficiente della popolazione di cellule progenitrici bersaglio e una minore efficienza di generazione IPSC. È importante fare nuovo mezzo di espansione con desametasone fresca ad ogni cambio di supporto; e il mezz...

iPSCs sono derivati ​​da tessuti somatici attraverso l&#39;espressione ectopica di un insieme minimo di geni pluripotenza. Questa tecnica è stata inizialmente dimostrata dalla trasduzione retrovirale di fibroblasti umani con OCT4, SOX2, Klf4, e cMyc, che sono altamente espressi nello stato pluripotenti 1. Questi transitoriamente espressi &quot;fattori di riprogrammazione epigenetica&quot; alterano il paesaggio e profilo di espressione genica della cellula bersaglio analogo alle cellule staminali embrionali umane 2. Una volta creato, iPSCs potenzialmente può essere differenziato in qualsiasi tipo di tessuto per ulteriori indagini. Così, essi promettenti per l&#39;uso in medicina rigenerativa, modelli di malattia, e applicazioni di terapia genica. Tuttavia, interrompendo il genoma di virus che integrano ha il potenziale per alterare l&#39;espressione del gene endogeno, influenza fenotipo cellulare, e in ultima analisi polarizzare risultati scientifici. Inoltre, integrazioni virali casuali possono portare a deleterio cellulare eFFETTI, compresa la possibilità di trasformazione maligna 3 o ri-espressione dei transgeni oncogeni 4. Applicazioni cliniche future richiederanno-integrazione non generazione IPSC. Episomi, che sono cromosomiche circolare in più molecole di DNA, offrono una strategia per generare efficaci, iPSCs senza integrazione dei costi 5. La combinazione di vettori episomiale di cui alla tabella 1 esprime la riprogrammazione fattori OCT4, SOX2, Klf4, MYCL, e LIN28A. Il plasmide pCXLE_hOCT3 / 4-shp53-F contiene anche un p53 shRNA per la soppressione temporanea di TP53 per migliorare la riprogrammazione cellulare 6. La replica carente pCXWB-EBNA1 vettore promuove l&#39;amplificazione dei fattori di riprogrammazione e di una maggiore efficienza riprogrammazione, fornendo un aumento transitorio della espressione EBNA1 7. Il plasmide pCXLE_EGFP può essere aggiunto alla miscela nucleofection ai fini della determining l&#39;efficienza di trasfezione o per applicazioni di separazione delle cellule. Con l&#39;eccezione di p CXWB-EBNA1, i plasmidi episomiale utilizzati in questo protocollo contengono l&#39;origine virus di Epstein-Barr della replicazione virale e geni EBNA1, che mediano la replicazione e la partizione del episoma durante la divisione della cellula ospite 8. I episomi sono spontaneamente persi con l&#39;espansione successiva IPSC 7. Subclonaggio e caratterizzazione di iPSCs con episomiale perdita vettore, che può essere dedotta dalla perdita di espressione eGFP, può portare a completamente di integrazione iPSCs gratuiti per future applicazioni cliniche. Inerente al processo di generazione IPSC è soppressione di geni specifici lignaggio e la riattivazione di geni pluripotenza associati. Regolazione dell&#39;espressione genica avviene a più livelli all&#39;interno del nucleo, comprese le modifiche al DNA e della cromatina per consentire fattori di trascrizione, elementi di DNA di regolazione, e RNA polimerasi accesso per indirizzaregeni. Rimodellamento del paesaggio epigenetico tramite modificazioni della cromatina a livello mondiale è un componente chiave di ri-espressione del programma genetico pluripotenza. Una modifica della cromatina specifico che è importante nella regolazione dell&#39;espressione genica è l&#39;acetilazione degli istoni in particolare i residui di lisina, che consente l&#39;accesso a bersaglio geni attraverso la diminuzione della tensione della bobina istone-DNA. Gli inibitori HDAC sono piccole molecole che hanno dimostrato di migliorare IPSC riprogrammazione e hESC auto-rinnovamento 9,10, probabilmente dovuto a sostenere lo stato acetilato 11. Il protocollo descritto di seguito, tratto da una pubblicazione preventiva utilizzando lentivirus che integrano 12, fornisce un metodo step-by-step per la generazione IPSC ottimizzata dal sangue periferico mediante episomi e inibitori HDAC. Le concentrazioni di inibitori HDAC utilizzate qui sono la metà di quelli descritti da Ware, et hanno regolarmente portato a un aumento di 2 volte completamente riprogrammati colonie IPSC oltre al normale. 9, eprotocolli di riprogrammazione episomiale senza inibitori HDAC. Questo livello di riprogrammazione è alla pari con l&#39;efficienza che osserviamo con i metodi lentivirali. Usando questo protocollo, abbiamo generato in modo efficiente IPSC da individui vecchi come 87 anni di età.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1100">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:503px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45-001-750</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C. Warm to room temperature before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-250</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-093</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10437028</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C until needed. Thaw, aliquot, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">154938</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">QBSF-60 serum-free medium</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-983-234</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Cell Line Nucleofector Kit V</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VCA-1003</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">2% gelatin solution</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1393</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C, liquify in 37&#176;C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Saline Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14175-103</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12440-061</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">L-glutamine, 200 mM</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25030-081</td>
			<td>Aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">non-essential amino acids (NEAA), 100X</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-050</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C, away from light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">DMEM/Ham&#39;s F12, 1:1</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30023.02</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10828-028</td>
			<td>Aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">sodium pyruvate, 100 mM</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11360-070</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">sodium bicarbonate, 7.5%</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25080094</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PHG0263</td>
			<td>Make 10 mg/mL stock in DPBS, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">sodium butyrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B5887-1G</td>
			<td>Make 2000X stock (400 mM) in DPBS, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">hES Cell Cloning &#38; Recovery Supplement</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-0014-500</td>
			<td>Store at -20&#176;C until needed. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">ESC-qualified BD matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35-4277</td>
			<td>Thaw overnight on ice at 4&#176;C, aliquot into pre-chilled tubes using pre-chilled pipette tips. Store at -20&#176;C until needed. Thaw at 4&#176;C, use immediately.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">StemSpan SFEM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9650</td>
			<td>Aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">ascorbic acid, powdered</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4403-100MG</td>
			<td>Make 5 mg/mL stock in DPBS, sterile filter, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">255-SC-010</td>
			<td>Make 100 &#956;g/mL stock in SFEM, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">recombinant human interleukin 3 (IL-3)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">203-IL-010</td>
			<td>Make 100 &#956;g/mL stock in SFEM, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">erythropoietin (EPO)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">287-TC-500</td>
			<td>Make 1000 U/mL stock in SFEM, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">291-G1-200</td>
			<td>Make 100 &#956;g/mL stock in SFEM, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7522</td>
			<td>Make 1000X stock (100 mM) in DPBS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902-25MG</td>
			<td>Make 50X stock (50 &#956;M) in DPBS, sterile filter, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">SAHA (vorinostat)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">149647-78-9</td>
			<td>Make 2000X stock (400 mM) in DPBS, aliquot, freeze at -20&#176;C. Once thawed, store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">12 well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-772-29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62553002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">6 well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-772-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">35 mm tisue culture plates</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">10 mL disposable serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-675-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">5 mL disposable serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-675-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">2 mL disposable serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-675-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">20 &#956;L pipette tips, barrier tips</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genessee</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">24-404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">glass Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pipette aid</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-681-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pCXLE-hOCT3/4-shp53-F</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pCXLE-hSK</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pCXLE-hUL</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pCXLE-EGFP</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">pCXWB-EBNA1</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">37624</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient ips cell generation from blood using episomes and hdac inhibitors

Questo manoscritto illustra un protocollo per la creazione efficiente umani indotti cellule senza integrazione staminali pluripotenti (iPSCs) da sangue periferico mediante plasmidi episomiale e istone deacetilasi (HDAC). I vantaggi di questo approccio includono: (1) l&#39;uso di una quantità minima di sangue periferico come materiale di base; (2) nonintegrating vettori di riprogrammazione; (3) un metodo conveniente per la generazione di vettori iPSCs liberi; (4) un singolo trasfezione; e (5) l&#39;uso di piccole molecole per facilitare riprogrammazione epigenetica. In breve, le cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) sono isolati da campioni salasso di routine e poi coltivate in fattori di crescita definiti per produrre una popolazione di cellule progenitrici degli eritrociti altamente proliferativo che è notevolmente suscettibile di riprogrammazione. Nonintegrating, plasmidi episomiale nontransmissible esprimono OCT4, SOX2, Klf4, MYCL, LIN28A, e un p53 breve tornante (sh) RNA sono Introdced negli eritroblasti ottenuti tramite un singolo nucleofection. Cotrasfezione di un episoma che esprime migliorato proteina fluorescente verde (eGFP) permette una facile identificazione delle cellule trasfettate. Un plasmide replica carenti separata esprimono Epstein-Barr antigene nucleare 1 (EBNA1) viene anche aggiunto alla miscela di reazione per l&#39;aumentata espressione di proteine ​​episomiale. Le cellule trasfettate sono poi piastrate su uno strato di fibroblasti embrionali di topo irradiati (iMEFs) per continuare la riprogrammazione. Appena colonie IPSC-simili vengono ordinate circa dodici giorni dopo nucleofection, inibitori HDAC vengono aggiunti al mezzo per facilitare rimodellamento epigenetica. Abbiamo trovato che l&#39;inclusione di inibitori HDAC aumenta regolarmente la generazione di colonie IPSC completamente riprogrammato per 2 volte. Una volta che le colonie IPSC presentano tipico di cellule staminali embrionali umane (hESC) morfologia, sono gentilmente trasferiti in piastre di coltura singoli Imef-rivestite di tessuto per la continua crescita ed espansione.

Tre giorni dopo nucleofection e prima placcatura cellule nucleofected sul iMEFs, l&#39;efficienza del nucleofection successo dovrebbe essere stimata mediante microscopia a fluorescenza per eGFP. La Figura 1 mostra un tipico esperimento nucleofection con circa il 5-10% della popolazione totale di cellule che esprimono eGFP. Colonie riprogrammato IPSC cominceranno ad apparire circa due settimane dopo nucleofection. Le colonie sono generalmente circolare con bordi ben definiti ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors at JoVE.com

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Qui si descrive un protocollo per la generazione di cellule staminali umane pluripotenti indotte dal sangue periferico mediante una strategia di riprogrammazione episoma based e inibitori delle istone deacetilasi.

Generazione efficiente delle cellule iPS da Blood Utilizzando episomi e HDAC inibitori

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

efficient-ips-cell-generation-from-blood-using-episomes-hdac

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K Views.  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.  Qui si descrive un protocollo per la generazione di cellule staminali umane pluripotenti indotte dal sangue periferico mediante una strategia di riprogrammazione episoma based e inibitori delle istone deacetilasi. 

Video: Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate. The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated by the ease in collecting large volumes of blood and from the simplicity of the blood. Horseshoe crabs show only a single cell type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte. The plasma has the salt content of sea water and only three abundant proteins, hemocyanin, the respiratory protein, the C-reactive proteins, which function in the cytolytic destruction of foreign cells, including bacterial cells, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin, which inhibits the proteases of invading pathogens. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture under conditions that minimize contamination by lipopolysaccharide (a.k.a., endotoxin, LPS), a product of the Gram-negative bacteria. A large animal can yield 200 - 400 mL of blood. For the study of the plasma, blood cells are immediately removed from the plasma by centrifugation and the plasma can then be fractionated into its constituent proteins. The blood cells are conveniently studied microscopically by collecting small volumes of blood into LPS-free isotonic saline (0.5 M NaCl) under conditions that permit direct microscopic examination by placing one of more LPS-free coverglasses on the culture dish surface, then mounting those coverglasses in simple observation chambers following cell attachment. A second preparation for direct observation is to collect 3 - 5 mL of blood in a LPS-free embryo dish and then explanting fragments of aggregated amebocytes to a chamber that sandwiches the tissue between a slide and a coverglass. In this preparation, the motile amebocytes migrate onto the coverglass surface, where they can readily be observed. The blood clotting system involves aggregation of amebocytes and the formation of an extracellular clot of a protein, coagulin, which is released from the secretory granules of the blood cells. Biochemical analysis of washed blood cells requires that aggregation and degranulation does not occur, which can be accomplished by collecting blood into 0.1 volumes of 2% Tween-20, 0.5 M LPS-free NaCl, followed by centrifugation of the cells and washing with 0.5 M NaCl.

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is arguably the most convenient source for large quantities of blood of any invertebrate. The blood is simple in composition, with only one cell-type in the general circulation, the granular amebocyte, and only three abundant proteins in the plasma, hemocyanin, the C-reactive proteins, and &alpha;2-macroglobulin. Blood is collected from the heart and the blood cells and plasma are separated by centrifugation.

Raccolta di sangue dal Granchio Ferro di Cavallo Americano, Limulus Polifemo

The horseshoe crab has the best-characterized immune system of any long-lived invertebrate.  The study of immunity in horseshoe crabs has been facilitated ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a repertoire of cell surface molecules, or molecular determinants, through which it can be identified and characterized. Currently, robust cell identification and separation technologies require single-cell preparations to be generated while simultaneously limiting cell death and destruction of characteristic surface protein. The gentleMACS Dissociator, when used in combination with trypsin or papain-based dissociation kits, can effectively and gently dissociate brain tissue while preserving antigen epitopes and limiting cell loss. Standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions is achieved using C Tubes and optimized, preset gentleMACS Programs. Once generated, single-cell suspensions can be treated with monoclonal conjugates like Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads, which identify neural progenitors, or purified further using Myelin Removal Beads.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue aggitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on nerual tissue is explained.

Generazione di Single-Cell Sospensioni dal tessuto neurale del mouse

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolamento e la coltura di cellule endoteliali polmonari da topi neonati

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

Generazione di cellule pluripotenti indotte umane staminali da sangue periferico mediante il STEMCCA lentivirale Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are multistep procedures involving the isolation and expansion of neural precursor cells, prior to terminal differentiation. In comparison to these time-consuming approaches, we have recently found that combined inhibition of three signaling pathways, TGF&beta;/SMAD2, BMP/SMAD1, and FGF/ERK, promotes rapid induction of neuroectoderm from hPSCs, followed by immediate differentiation into functional neurons. Here, we have adapted our procedure to a novel multititre plate format, to further enhance its reproducibility and to make it compatible with mid-throughput applications. It comprises four days of neuroectoderm formation in floating spheres (embryoid bodies), followed by a further four days of differentiation into neurons under adherent conditions. Most cells obtained with this protocol appear to be bipolar sensory neurons. Moreover, the procedure is highly efficient, does not require particular expert skills, and is based on a simple chemically defined medium with cost-efficient small molecules. Due to these features, the procedure may serve as a useful platform for further functional investigation as well as for cell-based screening approaches requiring human sensory neurons or neurons of any type.

Protocols for neuronal differentiation of pluripotent human stem cells (hPSCs) are often time-consuming and require substantial cell culture skills. Here, we have adapted a small molecule-based differentiation procedure to a multititre plate format, allowing simple, rapid, and efficient generation of human neurons in a controlled manner.

Generazione rapida e efficiente di neuroni da cellule staminali umane pluripotenti in un formato piatto Multititre

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Isometric and Eccentric Force Generation Assessment of Skeletal Muscles Isolated from Murine Models of Muscular Dystrophies

Critical to the evaluation of potential therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological assessments of muscle function. Because many pre-clinical trials rely on mouse models for these diseases, isolated muscle function has become one of the standards for Go/NoGo decisions in moving drug candidates forward into patients. We will demonstrate the preparation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and diaphragm muscles for functional testing, which are the predominant muscles utilized for these studies. The EDL muscle geometry is ideal for isolated muscle preparations, with two easily accessible tendons, and a small size that can be supported by superfusion in a bath. The diaphragm exhibits profound progressive pathology in dystrophic animals, and can serve as a platform for evaluating many potential therapies countering fibrosis, and promoting myofiber stability. Protocols for routine testing, including isometric and eccentric contractions, will be shown. Isometric force provides assessment of strength, and eccentric contractions help to evaluate sarcolemma stability, which is disrupted in many types of muscular dystrophies. Comparisons of the expected results between muscles from wildtype and dystrophic muscles will also be provided. These measures can complement morphological and biochemical measurements of tissue homeostasis, as well as whole animal assessments of muscle function.

Muscle function measurements contribute to the evaluation of potential therapeutics for muscle pathology, as well as to the determination of mechanisms underlying physiology of this tissue. We will demonstrate the preparation of the extensor digitorum longus and diaphragm muscles for functional testing. Protocols for isometric and eccentric contractions will be shown, as well as differences in results between dystrophic muscles, representing a pathological state, and wildtype muscles.

Isometrica ed eccentrica valutazione della forza dei muscoli scheletrici Isolato da modelli murini di distrofie muscolari

Critical to the evaluation of potential  therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological  assessments of muscle function. ...

Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic tools have been introduced, including multiple strategies for inducing mutations and generating transgenic lines. However, large-scale screening is limited by traditional genotyping methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here we describe a technique to analyze zebrafish genotypes by PCR combined with high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA).&#160;This approach is rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive, with lower risk of contamination artifacts.&#160;Genotyping by PCR with HRMA can be used for embryos or adult fish, including in high-throughput screening protocols.

PCR combined with high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) is demonstrated as a rapid and efficient method to genotype zebrafish.

Rapido ed efficiente Zebrafish genotipizzazione Uso PCR con ad alta risoluzione Melt Analysis

Zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system for studying development, modeling disease, and performing drug screening. Recently a variety of genetic ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

Isolamento dei vasi sanguigni derivati ​​da Multipotent precursori del muscolo scheletrico umano

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

Efficiente generazione indotta umane pluripotenti cellule staminali da cellule somatiche umane con Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human iPS cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE. The protocols include collection of RNA for analysis by microarray, and the analysis of microarray data to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed among three cell types. The methods for culture of iPS cells and fetal RPE are explained. The protocol used for differentiation of RPE from human iPS is also described. The RNA extraction technique we describe was selected to allow maximal recovery of very small RNA for use in a miRNA microarray. Finally, cellular pathway and network analysis of microarray data is explained. These techniques will facilitate the comparison of the miRNA profiles of three different cell types.

The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE, were compared.

MicroRNA Expression Profili di cellule iPS umane, dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico derivate da iPS, e fetale dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, ...