This research was supported by a grant from the NSERC Discovery program grant number RGPIN 418522-2013. We thank R. Kilgour for helpful discussions, and Katelin Gresty and Dr. A. Berghdal for providing the mouse muscle sections.

La ricerca con campioni di sangue umano è stato approvato dalla Concordia University Ethics Review Board, numero del certificato 10000618. Il lavoro sul muscolo del mouse è stato approvato dalla Concordia University Ethics Review Board, numero del certificato 2010BERG. 1. PBMC Isolamento da sangue intero NOTA: Effettuare questa procedura in un armadio biosicurezza con tecnica sterile e attrezzature produttore-sterilizzati. <ol><li> Versare con cautela 10-15 ml di sangue intero dai eparinizzato tubi (anticoagulante) di raccolta del sangue in una provetta sterile da 50 ml. Per fuoriuscite di sangue minori, pulire con DDH 2 O e il 70% EtOH utilizzando tessuti di pulizia. </li><li> Diluire il sangue nel tubo conico ad un rapporto 1: 1 con tampone fosfato salino (PBS 1x) pH 7,4. Assicurarsi che il volume massimo totale non supera i 30 ml. </li><li> Mescolare delicatamente con una pistola pipetta sierologica evitando bolle. NOTA: NON miscelare invertendo il tubo per evitare il sangue di unccumulation nel tappo e successiva filtrazione durante la centrifugazione. </li><li> Aggiungere 13 ml di Ficoll-Paque (vedi Materiali e tavolo Equipment), a un nuovo tubo conico capacità di 50 ml. Mantenere il tubo verticalmente nel rack. </li><li> Usando una pipetta di trasferimento, prendere il sangue diluito, toccare la punta della pipetta di trasferimento alla parete interna del tubo vicino alla cima. Con pressione lenta e costante, trasferire il sangue lungo la parete interna del tubo formare uno strato sangue sulla parte superiore dello strato di saccarosio. Eseguire questa operazione più volte fino a che tutto il sangue è stato trasferito. </li><li> Chiudere la provetta e centrifugare saldamente il tubo a temperatura ambiente per 30 min a 700 xg in un rotore battente con set accelerazione medio 5, e decelerazione impostato a zero. </li><li> Lentamente estrarre il tubo e senza disturbare gli strati, si torna a prendere l&#39;armadio biosicurezza. </li><li> Raccogliere accuratamente il cappotto buffy (sottile strato nuvoloso bianco), dove si trovano PBMC, posto tra il PBS / plasma unnd strati ficoll con una pipetta di trasferimento. Evitare di raccogliere strato di saccarosio e non disturbare lo strato di globuli rossi. </li><li> Trasferire il buffy coat in un nuovo tubo conico sterile 50 ml. Si può richiedere più volte di ripetere passo 1.8 per raccogliere tutti i PBMC. </li><li> Aggiungere PBS pH 7,4 al tubo con PBMC e riempire fino alla tacca 45 ml. Agitare bene il tubo. Non fare vortex. </li><li> Lavare 1: Centrifugare per 15 min a 480 xg sia massima accelerazione e decelerazione impostato 9. Osservare formazione di un pellet di PBMC sul fondo della provetta conica. </li><li> Eliminare il PBS (surnatante) in un becher di plastica con 10 ml di candeggina. </li><li> Allentare pellet delicatamente &quot;travaso&quot; contro una superficie ondulata (cioè, rack vuoto). Non fare vortex. </li><li> Aggiungere 25 ml di PBS fresco pH 7.4 al tubo. Se più di un tubo viene elaborato, riunire i pellets insieme in questa fase. </li><li> Lavare 2: Centrifugare la provetta per 12 minuti a 480 xg with sia massima accelerazione e decelerazione impostato su 9. </li><li> Eliminare il PBS (surnatante) nel bicchiere di plastica con una spruzzata di candeggina. </li><li> Delicatamente &quot;rack&quot; contro una superficie ondulata (cioè, rack vuoto). Non fare vortex. </li><li> Aggiungere 25 ml di PBS fresco al tubo. <ol><li> Estrarre 50 ml di cellule e trasferire in una provetta per il conteggio redditività. </li><li> Aggiungere un importo pari (50 ml) di trypan blu (una macchia vitalità) e pipetta su e giù per mescolare delicatamente. </li></ol></li><li> Estrarre 10 ml e trasferirlo ad un emocitometro per verificare la vitalità delle cellule per ml. Registrare il numero di cellule / ml. </li><li> Estrarre la quantità desiderata di cellule e centrifugare la provetta per 12 min a 480 xg sia massima accelerazione e decelerazione impostato 9. </li><li> Eliminare il PBS (surnatante) nel bicchiere con candeggina. </li><li> Delicatamente &quot;rack&quot; contro una superficie ondulata (cioè, rack vuoto). Aggiungere 80 ml di PBS nel tubo. </li></ol> 2. Rendere Slide PBMC <ol><li> Mettere 80 ml di cellule su un vetrino da microscopio. Spalmare il goccia con l&#39;aiuto di un&#39;altra diapositiva o collocare 2 gocce di 40 microlitri ciascuno su entrambe le estremità della slitta. </li><li> Lasciare diapositiva nella cappa di sicurezza biologica ad asciugare. Etichettare il vetrino con una matita sul lato opaco. </li></ol> 3. Fissaggio dei campioni sulle diapositive <ol><li> Preparare la soluzione fissativa miscelando 0,5 ml di 37% di formaldeide al 4,5 ml di 99% di etanolo. </li><li> Dopo i vetrini vengono essiccati, estrarre 2 ml della soluzione di fissativo fresco e versarlo sul vetrino in modo che l&#39;intera superficie del vetrino è coperto. </li><li> Lasciare la soluzione sul vetrino per 1 min. Sciacquare il vetrino per 1 min con acqua corrente e lasciare asciugare all&#39;aria. </li></ol> 4. Rendere la soluzione di amilasi per controllo negativo <ol><li> Prendere 0,25 g di polvere di amilasi e sciogliere in 50 ml di diacqua calmato. Versare la soluzione in un becher da 100 ml pulito. </li><li> Immergere il vetrino nel becher in modo che la metà del vetrino riceve il trattamento e l&#39;altra metà rimane non trattato e quindi incubare per 15 min a temperatura ambiente (Figura 1C). </li><li> Prendere nota su quale lato della diapositiva sta ricevendo il trattamento amilasi. Tracciare una linea sul retro del vetrino indicare il confine tra il trattamento e di controllo. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini con DDH 2 O per rimuovere la soluzione amilasi e lasciare la diapositiva di aria secca. </li></ol> 5. Eseguire Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) colorazione e Imaging NOTA: i reagenti PAS sono tossici per inalazione e sono corrosivi, così i passi devono essere fatte in una cappa, ed i prodotti di scarto devono essere smaltite in conformità alle linee guida istituzionali. <ol><li> Posizionare il vetrino su una superficie piana e versare 1,50-2,00 ml di soluzione di acido periodico sul campione. Incubate per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Sciacquare i vetrini in varie accuse di acqua distillata. </li><li> Versare 1,50-2,00 ml di reagente di Schiff sul vetrino ed incubare a temperatura ambiente per 15 min. </li><li> Lavare il vetrino con acqua distillata per 5 minuti e lasciare asciugare. </li><li> Applicare mezzo di montaggio 10 ml sul vetrino e coprire con due piccole lamelle, o applicare 50 ml e utilizzare una grande coprioggetti. </li><li> Applicare smalto trasparente sui bordi del vetrino, lasciare asciugare per una notte. </li></ol> 6. Ottenere immagini con la luce microscopio binoculare Uso Obiettivo 100X

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	<li>Rich, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+machinery+of+keilin's+respiratory+chain.">The molecular machinery of keilin's respiratory chain.</a> Biochem. Soc. Trans. 31 (Pt 6), 1095-1105 (2003).</li><li>Peter, J. B., Barnard, R. J., Edgerton, V. R., Gillespie, C. A., Stempel, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+profiles+of+three+fiber+types+of+skeletal+muscle+in+guinea+pigs+and+rabbits).">Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits).</a> Biochemistry. 11 (14), 2627-2633 (1972).</li><li>Jones, R. V., Goffi, G. P., Hutt, M. S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte+glycogen+content+in+various+disease.">Lymphocyte glycogen content in various disease.</a> J. Clin. Pathol. 15 (1), 36-39 (1962).</li><li>Scott, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycogen+in+human+peripheral+blood+leukocytes.+I.+characteristics+of+the+synthesis+and+turnover+of+glycogen+in+vitro.">Glycogen in human peripheral blood leukocytes. I. characteristics of the synthesis and turnover of glycogen in vitro.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 47 (2), 344-352 (1968).</li><li>Fedele, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=positive+index+of+lymphocytes+and+metabolic+control+in+insulin-treated+and+type+II+diabetes+mellitus.">positive index of lymphocytes and metabolic control in insulin-treated and type II diabetes mellitus.</a> Diabete Metab. 9 (3), 188-192 (1983).</li><li>Breli&#324;ska-Peczalska, R., Mackiewicz, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochemical+studies+of+peripheral+blood+granulocytes+and+lymphocytes+in+patients+with+systemic+lupus+erythematosus.">Cytochemical studies of peripheral blood granulocytes and lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.</a> Pol.Med.Sci.Hist.Bull. 15 (2), 231-234 (1976).</li><li>Yunis, A. A., Arimura, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymes+of+glycogen+metabolism+in+white+blood+cells.+I.+glycogen+phosphorylase+in+normal+and+leukemic+human+leukocytes.">Enzymes of glycogen metabolism in white blood cells. I. glycogen phosphorylase in normal and leukemic human leukocytes.</a> Cancer, Res. 24, 489-492 (1964).</li><li>Hagemans, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAS-positive+lymphocyte+vacuoles+can+be+used+as+diagnostic+screening+test+for+pompe+disease.">PAS-positive lymphocyte vacuoles can be used as diagnostic screening test for pompe disease.</a> J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 33 (2), 133-139 (2010).</li><li>Totsuka, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+performance+and+soleus+muscle+fiber+composition+in+wild-derived+and+laboratory+inbred+mouse+strains.">Physical performance and soleus muscle fiber composition in wild-derived and laboratory inbred mouse strains.</a> 95 (2), 720-727 (2003).</li><li>Murat, J. C., Serfaty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+enzymatic+determination+of+polysaccharide+(glycogen)+content+of+animal+tissues.">Simple enzymatic determination of polysaccharide (glycogen) content of animal tissues.</a> Clin. Chem. 20 (12), 1576-1577 (1974).</li><li>Arrizabalaga, O., Lacerda, H. M., Zubiaga, A. M., Zugaza, J. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tagliabracci+V.S.+Glycogen+and+its+metabolism:+Some+new+developments+and+old+themes.">Tagliabracci V.S. Glycogen and its metabolism: Some new developments and old themes.</a> Biochem.J. 441 (3), 763-787 (2012).</li><li>Salmoral, E. M., Tolmasky, D. S., Krisman, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+the+presence+of+glycogen+in+rat+thymus.">Evidence for the presence of glycogen in rat thymus.</a> Cell Mol.Biol. 36 (2), 163-174 (1990).</li><li>Darlington, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diminished+Th17+(not+Th1)+responses+underlie+multiple+sclerosis+disease+abrogation+after+hematopoietic+stem+cell+transplantation.">Diminished Th17 (not Th1) responses underlie multiple sclerosis disease abrogation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</a> Ann.Neurol. 73 (3), 341-354 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Le fasi critiche di questo articolo video erano durante il lavaggio e amilasi trattamento delle cellule. Mentre si lava le diapositive, il passo fondamentale stava usando una bottiglia di plastica di lavaggio squeezable e lasciando scorrere l&#39;acqua dolcemente attraverso il campione sul vetrino e non puntando direttamente sui campioni. Anche la minima pressione dell&#39;acqua diretta potrebbe causare le cellule a venire fuori la diapositiva. Un altro passo fondamentale è stato quello di utilizzare lo stesso scivolo ...

Acido periodico Schiff (PAS) è una tecnica di colorazione immunoistochimica che è ampiamente utilizzato nella ricerca e diagnostica muscolare. Viene anche utilizzato come strumento diagnostico su campioni di sangue. La tecnica funziona applicando soluzione di acido periodico al campione, che ossida unità all&#39;interno dei polisaccaridi creazione di gruppi aldeidici che reagiscono con il reagente di Schiff incolore producendo così un prodotto magenta profondo. I passi di questa procedura sono mostrati in Figura 1. La macchia gira nulla con polisaccaridi magenta, tra glicogeno, glicoproteine, glicolipidi, mucine, o altre molecole con porzioni polisaccaridi. Colorazione PAS viene spesso utilizzato per misurare i livelli di glicogeno nelle fibre muscolari. Sezioni di muscoli di tessuto sono ideali per la tecnica in quanto fermamente attribuiscono alla diapositiva e sopportano più fasi di lavaggio e colorazione. Il glicogeno è più presente in contrazione rapida di tipo II fibre muscolari, che hanno una forte domandaper la produzione di ATP rapida richiede glicogeno per il massimo delle prestazioni 1,2. Il glicogeno è un polimero ramificato di glucosio che può essere suddiviso in glucosio libero attraverso l&#39;azione di enzimi glicogeno fosforilasi. In tempi di riposo e nutrizionale-autosufficienza, il glicogeno viene rifornito attraverso il processo di glicogenesi, mentre in tempi di insufficienza o di alta energia domanda nutrizionale; glicogeno è suddiviso in glucosio da glicogenolisi. Dalla già a partire dal 1950 gli scienziati hanno esplorato clinico colorazione PAS su campioni di sangue per analizzare il contenuto di glicogeno in varie malattie 3-7. Ad esempio, in Pompe malattia un accumulo di glicogeno autentico globuli bianchi alle malattie accumulano grandi quantità di glicogeno che differisce significativamente da controlli sani 8. Questo video-articolo illustra una versione adattata di colorazione PAS per l&#39;uso su cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) campioni di sangue venoso di soggetti umani sani. PBMCs contengono principalmente linfociti del linfociti T e B famiglie linfociti, così come altre cellule immunitarie come le cellule killer naturali e monociti. La prima fase di purificazione rimuove eritrociti, neutrofili e altri granulociti. Questa tecnica fornisce dati su una proporzione concentrata di linfociti consentendo più robusta enumerazione delle cellule PAS-positive rispetto all&#39;utilizzo strisci di sangue intero. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52199/52199fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1:. Passo dopo passo la metodologia di colorazione PAS su PBMC (A) In primo luogo, l&#39;isolamento delle PBMC è ottenuta attraverso Ficoll gradiente, il pannello di sinistra mostra la preparazione prima della centrifugazione, il pannello di destra mostra che dopo centrifugazione dove il cappotto buffy contenente il PBMC si osserva nel centro del tubo. (B) Isolamento PBMC sono fissati su vetrino utilizzando formalina-etanolo solu fissativezione. Il vetrino viene delicatamente risciacquato con acqua distillata da una spruzzetta di plastica. (C) Il vetrino viene quindi posto in un becher da 100 ml a metà riempito con soluzione di amilasi, che si dissolverà glicogeno. Il vetrino viene delicatamente risciacquato. (D) La slitta viene trattato con soluzione di acido periodico, in cui l&#39;ossidazione dei saccaridi avviene. I vetrini sono sciacquati delicatamente; Questa operazione rimuoverà l&#39;acido periodico eccesso e fermare la fase di ossidazione. (E) Quando il reagente di Schiff viene aggiunta ai vetrini, esso reagirà con aldeidi creati durante la fase di ossidazione. Questo reagente incolore sarà quindi ottenere un prodotto magenta rosso intenso. I vetrini sono delicatamente risciacquate per rimuovere l&#39;eccesso di reagente di Schiff.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Periodic Acid Shiff Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>395B</td>
			<td>Bring to room temperature prior to use. Materials in this kit are toxic and harmful. Use caution&#160; 
			<a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/395b?lang=en&amp;region=CA">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/395b?lang=en&#38;region=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-Amylase from porcine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3176</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/a3176?lang=en&amp;region=CA">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/a3176?lang=en&#38;region=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td>Axio Lab A0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MAK016</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/mak016?lang=en&amp;region=CA">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/mak016?lang=en&#38;region=CA</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td>VWR, GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td>Nonionic synthetic polymer of sucrose 
			<a href="https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?product_id=4779441">https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?product_id=4779441</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For PBMC isolation, swing buckets were used&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting glycogen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with periodic acid schiff staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Per convalidare i reagenti e la tecnica di base, colorazione PAS è stata eseguita secondo le istruzioni del produttore su sezioni muscolari del mouse soleo. La colorazione è stato fatto stesso giorno del sacrificio e nell&#39;ultimo passaggio della colorazione, le sezioni sono state fissate dal xilene. Il muscolo soleo è nota la presenza di ~ 35% di glicogeno-positivo cellule 9. Le cellule muscolari colorate visualizzate due distinte granuli puntiformi Caratteristiche-PAS-positiva all&#39;interno della cel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining at JoVE.com

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

Rilevamento glicogeno in cellule periferiche mononucleate del sangue con Periodic Acid Schiff colorazione

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

detecting-glycogen-peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells-with-periodic

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

21.0K Views.  Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University. Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

Video: Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic diseases. Unfortunately, transplantation of alloreactive donor T cells which recognize and damage healthy patient tissues can result in Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD)1. One challenge to successful AHSCT is the prevention of GvHD without associated impairment of the beneficial effects of donor T cells, particularly immune reconstitution and prevention of relapse. GvHD can be prevented by non-specific depletion of donor T cells from stem cell grafts or by administration of pharmacological immunosuppression. Unfortunately these approaches increase infection and disease relapse2-4. An alternative strategy is to selectively deplete alloreactive donor T cells after allostimulation by recipient antigen presenting cells (APC) before transplant. Early clinical trials of these allodepletion strategies improved immune reconstitution after HLA-mismatched HSCT without excess GvHD5, 6. However, some allodepletion techniques require specialized recipient APC production6, 7and some approaches may have off-target effects including depletion of donor pathogen-specific T cells8and CD4 T regulatory cells9.One alternative approach is the inactivation of alloreactive donor T cells via induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. This is achieved by stimulating donor cells with recipient APC while providing blockade of CD28-mediated co-stimulation signals10.This "alloanergization" approach reduces alloreactivity by 1-2 logs while preserving pathogen- and tumor-associated antigen T cell responses in vitro11. The strategy has been successfully employed in 2 completed and 1 ongoing clinical pilot studies in which alloanergized donor T cells were infused during or after HLA-mismatched HSCT resulting in rapid immune reconstitution, few infections and less severe acute and chronic GvHD than historical control recipients of unmanipulated HLA-mismatched transplantation12. Here we describe our current protocol for the generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which have been alloanergized to HLA-mismatched unrelated stimulator PBMC. Alloanergization is achieved by allostimulation in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to the ligands B7.1 and B7.1 to block CD28-mediated costimulation. This technique does not require the production of specialized stimulator APC and is simple to perform, requiring only a single and relatively brief ex vivo incubation step. As such, the approach can be easily standardized for clinical use to generate donor T cells with reduced alloreactivity but retaining pathogen-specific immunity for adoptive transfer in the setting of AHSCT to improve immune reconstitution without excessive GvHD.

This paper describes a simple technique to induce alloantigen-specific anergy in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The technique can be applied clinically to generate non-alloreactive donor cells. Infusion of these cells could improve immune reconstitution and reduce toxicity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

L&#39;induzione di anergia Alloantigen specifici nelle cellule mononucleari del sangue periferico di stimolazione Alloantigen con co-stimolatorie blocco del segnale

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Espansione del sangue periferico umano γδ cellule T con Zoledronato

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Generazione di Human alloantigene-specifiche cellule T da sangue periferico

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 malignant gliomas soon after intracranial engraftment if the cancer cells are rendered deficient in their expression of the &#946;-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-1 (gal-1). More recent work now shows that a population of Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid cells is critical to this effect. To better understand the mechanisms by which NK and myeloid cells cooperate to confer gal-1-deficient tumor rejection we have developed a comprehensive protocol for the isolation and analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The method is demonstrated here by comparing PBMC infiltration into the tumor microenvironment of gal-1-expressing GL26 gliomas with those rendered gal-1-deficient via shRNA knockdown. The protocol begins with a description of&#160;how to culture and prepare GL26 cells for inoculation into the syngeneic C57BL/6J mouse brain. It then explains the steps involved in the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs from the early brain tumor microenvironment. The method is adaptable to a number of in vivo experimental designs in which temporal data on immune infiltration into the brain is required. The method is sensitive and highly reproducible, as glioma-infiltrating PBMCs can be isolated from intracranial tumors as soon as 24 hr post-tumor engraftment with similar cell counts observed from time point matched tumors throughout independent experiments. A single experimentalist can perform the method from brain harvesting to flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs in roughly 4-6 hr depending on the number of samples to be analyzed. Alternative glioma models and/or cell-specific detection antibodies may also be used at the experimentalists&#8217; discretion to assess the infiltration of several other immune cell types of interest without the need for alterations to the overall procedure.

Presented here is a straightforward method for the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells that yields time-dependent quantitative data on the number and activation status of immune cells entering the early brain tumor microenvironment.

Isolamento e analisi citofluorimetrica di-Glioma infiltrazione sangue periferico mononucleari Cellule

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

L&#39;analisi dei linfociti stravaso utilizzo di un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modello del Sangue-Cervello umano Barriera

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

Separation of Immune Cell Subpopulations in Peripheral Blood Samples from Children with Infectious Mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute syndrome mostly associated with primary Epstein&#8211;Barr virus (EBV) infection. The main clinical symptoms include irregular fever, lymphadenopathy, and significantly increased lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The pathogenic mechanism of IM is still unclear; there is no effective treatment method for it, with mainly symptomatic therapies being available. The main question in EBV immunobiology is why only a small subset of infected individuals shows severe clinical symptoms and even develop EBV-associated malignancies, whilemost individuals are asymptomatic for life with the virus.
B cells are first involved in IM because EBV receptors are presented on their surface. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that are important for killing EBV-infected cells. The proportion of CD4+ T cells decreases while that of CD8+ T cells expands dramatically during acute EBV infection, and the persistence of CD8+ T cells is important for lifelong control of IM. Those immune cells play important roles in IM, and their functions need to be identified separately. For this purpose, monocytes are separated first from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of IM individuals using CD14 microbeads, a column, and a magnetic separator.
The remaining PBMCs are stained with peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PerCP)/Cyanine 5.5 anti-CD3, allophycocyanin (APC)/Cyanine 7 anti-CD4, phycoerythrin (PE) anti-CD8, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) anti-CD19, APC anti-CD56, and APC anti-CD16 antibodies to sort CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells using a flow cytometer. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing of five subpopulations was performed to explore their functions and pathogenic mechanisms in IM.

We describe a method combining immunomagnetic beads and fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate and analyze defined immune cell subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (monocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells). Using this method, magnetic and fluorescently labeled cells can be purified and analyzed.

Separazione delle sottopopolazioni di cellule immunitarie nei campioni di sangue periferico da bambini con mononucleosi infettiva

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute syndrome mostly associated with primary Epstein&#8211;Barr virus (EBV) infection. The main clinical symptoms ...

Flotation-Based T Cell Isolation, Activation, and Expansion from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Samples Using Microbubbles

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical testing, and cell-based therapies. In this study, a simple, novel protocol to isolate, activate, and expand T cells from PBMCs ex vivo is presented. This study utilizes functionalized buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) technology to isolate and activate T cells. Briefly, the protocol involves the positive selection of CD3+ cells from leukopak-derived PBMCs, followed by a 48 h co-stimulation with pre-conjugated anti-CD28-bound streptavidin microbubbles (SAMBs) prior to transduction in 24-well plates. Functionalized microbubbles offer a unique opportunity to buoyantly activate cells, leading to proliferative phenotypes that allow for expansion with minimal exhaustion. This technique offers reduced exhaustion because the co-stimulatory microbubbles remain buoyant and return to the top of the culture medium, thus reducing the amount of time that the expanding cells are in contact with the co-stimulatory factors. The results indicate that the isolated and cultured T cells receive enough stimulation to activate and proliferate but not to an extent that leads to overactivation, which then leads to exhaustion, as demonstrated by the presence of excessive PD-1.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of flotation-based separation to isolate, activate, and expand primary human T cells.

Isolamento, attivazione ed espansione delle cellule T basate sulla flottazione da campioni di cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umano utilizzando microbolle

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical ...

Raccolta e crioconservazione PBMC per analisi bioenergetiche mitocondriali

Cryopreservation and Bioenergetic Evaluation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The physiological functions of eukaryotic cells rely on energy mainly provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to metabolic diseases and aging. Oxidative phosphorylation plays a decisive role, as it is crucial for the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. PBMCs have been identified as a minimally invasive sample to measure mitochondrial function and have been shown to reflect disease conditions. However, measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetic function can be limited by several factors in human samples. Limitations are the amount of samples taken, sampling time, which is often spread over several days, and locations. Cryopreservation of the collected samples can ensure consistent collection and measurement of samples. Care should be taken to ensure that the parameters measured are comparable between cryopreserved and freshly prepared cells. Here, we describe methods for isolating and cryopreserving PBMCs from human blood samples to analyze the bioenergetic function of the mitochondria in these cells. PBMC cryopreserved according to the protocol described here show only minor differences in cell number and viability, adenosine triphosphate levels, and measured respiratory chain activity compared with freshly harvested cells. Only 8-24 mL of human blood is needed for the described preparations, making it possible to collect samples during clinical studies multicentrally and determine their bioenergetics on site.

Autore in primo piano: Conservazione dei parametri bioenergetici nelle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico dopo la crioconservazione 

Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be used for the analysis of immune functions and disorders, metabolic diseases, or mitochondrial functions. In this work, we describe a standardized method for the preparation of PBMCs from whole blood and the subsequent cryopreservation. Cryopreservation makes this time and place independent.

Crioconservazione e valutazione bioenergetica delle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umano

The physiological functions of eukaryotic cells rely on energy mainly provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to metabolic diseases ...