1. Isolamento dei PBMC <ol><li> Prelievo di sangue (7,5-8,0 ml) in una provetta BD Preparazione Vacutainer cella CPT con eparina di sodio. Il tubo contiene un anticoagulante eparina sodica e di un Ficoll-Hypaque densità del fluido, più una barriera di gel di poliestere, che separa i due liquidi. Centrifuga tubo / campione di sangue a temperatura ambiente (18 ° C a 25 ° C) in un rotore orizzontale (swing-out testa) per 20 minuti a 1800 x g. Interruttore centrifuga freni sbloccati. </li><li> Dopo la centrifugazione, la sequenza di strati avviene nel seguente modo (visto dall&#39;alto verso il basso): a) al plasma - b) le cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) e piastrine - c) soluzione di densità - d) gel poliestere - e) granulociti - f) globuli rossi (Fig. 1). </li><li> Raccolgono una frazione dello strato di plasma, lasciando 5 a 10 mm di plasma al di sopra della interfase senza disturbare lo strato di cellule. Il plasma può essere utilizzato per la cultura (sezione 2.5). </li><li> Raccolta della frazione arricchita (PBMC) presso l&#39;interfase con una pipetta e trasferirli in un tubo da 15 ml. </li><li> Lavare i PBMC con 10 ml di soluzione salina tampone fosfato (PBS), invertendo il tubo di 5 volte, quindi si centrifuga per 5 min a 400 x g. </li><li> Ripetere le fasi di lavaggio due volte, quindi risospendere il pellet cellulare in 5 ml di PBS. Determinare il numero delle cellule. Di solito 1,3 x10 6 celle vengono recuperati da 1 ml di sangue intero. </li><li> Determinare la frequenza e il fenotipo delle cellule T in γδ PBMC mediante citometria di flusso (sezione 3) (Fig. 2). </li></ol> 2. Espansione di cellule T γδ <ol><li> Centrifuga sospensioni cellulari in provette da 15 ml conica per 5 min a 400 x g a temperatura ambiente, ed eliminare il surnatante. </li><li> Preparare terreno di coltura (CM) con l&#39;aggiunta di IL-2 (IL-2) e zoledronato (Zometa) a concentrazioni finali di 1000 UI / ml e 5 mM, rispettivamente. ALyS203 (Cell Science &amp; Technology Institute) o OpTmizer (Invitrogen) supportare l&#39;espansione dei media buona γδ cellule T (maggiori informazioni nei riferimenti 6 e 9). Zometa è fornito in forma liquida (4 fiala mg/5-ml). Per preparare una soluzione al 5 mM, aggiungere 50 ml di Zometa a 30 ml di terreno di coltura. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet di cellule in terreno di coltura e regolare a 1x10 6 cellule / ml. </li><li> Pipettare 1 ml di CM contenente 1x10 6 cellule in ciascun pozzetto di una 24-pozzetti. Per le grandi culture, le cellule possono essere seminati a 0,5 x 10 6 cellule / cm 2 secondo le superfici dei pozzi piatto, piatto, o borraccia. </li><li> Aggiungi plasma autologo (sezione 1.3), pool umano AB sieri, o FCS in modo che sia circa il 10% del volume della cultura (100 microlitri per ciascun pozzetto di una piastra da 24 pozzetti). Posizionare le piastre in un umidificata 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 incubatore per 24-48 ore. </li><li> Mantenere la coltura ad una densità cellulare di 0,5-2 x 10 6 cellule / ml. Aggiungi terreno fresco contenente umano IL-2 (1000 UI / ml) (senza Zometa) ogni 2-3 giorni, e trasferire cellule coltivate in nuovi pozzi o fiaschi, se necessario, a seconda del grado di proliferazione cellulare (Fig. 3). Fornitura plasma o siero al mezzo in modo che la concentrazione sierica può essere mantenuto almeno l&#39;1%. </li><li> Celle di raccolta il giorno 12-14 e determinare la, fenotipo frequenza, e le funzioni del γδ cellule T mediante citometria di flusso (vedi sotto). </li></ol> 3. L&#39;analisi fenotipica mediante citometria di flusso <ol><li> Trasferire 200 campioni microlitri contenente 2 x 10 5 cellule a fluorescenza-attivato cell sorting (FACS) tubi. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di PBS freddo e centrifugare per 5 min a 400 x gr. Poi, risospendere il pellet in 50 microlitri di buffer FACS (PBS + 1% di sodio azide FCS + 0,1%). Aggiungere 5 ml di ciascuna anticorpi ai campioni (gli anticorpi monoclonali sono elencati nella Tabella 1). </li><li> Incubare in ghiaccio al buio per 20 min. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di tampone FACS per ogni campione, e poi vortice. Campioni Centrifugare per 5 min a 400 x g a 4 ° C. Con attenzione decantare il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule in 300 microlitri di buffer FACS e vortice. Analizzare campioni su un citofluorimetro (Fig. 2). </li></ol> 4. IFN-γ saggio produzione 10 <ol><li> Il giorno prima del test, preparare le cellule stimolatore di coltura 3-5 x10 Daudi 5 cellule / ml in RPMI 1640 medium più 10% FCS (RPMI-10) durante la notte con Zometa (5 mM) (nel seguito denominati Z-Daudi). </li><li> Raccogliere Z-Daudi e risospendere in RPMI-10 a 2x10 6 cellule / ml. Aggiungere 100 ml di Z-Daudi (2x10 5) a ciascun pozzetto di una piastra a fondo rotondo da 96 pozzetti. </li><li> Preparare γδ cellule T a 2x10 6 cellule / ml in RPMI-10 contenente Brefeldin A a 20 mg / ml. Trasferire 100 ml di γδ sospensione cellulare T (2x10 5) in ciascun pozzetto contenente Z-Daudi cellule o di pozzetti di controllo (100 ml di RPMI-10 solo, o RPMI-10 con 20 ng / ml di forbolo miristato 12-13-acetato[PMA] e 2 mg / ml di ionomicina). </li><li> Mescolare pipettando su e giù parecchie volte. Incubare per 4 ore a 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 incubatore. </li><li> Centrifugare la piastra per 5 minuti a 400 x g a 4 ° C e risospendere il pellet in 200 ml di PBS freddo. </li><li> Trasferire i campioni di tubi FACS. Aggiungere 4 ml di PBS freddo e centrifugare le provette per 5 min a 400 x g a 4 ° C. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet in 50 ml di buffer di FACS con FITC-coniugato anti-TCRVγ9 (5 mL) e PE/Cy5-conjugated anti-CD3 (2,5 microlitri). Incubare al riparo dalla luce per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 ml di reagente IntraPrep 1 e incubare per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Aggiungere 4 ml di PBS in ogni provetta e centrifugare per 5 min a 400 x g a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Eliminare il surnatante tramite aspirazione e aggiungere 100 ml di reagente 2 IntraPrep. Incubare per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente senza agitazione. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di PE-coniugato anti-IFN-γ mAb alla provetta. Incubare al riparo dalla luce per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Aggiungere 4 ml di PBS in ogni provetta e centrifugare per 5 min a 400 x g a temperatura ambiente. Eliminare il surnatante tramite aspirazione e risospendere il pellet cellulare in 0,5 ml di tampone FACS. </li><li> Analizzare le cellule citofluorimetro. Porta il CD3 + + TCRVγ9 cellule ed esaminare l&#39;espressione di IFN-γ (Fig. 4). </li></ol> 5. Rappresentante dei risultati: E &#39;importante per determinare la percentuale di cellule T nel γδ PBMC all&#39;inizio della cultura. Come mostrato in fig. 2 A, la percentuale dei CD3 + + TCRVγ9 γδ cellule T in PBMC è stata di 1,6% al giorno 0. Le popolazioni dominanti erano CD45RA + CD27 + CD27 + ingenuo o CD45RA - fenotipi memoria centrale. Quando γδ cellule T sono stati stimolati in modo efficiente, hanno formato grappoli nei giorni 3-5 (Fig. 3 A e B). Quando la formazione di cluster è stato ritardato, la crescita di altri tipi cellulari, quali CD4 + e CD8 + cellule T αβ o cellule NK potrebbe dominare la crescita di γδ cellule T (fig. 3 C e D). Dopo 14 giorni di cultura, la frequenza di cellule T γδ aumentato a oltre il 93,8% delle cellule coltivate in successo culture γδ cellule T (Fig. 2 E). Le colture di cellule T γδ upregulated NKG2D e CD69 espressione (fig. 2 G e H). Hanno mostrato CD27 - CD45RA - fenotipo memoria effettore (Fig. 2 F). Le funzioni di γδ cellule T sono stati valutati per quanto riguarda la produzione di citochine e citotossicità. L&#39;IFN-γ intracellulare colorazione γδ dimostrato che le cellule T prodotte IFN-γ in risposta alla PMA / ionomicina trattamento o Z-Daudi cellule che IPP accumulato dopo il trattamento con zoledronato (Fig. 4). Questi risultati indicano che zoledronato può efficacemente stimolare e ampliare funzionale delle cellule T γδ. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> tubo </td><td> FITC </td><td> PE </td><td> ECD </td><td> PE/Cy5 </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> CD3 </td><td> CD19 </td><td> CD45 </td><td> CD14 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> CD3 </td><td> TCRαβ </td><td> CD4 </td><td> CD8 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> CD3 </td><td></td><td></td><td> CD56 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> TCRαβ </td><td> CD45 </td><td> CD3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> NKG2D </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> CD69 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td> del mouse IgG1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td></td><td> CD45RA </td><td> CD27 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> TCR Vγ9 </td><td></td><td> del mouse IgG1 </td><td> del mouse IgG1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Anticorpi monoclonali utilizzati in colorazione multicolore delle cellule T γδ. Un esempio di analisi fenotipica di cellule T γδ eseguiti nel nostro laboratorio è mostrato in fig. 2. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Separazione dei PBMC. Sangue (7,5-8,0 ml) è disegnato in un tubo BD Preparazione Vacutainer cella CPT con eparina di sodio e direttamente centrifugati per 20 min a 1800 x g. Dopo la centrifugazione, gli strati risultante come si è visto da cima a bottom: a) al plasma - b) PBMC e piastrine - c) soluzione di densità - d) gel poliestere - e) Granulociti - f) i globuli rossi. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Fenotipo superficie tipica delle cellule T γδ. PBMC sono stati stimolati con zoledronato e IL-2 per 14 giorni. Le cellule sono state colorate con FITC anti-TCR Vγ9 e PE/Cy5-labeled anti-CD3 di monitorare l&#39;espansione della γδ cellule T (A ed E). γδ cellule T sono stati identificati dalla loro espressione di TCRVγ9, e la loro espressione di CD27 e CD45RA (B e F), NKG2D (C e G), o CD69 (D e H) è stata esaminata. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3. Rappresentante γδ colture di cellule T. PBMC sono stati stimolati con IL-2 (1000 UI / ml) e zoledronato (5 mM). Campi rappresentativi sono visibili (IX71 microscopio invertito [Olympus] x 200). Cluster e aggregati di cellule T γδ può essere osservato il giorno 3 (A) e il giorno 5 (B), quando γδ cellule T sono state espanse con successo. Al contrario, nessun cluster o aggregati sono stati osservati quando γδ crescita delle cellule T non era adeguata (C e D). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4"/> Figura 4. IFN-γ produzione. γδ cellule T sono state incubate con RPMI-10 solo (A) o PMA / ionomicina (B) o Z-Daudi (C) per 4 ore. In primo luogo, espressione di superficie di TCRVγ9 era macchiato e poi IFN-γ produzione è stata esaminata dal intracellulare IFN-γ colorazione. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3182/3182fig5.jpg" alt="Figura 5"/> Figura 5. Cinetica di γδ colture cellulari T. (A) il numero assoluto di cellule in coltura, (B) percentuale di γδ cellule T, e (C) numero assoluto di γδ cellule T nei punti di tempo indicato.

<ol>
	<li>Bonneville, M., O'Brien, R. L., Born, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#947;+T+cell+effector+functions:+a+blend+of+innate+programming+and+acquired+plasticity.">&#947; T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 10, 467-478 (2010).</li><li>Hintz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+(E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl+pyrophosphate+as+a+major+activator+for+human+&#947;&#948;+T+cells+in+Escherichia+coli.">Identification of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate as a major activator for human &#947;&#948; T cells in Escherichia coli.</a> FEBS Lett. 509, 317-322 (2001).</li><li>Gober, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+T+cell+receptor+&#947;&#948;+cells+recognize+endogenous+mevalonate+metabolites+in+tumor+cells.">Human T cell receptor &#947;&#948; cells recognize endogenous mevalonate metabolites in tumor cells.</a> J Exp Med. 197, 163-168 (2003).</li><li>Kabelitz, D., Wesch, D., He, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives+of+gammadelta+T+cells+in+tumor+immunology.">Perspectives of gammadelta T cells in tumor immunology.</a> Cancer Res. 67, 5-8 (2007).</li><li>Roelofs, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+blood+monocytes+are+responsible+for+gammadelta+T+cell+activation+induced+by+zoledronic+acid+through+accumulation+of+IPP/DMAPP.">Peripheral blood monocytes are responsible for gammadelta T cell activation induced by zoledronic acid through accumulation of IPP/DMAPP.</a> Br J Haematol. 144, 245-250 (2009).</li><li>Dieli, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+&#947;&#948;+T-lymphocyte+effector+functions+by+bisphosphonate+zoledronic+acid+in+cancer+patients+in+vivo.">Induction of &#947;&#948; T-lymphocyte effector functions by bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in cancer patients in vivo.</a> Blood. 102, 2310-2311 (2003).</li><li>Kondo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zoledronate+facilitates+large-scale+ex+vivo+expansion+of+functional+&#947;&#948;+T+cells+from+cancer+patients+for+use+in+adoptive+immunotherapy.">Zoledronate facilitates large-scale ex vivo expansion of functional &#947;&#948; T cells from cancer patients for use in adoptive immunotherapy.</a> Cytotherapy. 10, 842-856 (2008).</li><li>Espinosa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+synthesis+and+biological+activity+of+bromohydrin+pyrophosphate,+a+potent+stimulator+of+human+&#947;&#948;+T+cells.">Chemical synthesis and biological activity of bromohydrin pyrophosphate, a potent stimulator of human &#947;&#948; T cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 18337-18344 (2001).</li><li>Kobayashi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+profile+and+anti-tumor+effects+of+adoptive+immunotherapy+using+&#947;&#948;+T+cells+against+advanced+renal+cell+carcinoma:+a+pilot+study.">Safety profile and anti-tumor effects of adoptive immunotherapy using &#947;&#948; T cells against advanced renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 56, 469-476 (2007).</li><li>Murali-Krishna, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+antigen-specific+CD8+T+cells:+a+reevaluation+of+bystander+activation+during+viral+infection.">Counting antigen-specific CD8 T cells: a reevaluation of bystander activation during viral infection.</a> Immunity. 8, 177-187 (1998).</li><li>Sato, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+culture+medium+on+the+expansion+of+T+cells+for+immunotherapy.">Impact of culture medium on the expansion of T cells for immunotherapy.</a> Cytotherapy. 11, 936-946 (2009).</li><li>Abe, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+immunological+evaluation+of+zoledronate-activated+V&#947;9+&#947;&#948;T-cell-based+immunotherapy+for+patients+with+multiple+myeloma.">Clinical and immunological evaluation of zoledronate-activated V&#947;9 &#947;&#948;T-cell-based immunotherapy for patients with multiple myeloma.</a> Exp Hematol. 37, 956-968 (2009).</li><li>Nakajima, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phase+I+study+of+adoptive+immunotherapy+for+recurrent+non-small-cell+lung+cancer+patients+with+autologous+&#947;&#948;+T+cells.">A phase I study of adoptive immunotherapy for recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer patients with autologous &#947;&#948; T cells.</a> Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 37, 1191-1197 (2010).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il metodo presentato qui permette l&#39;espansione delle cellule T efficiente γδ da PBMC. γδ cellule T attivate e ampliato da zoledronato e IL-2 sviluppano completa funzioni effettrici, riflessa dalla produzione di citochine e citotossicità. E &#39;stato riportato che il sintetico phosphoantigens pirofosfato bromohydrin (BrHPP) e 2-metil-3-butenyl-1-pirofosfato (2M3B1PP) anche espandere le cellule T γδ, tuttavia, non sono disponibili in commercio. Al contrario, zoledronato è già concesso in licenza per le appli...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Reagente nome </th><th> Azienda </th><th> Numero di catalogo </th><th> Commenti (opzionale) </th></tr><tr><td> ZOMETA </td><td> Novartis Pharma K. K </td><td></td><td> zoledronato </td></tr><tr><td> Proleukin </td><td> Novartis Pharmaceuticals </td><td></td><td> umano ricombinante IL-2 </td></tr><tr><td> BD Vacutainer CPT Preparazione del tubo cellulare con sodio eparina </td><td> BD </td><td> 362753 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RPMI1640 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 21870-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ALyS203-media </td><td> Cellula Science &amp; Technology Institute </td><td> 0301-7 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> OpTmizer </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 0080022SA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Un brefeldin </td><td> Sigma </td><td> B5936-200UL </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> forbolo miristato 12-13-acetato (PMA) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P1585-1MG </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ionomicina </td><td> Sigma </td><td> 13909-1 ml </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IntraPrep </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07803 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano-CD3 FITC o PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07746 FITC A07749 PE/Cy5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano CD4-ECD </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> 6604727 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umana CD8-PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> 6607011 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umana CD14-PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07765 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano CD19-PE </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07769 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano CD45-ECD </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07784 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umana CD56-PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07789 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano TCRαβ-PE </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A39499 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano TCR Vγ9-FITC </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> IM1463 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umana CD27-PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> 6607107 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano CD45RA-ECD </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> IM2711 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano CD69-PE </td><td> BD </td><td> 555531 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> anti-umano NKG2D-PE </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A08934 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-humal IFNγ-PE </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> IM2717U </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IgG1 isotipo di controllo-PE </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07796 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IgG1 isotipo di controllo-ECD o PE/Cy5 </td><td> BECKMAN COULTER </td><td> A07797 A07798 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

expansion of human peripheral blood  &gamma;&delta; t cells using zoledronate

Γδ cellule T in grado di riconoscere e rispondere a una vasta gamma di antigeni indotta da stress, sviluppando in tal modo innato attività ampio anti-tumorale e anti-infettivi. 1 La maggior parte dei γδ cellule T nel sangue periferico hanno il recettore delle cellule T Vγ9Vδ2. Queste cellule riconoscono l&#39;antigene in un complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità modalità indipendente e sviluppare una forte funzioni citolitica e Th1-come effettore. 1 Perciò, γδ cellule T sono cellule effettrici candidato attraente per l&#39;immunoterapia del cancro. Vγ9Vδ2 cellule T rispondere a phosphoantigens come (E)-4-idrossi-3-metil-but-2-enil pirofosfato (HMBPP), che è sintetizzata nei batteri attraverso isoprenoidi biosintesi, 2 e isopentenil pirofosfato (IPP), che viene prodotto nelle cellule eucariotiche attraverso la via mevalonato. 3 In condizioni fisiologiche, la generazione di IPP ​​nella cella nontransformed non è sufficiente per l&#39;attivazione delle cellule T γδ. Disregolazione della via mevalonato nelle cellule tumorali porta all&#39;accumulo di IPP ​​e l&#39;attivazione delle cellule T γδ. 3 Poiché aminobifosfonati (come pamidronato o zoledronato) inibiscono la farnesil pirofosfato sintasi (FPP), l&#39;enzima agisce a valle di IPP ​​nella via mevalonato, i livelli intracellulari di IPP e sensitibity γδ per il riconoscimento delle cellule T possono essere terapeuticamente aumentato di aminobifosfonati. IPP accumulo è meno efficiente in cellule nontransfomred rispetto alle cellule tumorali con una concentrazione farmacologicamente rilevanti aminobifosfonati, che ci permettono l&#39;immunoterapia per il cancro attivando γδ cellule T con aminobifosfonati 4. Interessante, IPP si accumula nei monociti quando PBMC sono trattati con aminobifosfonati, a causa di efficienti assunzione di droghe da queste cellule 5. monociti che si accumulano IPP diventare cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene e stimolare Vγ9Vδ2 cellule T nel sangue periferico. 6 Sulla base di questi meccanismi, abbiamo sviluppato una tecnica per la grande espansione del γδ colture di cellule T con zoledronato e interleuchina -2 (IL-2). 7 Altri metodi per l&#39;espansione delle cellule T γδ utilizzare il sintetico pirofosfato bromohydrin phosphoantigens (BrHPP) 8 o 2-metil-3-butenyl-1-pirofosfato (2M3B1PP) 9. Tutti questi metodi consentono ex vivo di espansione, con conseguente gran numero di γδ cellule T per l&#39;uso in immunoterapia adottiva. Tuttavia, solo zoledronato è un reagente approvato dalla FDA disponibili in commercio. Zoledronato espanso γδ cellule T CD27 schermo - CD45RA - fenotipo effettore memoria e la loro funzione può essere valutata da IFN-γ test di produzione 7.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  Î³Î´ T Cells using Zoledronate at JoVE.com

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

Un metodo per espandere γδ cellule T dalle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) è descritta. PBMC cellule derivate γδ T vengono stimolati e ampliati con zoledronato e interleuchina-2 (IL-2). L&#39;espansione su larga scala di γδ cellule T possono essere applicate a autologo immunoterapia cellulare del cancro.

Espansione del sangue periferico umano γδ cellule T con Zoledronato

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

expansion-of-human-peripheral-blood-t-cells-using-zoledronate

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

26.3K Views.  University of Tokyo Hospital. Un metodo per espandere γδ cellule T dalle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) è descritta. PBMC cellule derivate γδ T vengono stimolati e ampliati con zoledronato e interleuchina-2 (IL-2). L'espansione su larga scala di γδ cellule T possono essere applicate a autologo immunoterapia cellulare del cancro.

Video: Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &#947;&#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

Espansione, di purificazione, e la valutazione funzionale delle cellule del sangue umano periferico NK

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Applicazione clinica della<em&gt; Bella Addormentata</em&gt; Artificiale e cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene per modificare geneticamente le cellule T da sangue del cordone ombelicale e periferico

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Generazione di Human alloantigene-specifiche cellule T da sangue periferico

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Gamma Delta T Cells

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore essential for understanding pathogenicity of different pathogens including HIV. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are the prototype of &#39;unconventional&#39; T cells and represent a relatively small subset of T cells defined by their expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of gamma and delta chains. This sets them apart from the classical and much better known CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that are defined by alpha-beta TCRs. GD T cells often show tissue-specific localization and are enriched in epithelium. GD T cells orchestrate immune responses in inflammation, tumor surveillance, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.
Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate and analyze human endocervical intraepithelial GD T lymphocytes. We have used endocervical cytobrush samples from women participating in the Women&#39;s Interagency HIV Infection Study (WIHS). Knowledge about GD T cells interactions during conditions in which there is an insult to the vaginal mucosal could be applied to any clinical study in which mucosal vulnerability is addressed, including the development of vaginal microbicides.In addition, knowledge about mucosal GD T cell responses has potential for application of GD T cell-based immune therapy in treating infectious diseases.

We describe here an isolation method to obtain human endocervical intraepithelial lymphocytes for the analysis of intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. This protocol can be extended for the purification of endocervical gamma delta T cells by magnetic beads or by cell sorting.

L&#39;isolamento e la citometria a flusso Analisi di Human endocervicale Gamma Delta T Cells

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Destrano migliora l'efficienza di trasduzione lentivirale di cellule NK primarie Murine ed umane

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Highly Multiplexed, Super-resolution Imaging of T Cells Using madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and multiplexing ability. Using fluorescent nano-diamond fiducial markers, we describe the drift correction and alignment procedures required to obtain high precision in single molecule localization microscopy. In addition, a new multiplexing strategy, madSTORM, is described in which multiple molecules are targeted in the same cell using sequential binding and elution of fluorescent antibodies. madSTORM is demonstrated on an activated T cell to visualize the locations of different components within a membrane-bound, multi-protein structure called the T cell receptor microcluster. In addition, application of madSTORM as a general tool for visualization of multi-protein structures is discussed.

We demonstrate a method to image multiple molecules within heterogeneous nano-structures at single molecule accuracy using sequential binding and elution of fluorescently labeled antibodies.

Molto multiplo, la risoluzione super-risoluzione delle celle T utilizzando la madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

Valutazione dell'interfaccia sinaptica primaria umana delle cellule di T dal sangue periferico e tessuto linfoide

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

Flotation-Based T Cell Isolation, Activation, and Expansion from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Samples Using Microbubbles

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical testing, and cell-based therapies. In this study, a simple, novel protocol to isolate, activate, and expand T cells from PBMCs ex vivo is presented. This study utilizes functionalized buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) technology to isolate and activate T cells. Briefly, the protocol involves the positive selection of CD3+ cells from leukopak-derived PBMCs, followed by a 48 h co-stimulation with pre-conjugated anti-CD28-bound streptavidin microbubbles (SAMBs) prior to transduction in 24-well plates. Functionalized microbubbles offer a unique opportunity to buoyantly activate cells, leading to proliferative phenotypes that allow for expansion with minimal exhaustion. This technique offers reduced exhaustion because the co-stimulatory microbubbles remain buoyant and return to the top of the culture medium, thus reducing the amount of time that the expanding cells are in contact with the co-stimulatory factors. The results indicate that the isolated and cultured T cells receive enough stimulation to activate and proliferate but not to an extent that leads to overactivation, which then leads to exhaustion, as demonstrated by the presence of excessive PD-1.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of flotation-based separation to isolate, activate, and expand primary human T cells.

Isolamento, attivazione ed espansione delle cellule T basate sulla flottazione da campioni di cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umano utilizzando microbolle

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical ...

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone-resorbing cells that play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. Several bone disorders are caused by increased differentiation and activation of OCs, so the inhibition of this pathobiology is a key therapeutic principle.Two key factors drive the differentiation of OCs from myeloid precursors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Human circulating CD14+ monocytes have long been known to differentiate into OCs in vitro. However, the exposure time and the concentration of RANKL influence the differentiation efficiency. Indeed, protocols for the generation of human OCs in vitro have been described, but they often result in a poor and lengthy differentiation process. Herein, a robust and standardized protocol for generating functionally active mature human OCs in a timely manner is provided. CD14+ monocytes are enriched from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and primed with M-CSF to upregulate RANK. Subsequent exposure to RANKL generates OCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OCs are identified and quantified by staining with tartrate acid-resistant phosphatase (TRAP) and light microscopy analysis. Immunofluorescence staining of nuclei and F-actin is used to identify functionally active OCs. In addition, OSCAR+CD14&#8722; mature OCs are further enriched via flow cytometry cell sorting, and OC functionality quantified by mineral (or dentine/bone) resorption assays and actin ring formation. Finally, a known OC inhibitor, rotenone, is used on mature OCs, demonstrating that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production is essential for actin ring integrity and OC function. In conclusion, a robust assay for differentiating high numbers of OCs is established in this work, which in combination with actin ring staining and an ATP assay&#160;provides a useful in vitro model to evaluate OC function and to screen for novel therapeutic compounds that can modulate the differentiation process.

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Osteoclasts are key bone-resorbing cells in the body. This protocol describes a reliable method for the in vitro differentiation of osteoclasts from human peripheral blood monocytes. This method can be used as an important tool to further understand osteoclast biology in homeostasis and in diseases.

Differenziazione degli osteoclasti funzionali dai monociti CD14+ del sangue periferico umano

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone-resorbing cells that play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. Several bone disorders are caused ...

Raccolta e crioconservazione PBMC per analisi bioenergetiche mitocondriali

Cryopreservation and Bioenergetic Evaluation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

The physiological functions of eukaryotic cells rely on energy mainly provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to metabolic diseases and aging. Oxidative phosphorylation plays a decisive role, as it is crucial for the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. PBMCs have been identified as a minimally invasive sample to measure mitochondrial function and have been shown to reflect disease conditions. However, measurement of mitochondrial bioenergetic function can be limited by several factors in human samples. Limitations are the amount of samples taken, sampling time, which is often spread over several days, and locations. Cryopreservation of the collected samples can ensure consistent collection and measurement of samples. Care should be taken to ensure that the parameters measured are comparable between cryopreserved and freshly prepared cells. Here, we describe methods for isolating and cryopreserving PBMCs from human blood samples to analyze the bioenergetic function of the mitochondria in these cells. PBMC cryopreserved according to the protocol described here show only minor differences in cell number and viability, adenosine triphosphate levels, and measured respiratory chain activity compared with freshly harvested cells. Only 8-24 mL of human blood is needed for the described preparations, making it possible to collect samples during clinical studies multicentrally and determine their bioenergetics on site.

Autore in primo piano: Conservazione dei parametri bioenergetici nelle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico dopo la crioconservazione 

Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells can be used for the analysis of immune functions and disorders, metabolic diseases, or mitochondrial functions. In this work, we describe a standardized method for the preparation of PBMCs from whole blood and the subsequent cryopreservation. Cryopreservation makes this time and place independent.

Crioconservazione e valutazione bioenergetica delle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umano

The physiological functions of eukaryotic cells rely on energy mainly provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to metabolic diseases ...