Name: glutamate and hypoxia as a stress model for the isolated perfused vertebrate retina
Uploaded: 2015-03-22T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina at JoVE.com

This paper is dedicated to my beloved wife Maren and our little Karl.

1. Preparazione di occhi bovini <ol><li> Ottenere occhi bovini subito dopo la macellazione. </li><li> Trasporto gli occhi protetti in &quot;Sickel soluzione&quot; un mezzo speciale contenente NaCl 120 mM, KCl 2 mM, 0,1 mM MgCl 2, 0,15 mM CaCl 2, 1.5 mM NaH 2 PO 4, 13,5 mM Na 2 HPO 4 e 5 mM di glucosio a RT. </li><li> Eseguire la preparazione della retina in condizioni adatte scuri con una luce rossa fioca. </li><li> Rimuovere la parte anteriore dell&#39;occhio. Eseguire un&#39;incisione ca. equatoriale 4 millimetri posteriormente al limbus. Successivamente rimuovere cornea, iride, corpo ciliare e obiettivo in un unico pezzo. Tenere le retine in Sickel-soluzione. </li><li> Meccanicamente allentare i collegamenti vetrose alla superficie retinica e rimuovere il vitreo dalla tazza occhio aperto. </li><li> Successivamente suddividere l&#39;occhio in quattro quadranti e pugni fuori turno aree di ca. 7 mm con un trapano. </li><li> Separare delicatamente la retinadal epitelio pigmentato e posizionarlo su un dispositivo di registrazione all&#39;interno di una scatola al riparo dalla luce. Il dispositivo di registrazione è costituito da un manutentore plastica con una maglia nel mezzo; posizionare la retina sulla maglia e poi fissare con un anello di plastica direttamente sugli elettrodi. NOTA: Il manutentore plastica ha due canali per permettere un flusso costante di fluido. </li></ol> 2. Registrazione del Elettroretinogramma (ERG) <ol><li> Per registrare l&#39;elettroretinogramma, utilizzare due elettrodi di argento / cloruro di argento-su entrambi i lati della retina e profumato retina ad una velocità costante di perfusione ca. 1 ml / min e temperatura costante di 37 ° C. Utilizzare il &quot;Sickel-soluzione&quot; satura di ossigeno. </li><li> Prima di avviare la misurazione, scuro adattare la retina (proteggerlo dalla luce durante tutte le misure) e utilizzare gli intervalli di stimolo di cinque minuti. Utilizzare un 1 Hz singolo flash allo xeno bianco per la stimolazione con un&#39;intensità impostato 6.3 mlx sulla superficie della retina. </li&gt; <li> Uso calibrato filtri di densità neutri e uno stimolo luce 10 usec controllato da un timer in modo da avere una risposta ottimale. </li><li> Per misurare ed elaborare i dati, filtrare l&#39;ERG e amplificarlo (100 Hz filtro passa alto, 50 filtro notch Hz, 100.000 x amplificazione) utilizzando un RPS312RM amplificatore Grass. Prova a filtrare le eventuali frequenze di disturbo che possono disturbare il segnale. Per elaborare i dati, utilizzare una scheda di acquisizione dati digitali da analogico a un computer desktop (PC compatibile). </li><li> Dopo il periodo di adattamento al buio sotto perfusione costante misurare le ampiezze del segnale elettrico fino sono registrati ampiezze b-onda stabili. NOTA: Le ampiezze sono considerate stabili se cinque misurazioni singole raggiungono un valore medio e discostano meno del 10%. Un buon esempio di singole misurazioni è riportata nella figura 1. </li><li> Per iniziare il test, sostituiscono l&#39;ossigeno puro o azoto puro (numero di singoli esperimenti, n = 5) per verificare ipossiao 250 micron glutammato (n = 5). </li><li> Registrare le risposte elettriche ogni 5 minuti per 45 min. </li><li> Dopo il periodo di prova, profumato le retine con medie standard satura di ossigeno per 75 minuti e guardare i cambiamenti di ampiezza b-wave. Questa è la fase di washout. Misurare l&#39;ampiezza dell&#39;onda b dal trogolo di un onda al picco del b-onda. </li><li> Per studiare l&#39;effetto di ipossia o glutammato sulle potenzialità fotorecettori in condizioni scotopiche, sopprimere la b-wave con l&#39;aggiunta di 1 mM di soluzione nutritiva. </li><li> Dopo aver registrato un potenziale fotorecettore stabile per 30 min, eseguire la procedura come prima, esponendo le retine 45 min alle diverse soluzioni di irrigazione con 1 mM aspartato. Utilizzare lo stesso periodo di washout (passo 2,8), come accennato in precedenza. </li></ol> Analisi 3. Dati <ol><li> Per valutare statisticamente i dati, garantire una distribuzione normale per tutti i dati, ad esempio utilizzando il Kolmogorov-SmirnovTest 15. </li><li> Calcolare la riduzione delle a- e b-onda ampiezze in percentuale dopo la fase di esposizione rispetto all&#39;ultima misura prima dell&#39;esposizione. Confrontare la riduzione delle ERG-ampiezze dopo 45 min - al termine del periodo di esposizione - ERG misurata prima dell&#39;applicazione. </li><li> Confrontare l&#39;onda a- e b- al termine della fase di washout all&#39;ampiezza corrispondente prima dell&#39;esposizione ad esaminare una possibile ripresa. </li><li> Per l&#39;analisi statistica, utilizzare il software statistico JMP software o software SPSS. Calcolare i dati tutto come media ± deviazione standard. Stimare significatività con il test statistico appropriato. NOTA: Questi test potrebbero essere diverse a seconda del campo di applicazione sperimentale. In questa impostazione, utilizzare paired t-test di Student. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Varma, D. D., Cugati, S., Lee, A. W., Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+central+retinal+artery+occlusion:+clinical+presentation+and+management.">A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management.</a> Eye (Lond). 27, 688-697 (2013).</li><li>Resch, M., Suveges, I., Nemeth, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertension-related+eye+disorders).">Hypertension-related eye disorders).</a> Orv Hetil. 154, 1773-1780 (2013).</li><li>Feltgen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicenter+study+of+the+European+Assessment+Group+for+Lysis+in+the+Eye+(EAGLE)+for+the+treatment+of+central+retinal+artery+occlusion:+design+issues+and+implications.+EAGLE+Study+report+no.+1+:+EAGLE+Study+report+no.+1.">Multicenter study of the European Assessment Group for Lysis in the Eye (EAGLE) for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: design issues and implications. EAGLE Study report no. 1 : EAGLE Study report no. 1.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 244, 950-956 (2006).</li><li>Dreyer, E. B., Zurakowski, D., Schumer, R. A., Podos, S. M., Lipton, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+glutamate+levels+in+the+vitreous+body+of+humans+and+monkeys+with+glaucoma.">Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 114, 299-305 (1996).</li><li>Bertram, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino-acid+levels+in+subretinal+and+vitreous+fluid+of+patients+with+retinal+detachment.">Amino-acid levels in subretinal and vitreous fluid of patients with retinal detachment.</a> Eye (Lond). 22, 582-589 (2008).</li><li>Diederen, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+glutamate+levels+in+the+vitreous+of+patients+with+retinal+detachment).">Increased glutamate levels in the vitreous of patients with retinal detachment).</a> Exp Eye Res. 83, 45-50 (2006).</li><li>Ientile, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+necrosis+occurring+in+excitotoxic+cell+death+in+isolated+chick+embryo+retina.">Apoptosis and necrosis occurring in excitotoxic cell death in isolated chick embryo retina.</a> J Neurochem. 79, 71-78 (2001).</li><li>Mali, R. S., Cheng, M., Chintala, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activators+promote+excitotoxicity-induced+retinal+damage.">Plasminogen activators promote excitotoxicity-induced retinal damage.</a> FASEB J. 19, 1280-1289 (2005).</li><li>Ambati, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+gamma-aminobutyric+acid,+glutamate,+and+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+levels+in+the+vitreous+of+patients+with+proliferative+diabetic+retinopathy.">Elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 115, 1161-1166 (1997).</li><li>Vorwerk, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depression+of+retinal+glutamate+transporter+function+leads+to+elevated+intravitreal+glutamate+levels+and+ganglion+cell+death.">Depression of retinal glutamate transporter function leads to elevated intravitreal glutamate levels and ganglion cell death.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 41, 3615-3621 (2000).</li><li>Schultheiss, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dulbecco's+Modified+Eagle+Medium+is+neuroprotective+when+compared+to+standard+vitrectomy+irrigation+solution.">Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium is neuroprotective when compared to standard vitrectomy irrigation solution.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 251, 1613-1619 (2013).</li><li>Januschowski, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+the+effects+of+two+different+irrigation+solutions+on+an+isolated+perfused+vertebrate+retina.">Comparing the effects of two different irrigation solutions on an isolated perfused vertebrate retina.</a> Ophthalmic Res. 48, 59-66 (2012).</li><li>Sickel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+and+Electrical+Responses+to+Light+Simulation+in+the+Retina+of+the+Frog.">Respiratory and Electrical Responses to Light Simulation in the Retina of the Frog.</a> Science. 148, 648-651 (1965).</li><li>Luke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolated+perfused+bovine+retina--a+sensitive+tool+for+pharmacological+research+on+retinal+function.+Brain+research.">The isolated perfused bovine retina--a sensitive tool for pharmacological research on retinal function. Brain research.</a> Brain research protocols. 16, 27-36 (2005).</li><li>Henderson, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+experimental+data+for+univariate+normality.">Testing experimental data for univariate normality.</a> Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 366, 112-129 (2006).</li><li>Alt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuroprotective+potential+of+Rho-kinase+inhibition+in+promoting+cell+survival+and+reducing+reactive+gliosis+in+response+to+hypoxia+in+isolated+bovine+retina.">The neuroprotective potential of Rho-kinase inhibition in promoting cell survival and reducing reactive gliosis in response to hypoxia in isolated bovine retina.</a> Cell Physiol Biochem. 32, 218-234 (2013).</li><li>Green, D. G., Kapousta-Bruneau, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+properties+of+a+new+isolated+rat+retina+preparation.">Electrophysiological properties of a new isolated rat retina preparation.</a> Vision research. 39, 2165-2177 (1999).</li><li>Richter, S. H., Garner, J. P., Wurbel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+standardization:+cure+or+cause+of+poor+reproducibility+in+animal+experiments.">Environmental standardization: cure or cause of poor reproducibility in animal experiments.</a> Nat Methods. 6, 257-261 (2009).</li><li>Dutescu, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifocal+ERG+recordings+under+visual+control+of+the+stimulated+fundus+in+mice.">Multifocal ERG recordings under visual control of the stimulated fundus in mice.</a> Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 54, 2582-2589 (2013).</li><li>Perlman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+retinal+toxicity+of+drugs+in+animal+models+using+electrophysiological+and+morphological+techniques.">Testing retinal toxicity of drugs in animal models using electrophysiological and morphological techniques.</a> Doc Ophthalmol. 118, 3-28 (2009).</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, A., Gupta, A., Mukherjee, S., Chaudhuri, K., Ray, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Did+myocilin+evolve+from+two+different+primordial+proteins.">Did myocilin evolve from two different primordial proteins.</a> Mol Vis. 8, 271-279 (2002).</li><li>Januschowski, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+retinal+toxicity+of+a+new+heavy+intraocular+dye,+using+a+model+of+perfused+and+isolated+retinal+cultures+of+bovine+and+human+origin.">Evaluating retinal toxicity of a new heavy intraocular dye, using a model of perfused and isolated retinal cultures of bovine and human origin.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 250, 1013-1022 (2012).</li><li>Luke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolated+perfused+bovine+retina--a+sensitive+tool+for+pharmacological+research+on+retinal+function.">The isolated perfused bovine retina--a sensitive tool for pharmacological research on retinal function.</a> Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 16, 27-36 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In questo studio, è stato trovato un significativo rilievo l&#39;ampiezza dell&#39;onda b dopo 45 min di ipossia. Tale riduzione è ancora significativo dopo la fase di lavaggio. Potrebbe essere osservato un effetto simile sul potenziale fotorecettori. I risultati sono supportati da altri dati pubblicati 16 e ci danno l&#39;opportunità di studiare i possibili effetti neuroprotettivi dopo ipossia. Dopo 45 min di esposizione 250 mM glutammato, abbiamo ...

Neuroprotezione è stato un forte campo di indagine nella ricerca oculistico negli ultimi decenni. La retina è una rete neuronale altamente sensibile che dipende sensibilmente l&#39;ossigenazione ed è fortemente influenzato dal metabolismo delle sue cellule circostanti. Le principali patologie oculari legate a danni delle cellule nervose sono occlusioni vascolari retiniche, glaucoma e distacco della retina. Occlusione dell&#39;arteria retinica, come esempio per occlusione vascolare retinica, porta ad una improvvisa perdita della vista a causa di ipossia della retina interna 1. E &#39;spesso associata a patologie vascolari generali 2 e porta ad una perdita visiva permanente 1, con solo l&#39;8% dei pazienti sottoposti acuità visiva significativamente 1. Sebbene fibrinolisi arteriosa è stato suggerito come opzione di trattamento, il beneficio non può essere mostrato in uno studio clinico randomizzato 3. Glaucoma e distacco della retinaentrambi hanno un aumento della concentrazione di glutammato 4-6. Glutammato in condizioni fisiologiche è rilevato come un trasmettitore eccitatorio tutto il sistema nervoso centrale e della retina interna 7,8. Elevati livelli di glutammato sono stati trovati non solo in glaucoma e distacco della retina 5,6 ma anche in retinopatia diabetica proliferativa 9. Un aumento glutammato eventualmente porta alla eccitotossicità e, di conseguenza, il danno delle cellule nervose 10. Nella maggior parte dei casi di distacco della retina e in alcuni casi di chirurgia proliferative retinopatia diabetica sulla retina (pars plana vitrectomia) sono necessari. Durante pars plana vitrectomia manipolazione meccanica, luce brillante della fibra ottica o sollecitazione di taglio esercitata da elevate portate di soluzioni per l&#39;irrigazione durante lunghi operazioni esercitare un ulteriore stress sulla retina 11,12. Tutte le malattie di cui hanno in comune che la patologia è localizzato al Retinun solo e posa la comunità oftalmologico con la sfida di trovare il modo di proteggere la retina come un sistema neurosensoriale. L&#39;elettroretinogramma (ERG) è il metodo standard per la valutazione della funzione in vivo fotorecettore (a-onda) e la funzione della retina interna (b-onda). L&#39;ERG è misurata con argento-elettrodi introdotti nella cornea e gli occhi sono stimolata da un crescente livello di luce per rilevare i difetti di barre o coni o nella retina interna. Diversi difetti nella retina possono essere rilevate da cambiamenti di ampiezza (la forza della risposta) o la latenza (la risposta-intervallo-to-) della ERG. Diverse ERG protocollo e metodi di misurazione (pattern-ERG, multifocale-ERG o campo chiaro ERG) permettono un&#39;ulteriore differenziazione dei difetti. La tecnica della retina isolato è stato introdotto recentemente, consentendo di valutare gli effetti sulla retina senza interferenze da esempio un animale di studioreazioni generali 13,14. E &#39;stato lo scopo di questo studio per valutare e introdurre un modello di stress definito e standardizzato per ipossia e lo stress glutammato sulla retina isolata superfused. Quindi, speriamo di gettare le basi per futuri studi sugli effetti neuroprotettivi di alcuni agenti o soluzioni di irrigazione intraoculari.

<table><tbody><tr><td>120 mM NaCl&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>1,064,041,000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mM KCl,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>1,050,010,250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.1 mM MgCl2,&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>58,330,250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.15 mM CaCl2</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>111 TA106282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mM NaH2PO4/13.5 mM Na2HPO4&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>1,065,860,500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 mM glucose</td><td>Merck Pharma, Germany</td><td>40,741,000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

glutamate and hypoxia as a stress model for the isolated perfused vertebrate retina

Neuroprotezione è stato un forte campo di indagine nella ricerca oculistico negli ultimi decenni e colpisce malattie come il glaucoma, occlusione vascolare retinica, distacco della retina, e la retinopatia diabetica. E &#39;stato l&#39;oggetto di questo studio di introdurre un modello di stress test standardizzato per il futuro terapeutico preclinica. Retine bovini sono stati preparati e perfusi con una soluzione standard di ossigeno satura, e l&#39;ERG è stato registrato. Dopo la registrazione di b-onde stabili, ipossia (puro N 2) o di stress glutammato (250 micron glutammato) è stata esercitata per 45 min. Per studiare gli effetti sulla funzione dei fotorecettori da solo, 1 aspartato mM è stato aggiunto per ottenere un-onde. ERG-recupero è stato monitorato per 75 min. Per ipossia, una diminuzione in onda ampiezza del 87,0% è stato osservato (p &lt;0.01) dopo un tempo di esposizione di 45 min (diminuzione del 36,5% dopo la fine del washout p = 0,03). Inoltre, un dim inizialefacilità di ampiezze b-onda di 87.23% è stato registrato, che ha raggiunto la significatività statistica (p &lt;0.01, diminuzione del 25,5% alla fine del lavaggio, p = 0,03). Per 250 micron glutammato, una prima riduzione di 7,8% ampiezze un onda (p&gt; 0.05) seguita da una riduzione di 1,9% (p&gt; 0.05). Una riduzione del 83,7% delle ampiezze b-onda (p &lt;0,01) è stato osservato; dopo un lavaggio di 75 min la riduzione è stata del 2,3% (p = 0.62). In questo studio, un modello standardizzato di stress è presentato che può essere utile per identificare i possibili effetti neuroprotettivi in ​​futuro.

Dopo 1 ora di perfusione dei preparati della retina con una soluzione standard di ossigeno-saturi (Figure 1A e B) ERG-ampiezze mostravano stabilizzazione e meno variazione ampiezze tra singole misurazioni. pH, pressione osmotica, la temperatura, e pO 2 (tranne per il test ipossia) sono state mantenute costanti per tutte le prove. Per isolare il segnale fotorecettore dal segnale della retina interna, 1 mM aspartato è stato aggiunto alla soluzione standard per sopprim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina at JoVE.com

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Con questo studio, si introduce un modello di stress standardizzato per l&#39;isolato retina superfused bovina per futuri test terapeutici preclinica. L&#39;effetto di una ipossia (puro N 2) o di stress glutammato (250 uM glutammato) sulla funzione della retina rappresentato da a- e ampiezze b-onda è stata valutata.

Glutammato e ipossia come modello di stress per l&#39;isolato perfuso vertebrati Retina

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ...

glutamate-hypoxia-as-stress-model-for-isolated-perfused-vertebrate

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.8K Views.  University Eye Hospital Tübingen.  Con questo studio, si introduce un modello di stress standardizzato per l'isolato retina superfused bovina per futuri test terapeutici preclinica. L'effetto di una ipossia (puro N 2) o di stress glutammato (250 uM glutammato) sulla funzione della retina rappresentato da a- e ampiezze b-onda è stata valutata. 

Video: Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.

The rodent retina has long been recognized as an accessible window to the brain. In this technical paper we provide a protocol that employs the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy to study the mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular regeneration within the central nervous system after ischemic injury. The described system can also be harnessed to explore strategies to promote regrowth of functional blood vessels within the retina and CNS.

Assessment of Vascular rigenerazione nel SNC Utilizzo del Retina mouse

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

L&#39;analisi di neurovascolare ritocca in Entorhino-ippocampali Culture Organotipica Slice

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

L&#39;ossigeno-glucosio Deprivazione e riossigenazione come<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ischemia-riperfusione Injury modello per lo studio barriera sanguigna del cervello Erettile

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

Medicina

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are an emerging treatment for photoreceptor degenerative diseases that seek to restore vision by artificially stimulating the surviving retinal neurons in the hope of eliciting comprehensible visual perception in patients. Current retinal prostheses have demonstrated success in restoring limited vision to patients using an array of electrodes to electrically stimulate the retina but face substantial physical barriers in restoring high acuity, natural vision to patients. Chemical neurostimulation using native neurotransmitters is a biomimetic alternative to electrical stimulation and could bypass the fundamental limitations associated with retinal prostheses using electrical neurostimulation. Specifically, chemical neurostimulation has the potential to restore more natural vision with comparable or better visual acuities to patients by injecting very small quantities of neurotransmitters, the same natural agents of communication used by retinal chemical synapses, at much finer resolution than current electrical prostheses. However, as a relatively unexplored stimulation paradigm, there is no established protocol for achieving chemical stimulation of the retina in vitro. The purpose of this work is to provide a detailed framework for accomplishing chemical stimulation of the retina for investigators who wish to study the potential of chemical neuromodulation of the retina or similar neural tissues in vitro. In this work, we describe the experimental setup and methodology for eliciting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spike responses similar to visual light responses in wild-type and photoreceptor-degenerated wholemount rat retinas by injecting controlled volumes of the neurotransmitter glutamate into the subretinal space using glass micropipettes and a custom multiport microfluidic device. This methodology and protocol are general enough to be adapted for neuromodulation using other neurotransmitters or even other neural tissues.

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

This protocol describes a novel method for investigating a form of chemical neurostimulation of wholemount rat retinas in vitro with the neurotransmitter glutamate. Chemical neurostimulation is a promising alternative to the conventional electrical neurostimulation of retinal neurons for treating irreversible blindness caused by photoreceptor degenerative diseases.

Metodologia per la neuromodulazione Biomimetic chimico di retine del ratto con il neurotrasmettitore glutammato In Vitro

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are ...

Bioingegneria

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of oxygen and glucose, which causes energy failure and neuronal death. After an ischemic stroke insult, astrocytes become reactive and proliferate around the injury site as it develops. Under this scenario, it is difficult to study the specific contribution of astrocytes to the brain region exposed to ischemia. Therefore, this article introduces a methodology to study primary astrocyte reactivity and proliferation under an in vitro model of an ischemia-like environment, called oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Astrocytes were isolated from 1-4 day-old neonatal rats and the number of non-specific astrocytic cells was assessed using astrocyte selective marker Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and nuclear staining. The period in which astrocytes are subjected to the OGD condition can be customized, as well as the percentage of oxygen they are exposed to. This flexibility allows scientists to characterize the duration of the ischemic-like condition in different groups of cells in vitro. This article discusses the timeframes of OGD that induce astrocyte reactivity, hypertrophic morphology, and proliferation as measured by immunofluorescence using Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). Besides proliferation, astrocytes undergo energy and oxidative stress, and respond to OGD by releasing soluble factors into the cell medium. This medium can be collected and used to analyze the effects of molecules released by astrocytes in primary neuronal cultures without cell-to-cell interaction. In summary, this primary cell culture model can be efficiently used to understand the role of isolated astrocytes upon injury.

Monitoring Astrocyte Reactivity and Proliferation in Vitro Under Ischemic-Like Conditions

Ischemic stroke is a complex event in which the specific contribution of astrocytes to the affected brain region exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) is difficult to study. This article introduces a methodology to obtain isolated astrocytes and study their reactivity and proliferation under OGD conditions.

Monitoraggio del Astrocyte reattività e proliferazione in Vitro in condizioni ischemiche-come

Ischemic stroke is a complex brain injury caused by a thrombus or embolus obstructing blood flow to parts of the brain. This leads to deprivation of ...

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular occlusions. Rodent models of I/R injury are providing significant insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for human I/R injury, especially with regard to neurodegenerative damage in the retinal neurovascular unit. Presented here is a protocol for inducing retinal I/R injury in mice through elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). In this protocol, the ocular anterior chamber is cannulated with a needle, through which flows the drip of an elevated saline reservoir. Using this drip to raise IOP above systolic arterial blood pressure, a practitioner temporarily halts inner retinal blood flow (ischemia). When circulation is reinstated (reperfusion) by removal of the cannula, severe cellular damage ensues, resulting ultimately in retinal neurodegeneration. Recent studies demonstrate inflammation, vascular permeability, and capillary degeneration as additional elements of this model. Compared to alternative retinal I/R methodologies, such as retinal arterial ligation, retinal I/R injury by elevated IOP offers advantages in its&#160;anatomical specificity, experimental tractability, and technical accessibility, presenting itself as a valuable tool for examining neuronal pathogenesis and therapy in the retinal neurovascular unit.

This article describes a procedure for inducing retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure in mice. Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by elevated intraocular pressure serves to model human pathologies characterized by compromised oxygen and nutrient delivery in the retina, enabling researchers to examine potential cellular mechanisms and treatments for human diseases of the retinal neurovascular unit.

Un modello murino di retina ischemia-riperfusione lesioni a causa di aumento della pressione intraoculare

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ...

An Acute Retinal Model for Evaluating Blood Retinal Barrier Breach and Potential Drugs for Treatment

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An inflammatory factor, histamine, is demonstrated to compromise vessel integrity in the cultured retina through positive staining of IgG outside of the blood vessels. The effects of histamine itself and those of candidate drugs for potential treatments, such as lipoxin A4, are assessed using three parameters: blood vessel leakage via IgG immunostaining, activation of M&#252;ller cells via GFAP staining and change in neuronal dendrites through staining for MAP2. Furthermore, the layered organization of the retina allows a detailed analysis of the processes of M&#252;ller and ganglion cells, such as changes in width and continuity. While the data presented is with swine retinal culture, the system is applicable to multiple species. Thus, the model provides a reliable tool to investigate the early effects of compromised retinal vessel integrity on different cell types and also to evaluate potential drug candidates for treatment.

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach induced by histamine. Blood vessel leakage, M&#252;ller cell activation and the continuity of neuronal processes are utilized to assess the damage response and its reversal with a potential drug, lipoxin A4.

Un modello acuta della retina per la valutazione sanguigni della retina barriera breccia e potenziali farmaci per il trattamento

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An ...

Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model for Ischemic Retinal Diseases in Rodents

One of the commonly used models for ischemic retinopathies is the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Here we describe detailed protocols for the OIR model induction and its readouts in both mice and rats. Retinal neovascularization is induced in OIR by exposing rodent pups either to hyperoxia (mice) or alternating levels of hyperoxia and hypoxia (rats). The primary readouts of these models are the size of neovascular (NV) and avascular (AVA) areas in the retina. This preclinical in vivo model can be used to evaluate the efficacy of potential anti-angiogenic drugs or to address the role of specific genes in the retinal angiogenesis by using genetically manipulated animals. The model has some strain and vendor specific variation in the OIR induction which should be taken into consideration when designing the experiments.

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) can be used to model ischemic retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and to serve as a model for proof-of-concept studies in evaluating antiangiogenic drugs for neovascular diseases. OIR induces robust and reproducible neovascularization in the retina that can be quantified.

Modello di retinopatia indotta dall'ossigeno per le malattie retiniche ischemiche nei roditori

One of the commonly used models for ischemic retinopathies is the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Here we describe detailed protocols for the OIR ...

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. To investigate pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia, relevant experimental models need to be developed. Anatomically, a main retinal blood supplying vessel is the ophthalmic artery (OpA) and OpA originates from the internal carotid artery of the common carotid artery (CCA). Thus, disruption of CCA could effectively cause retinal ischemia. Here, we established a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tBCCAO) to tie the right CCA with 6-0 silk sutures and to occlude the left CCA transiently for 2 seconds via a clamp, and showed that tBCCAO could induce acute retinal ischemia leading to retinal dysfunction. The current method reduces reliance on surgical instruments by only using surgical needles and a clamp, shortens occlusion time to minimize unexpected animal death, which is often seen in mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and maintains reproducibility of common retinal ischemic findings. The model can be utilized to investigate the pathophysiology of ischemic retinopathies in mice and further can be used for in vivo drug screening.

Here, we describe a mouse model of retinal ischemia by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion using simple sutures and a clamp. This model can be useful for understanding the pathological mechanisms of retinal ischemia caused by cardiovascular abnormalities.

Un modello murino di lesione retinica ischemica indotta dall'occlusione dell'arteria carotide comune transiente

Diverse vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of retinal veins or arteries and ocular ischemic syndrome can lead to retinal ischemia. ...

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

One of the challenges in retina research is studying the cross-talk between different retinal cells such as retinal neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells. Isolating, culturing, and sustaining retinal neurons in vitro have technical and biological limitations. Culturing retinal explants may overcome these limitations and offer a unique ex vivo model to study the cross-talk between various retinal cells with well-controlled biochemical parameters and independent of the vascular system. Moreover, retinal explants are an effective screening tool for studying novel pharmacological interventions in various retinal vascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for retinal explants' isolation and culture for an extended period. The manuscript also presents some of the technical problems during this procedure that may affect the desired outcomes and reproducibility of the retinal explant culture. The immunostaining of the retinal vessels, glial cells, and neurons demonstrated intact retinal capillaries and neuroglial cells after 2 weeks from the beginning of the retinal explant culture. This establishes retinal explants as a reliable tool for studying changes in the retinal vasculature and neuroglial cells under conditions that mimic retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

This protocol presents and describes steps for the isolation, dissection, culturing, and staining of retinal explants obtained from an adult mouse. This method is beneficial as an ex vivo model for studying different retinal neurovascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.

Espianto retinico della retina del topo adulto come modello ex vivo per lo studio delle malattie neurovascolari retiniche

One of the challenges in retina research is studying the cross-talk between different retinal cells such as retinal neurons, glial cells, and vascular ...

Glutammato e ipossia come modello di stress per l'isolato perfuso vertebrati Retina

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video