Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Glen Slocum (Medical College of Wisconsin) e Colleen A. Lavin (Nikon Instruments, Inc.) per un&#39;eccellente assistenza tecnica con gli esperimenti di microscopia. Gregory Blass è riconosciuto per la correzione critica del manoscritto. Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta dal National Institutes of Health HL108880 concessione e American Diabetes Association concedere 1-15-BS-172 (AS), e il Ben J. Lipps Research Fellowship dalla Società Americana di Nefrologia (DVI).

Uso e benessere degli animali dovrebbero aderire alla guida NIH per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio seguendo protocolli esaminato e approvato dalla cura e l&#39;uso degli animali Comitato Istituzionale (IACUC). 1. Rene Flush <ol><li> Utilizzare da 8 a 12 settimane di età topo maschio (consigliato è un ceppo Sprague Dawley, ma altri ceppi di età e sesso diverso possono essere utilizzati con le opportune modifiche). </li><li> Anestetizzare l&#39;animale secondo la procedura consentita dal protocollo IACUC; monitorare profondità dell&#39;anestesia e controllare l&#39;animale. La descrizione dettagliata della chirurgia da eseguire in 1,3-1,8 possono essere trovati in Ilatovskaya et al 7. </li><li> Dopo anestesia corretta, posizionare l&#39;animale su un tavolo operatorio temperatura controllata, fare una incisione mediana dell&#39;addome (fino a 3 pollici di lunghezza), e scoprire la vena cava e l&#39;aorta. </li><li> Inserire legatura intorno ai celiaci e mesenterica superiore arterie e gli addominaliaorta sopra di quelli; non legare. </li><li> Blunt sezionare l&#39;aorta addominale al di sotto delle arterie renali, e mettere due legature attorno ad esso, ma non legare, quindi bloccare l&#39;aorta sopra le legature e legare il filo inferiore. </li><li> Cateterizzarla l&#39;aorta con un tubo di polietilene PE50 (collegato a una pompa a siringa riempita con PBS) sotto il morsetto e fissare il catetere con la seconda legatura; rimuovere il morsetto, accendere la pompa, e legare l&#39;aorta e le arterie mesenterica con celiaci. Fare rapidamente incisione nella vena renale per alleviare la pressione. </li><li> Infondere l&#39;aorta con PBS pre-raffreddata per 2 o 3 minuti ad una velocità di 6 ml / min. </li><li> Smettere di perfusione, accise e decapsulate 7 i reni, e metterli sul ghiaccio in soluzione PBS. Euthanize l&#39;animale secondo il protocollo approvato da IACUC. </li></ol> 2. Isolamento del Topo glomeruli <ol><li> Preparare 30 ml di soluzione fresca di 5% BSA in RPMI 1640. </li><li> Utilizzando una lama di rasoio e forbici,isolare la corteccia di entrambi i reni, e poi sminuzzare fino omogeneo. Questa procedura è stata descritta in precedenza 7. </li><li> Spingere il tessuto tritato durante la fase precedente al setaccio in acciaio inossidabile 100 mesh (pre-imbevuto di 5% di BSA soluzione / RPMI) con una spatola. Raccogliere il flusso continuo e dalla forza di gravità consentono il flusso continuo di passare attraverso un setaccio di 140 mesh. </li><li> Filtrare il flow-through raccolti dalle maglie 140 setaccio con un vaglio da 200 pre-impregnato, scartare il filtrato, e lavare la parte superiore del vaglio a 10 - 15 ml della soluzione di BSA / RPMI preparati a raccogliere i glomeruli che sedimenti il setaccio. </li><li> Mettere la soluzione BSA / RPMI contenente glomeruli su ghiaccio in una provetta da 15 ml e lasciare il sedimento glomeruli sul fondo del tubo fino a 20 min. Il concentrato glomeruli sul fondo del tubo sarà visto chiaramente. Rimuovere la soluzione in eccesso, lasciando circa 2 ml nel tubo. </li></ol> 3. monocanale patch-clamp Electrophysiology <ol><li> Preparare 5 x 5 mm frammenti di vetro di copertura da rivestimento con 70.000 MW - 150.000 poli-ʟ-lisina, e lasciare asciugare. Usare circa 30 ml di 0,01% sterile soluzione filtrata in acqua al vetro di copertura. </li><li> Riscaldare le soluzioni sperimentali RT e riempire la camera patch-clamp e pipetta. Per il monitoraggio canali TRPC, utilizzare una soluzione del bagno, in mm: 126 NaCl, 1 CaCl 2, 10 HEPES, 2 MgCl 2, 10 glucosio, pH 7.4; pipetta: 126 NaCl, 1,5 CaCl 2, 10 HEPES, 10 glucosio; pH 7.4. <ol><li> Aggiungere inibitori alla soluzione pipetta per bloccare l&#39;attività di canali endogeni, che non sono rilevanti per gli studi (consigliate sono: 100 micron niflumico o DIDS (per bloccare Ca 2+ -activated Cl - canali), TEA 10 mm (per inibire la grande-conduttanza Ca 2 + - K + dipendente canale), 10 nM iberiotoxin (per bloccare gli Ca 2 + K + canali -activated), 10 mM nicardipina (per bloccare tipo N Ca2+ canali)) direttamente prima dell&#39;esperimento patch-clamp. </li></ol></li><li> Mescolare delicatamente la soluzione contenente glomeruli, e quindi applicare circa 50 ml di al coperchio rivestito chip di vetro poli-ʟ-lisina. Lasciate che i glomeruli attribuiscono per circa 5 minuti. </li><li> Spostare i chip di vetro con glomeruli alla camera di patch-clamp pre-riempite con la soluzione del bagno; profumato camera ad una velocità di 3 ml / min per 1 min per assicurare la rimozione dei glomeruli separati. </li><li> Condurre un esperimento patch-clamp convenzionale in una modalità cella-attached 7. Con una pipetta di vetro (7 - 10 MW resistenza pipetta) formare una tenuta ad alta resistenza tra una pipetta e una membrana podocyte applicando aspirazione delicata (una pipetta collegata ad un podocyte sulla superficie del glomerulo isolato è mostrato in figura 2, sulla la sinistra). </li><li> Per le misure di cella-attached, passa-basso le correnti a 300 Hz da un filtro a otto poli Bessel. </li><li> Use isolata glomeruli in esperimenti di patch-clamp per un massimo di 4-6 ore. Mantenere la frazione magazzino glomeruli sul ghiaccio. </li></ol> 4. Raziometrico confocale misure di fluorescenza intracellulare concentrazione di calcio nelle podociti <ol><li> Mettere 500 ml di frazione glomeruli (descritto in 2.5) a 0,5 ml tubo conico e aggiungere coloranti calcio Fura Red, AM e Fluo-4, AM. Utilizzare 2mM e 1 mm concentrazioni di stock di Fura Red, AM e Fluo-4, AM, rispettivamente (conservare a -20 ° C, sciolto in DMSO) e l&#39;uso di 2,5 ml di ciascun colorante per 500 ml di frazione glomeruli. Immediatamente dopo l&#39;aggiunta dei coloranti coprire il tubo con un foglio di alluminio. </li><li> Porre le provette su un agitatore rotante per almeno 20 minuti fino a 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. Nota: Agenti farmacologici possono essere aggiunti durante questa fase. </li><li> Preparare vetrini, coprirli con poli-ʟ-lisina e permettere l&#39;asciugatura utilizzando set piatto riscaldato a 70 ° C. </li><li> Una volta che il carico di coloranti calcio è complete, applicare 100 ml di i glomeruli contenenti soluzione ai vetrini rivestiti di poli-ʟ-lisina e farli aderire alla superficie per circa 5 minuti. Montare i coprioggetti glomeruli-schiera in una camera di imaging, e profumato con la soluzione del bagno (contenente (in mM): 145 NaCl, KCl 4,5, 2 MgCl 2, 10 HEPES, pH 7,35) ad una velocità di 3 ml / min per rimuovere i glomeruli assegnata e le restanti coloranti. </li><li> Impostare il microscopio confocale a scansione laser ad una lunghezza d&#39;onda di eccitazione 488 nm e filtri di emissione (525/25 e 650/25 nm per Fluo-4 e Fura Red, rispettivamente). Impostare il software di imaging per una frequenza e risoluzione desiderata. </li><li> Trovate i glomeruli in campo chiaro e poi accendere il rilevamento del segnale di fluorescenza. Regolare l&#39;intensità del laser per ciascun colorante per evitare la saturazione del segnale. Scegliere il piano focale con podociti che sono direttamente collegati al vetro. Ciò minimizza l&#39;effetto causato dalla contrazione di un glomerulo in risposta a farmaciapplicazione. Doppio controllo che glomerulo di scelta è ben attaccato al vetro; </li><li> Avviare l&#39;imaging piano focale scelta (prendere 512 x 512 immagini con la frequenza impostata a 4 secondi per visualizzare Ca 2+ veloce cambiamenti transitori. Usare un 60X / NA 1.4 o simile lente dell&#39;obiettivo immagine ad alta risoluzione per), si applicano le droghe di interesse, e registrare la risposta. <ol><li> Selezionare un piano focale desiderata (il più vicino alla superficie del vetro come possibile, per assicurare l&#39;imaging di podociti sulla superficie del glomerulo). Controllare l&#39;intensità della fluorescenza sul Fluo4 canali FuraRed, e assicurarsi che il glomerulo si vede chiaramente in campo chiaro. </li><li> Inizia imaging. Prima dell&#39;applicazione di qualsiasi droga, record di almeno 1 min di riferimento di fluorescenza per assicurarsi che il segnale è stabile (non ci sono picchi improvvisi o dissolvenza del segnale). </li><li> Applicare farmaci desiderati con l&#39;aiuto di una micropipetta; fare attenzione e verificare che il farmaco è stato in grado di diffondere bene e raggiungere il glomerUlus. Mescolare delicatamente la soluzione del bagno, se necessario, controllare il piano focale selezionata e verificare che non si muoveva fuori fuoco a causa della domanda di droga. </li><li> Registrare i cambiamenti di intensità di fluorescenza per i segnali Fluo4 e FuraRed. Assicurarsi che la registrazione è abbastanza lungo, aspettando fino a quando il segnale raggiunge il livello di plateau o raggiunge un picco e poi ritorna al basale. Eseguire cambiamento soluzione o l&#39;aggiunta di altri farmaci se necessario. </li><li> Interrompere la registrazione, e salvare il file nel formato nativo del software. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Image Analysis per le Misure di calcio <ol><li> Eseguire l&#39;analisi delle immagini con il software ImageJ attrezzata con il plugin Utility ND che consente di importare le immagini nel formato ND2 nativo. </li><li> Importare la sequenza di immagini; assicurarsi di dividere i canali e utilizzare una modalità HyperStack scala di grigi. </li><li> Seguire la → Strumenti → ROI percorso Analizzare manager nel software ImageJ per openna un window manager ROI. Seleziona più regioni di interesse (podociti) utilizzando uno strumento di selezione ovale e il &quot;(t) Aggiungi&quot; funzione nel ROI Manager. Come l&#39;ultimo ROI, selezionare l&#39;area in background; salvare il ROI selezionate (More → Salva). </li><li> Evidenziare la finestra contenente il canale selezionato per le analisi. Utilizzare la More → funzione Multi Measure nella ROI Manager, selezionare la casella &quot;una riga per ogni slice&quot; nel dialogo che si apre, e quindi fare clic su OK. I risultati saranno mostrati nel formato che può essere impostato nella finestra dei risultati: entrare nei risultati opzione di menu → Set misurazioni, selezionare &quot;Mean valore di grigio&quot; e calcolare i valori di intensità dei pixel per ogni ROI, che verrà visualizzato nella finestra Risultati in colonne separate per ogni ROI. </li><li> Copiare i valori di intensità ROI misurati per ogni canale (Fluo-4 e Fura Red) nel comodo software di analisi dei dati; sottrazione di valori di intensità di fondo di ogni datun punto. </li><li> Per ogni punto di tempo calcolare il rapporto di intensità del Fluo-4 a canali Fura rossi. Trama scatter / linea point-tempo cambia di Ca 2+ transitoria per ogni ROI. Calcolare i valori medi / SE per glomeruli selezionati. Nota: colonna Ora deve essere impostato in base alla frequenza di imaging selezionato a 4.5. </li></ol> 6. intracellulari Calcoli calcio Concentrazione Uso Fluo-4 fluorescenza del segnale <ol><li> Prelevare un campione dei glomeruli ed eseguire il protocollo sperimentale fino al punto 4.7. Dopo la registrazione della fluorescenza di fondo aggiungere Ionomicina (concentrazione finale nella camera vasca dovrebbe essere 10 pM) per la soluzione del bagno, e aumento dell&#39;intensità di fluorescenza registrare. Una volta che l&#39;intensità raggiunge il suo massimo e il decadimento comincia, aggiungere MnCl 2 (concentrazione finale dovrebbe essere 5 mM) per estinguere la fluorescenza 8. </li><li> Analizzare i dati ottenuti in 6.1. Copiare il Fluo-4 valori di intensità di segnale ROI ottenuti secondoil protocollo descritto a 5,1-5,5 da software di analisi preferito. </li><li> Calcolare la concentrazione di calcio intracellulare (in nm) nella podocita corrispondente alla ROI utilizzando una formula: <img alt="Equazione 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52850/52850equation1.jpg" /> dove K d è una dissociazione predeterminato costante Fluo-4 (345 nM), F è l&#39;intensità alla prima rilevazione che si sta calcolando la concentrazione di calcio per (basale) e F min e F max sono i valori di intensità del punto di carico massimo calcio (dopo l&#39;applicazione ionomicina) e dopo quenching della fluorescenza (con MnCl 2), rispettivamente (vedere Figura 3). </li></ol>

<ol>
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L&#39;approccio qui descritto permette l&#39;analisi di movimentazione calcio dai podociti dei glomeruli roditori. Questa tecnica consente l&#39;applicazione di patch-clamp elettrofisiologia singolo canale e imaging di fluorescenza confocale raziometrico. Tuttavia, entrambi gli approcci possono essere utilizzati separatamente, per conto proprio. Il protocollo proposto ha diverse relativamente semplici passaggi, tra cui a livello 1) del rene; 2) l&#39;isolamento dei glomeruli da vagliatura differenziale; 3) l&#39;esecuzi...

I reni mantenere l&#39;equilibrio omeostatico per varie sostanze e regolare il volume di sangue in un modo che determina la pressione totale di sangue. Disturbi della filtrazione renale, riassorbimento o secrezione causare o accompagnare stati patologici, che vanno da iper- o ipotensione per terminare malattia renale allo stadio che alla fine richiede il trapianto di rene. L&#39;unità di filtrazione renale (glomerulo) consiste di tre strati - l&#39;endotelio capillare, membrana basale e uno strato cella singola di cellule epiteliali - podociti, che svolgono un ruolo importante nel mantenimento dell&#39;integrità e della funzione 1 fessura diaframma. Disfunzione nel filtro glomerulare permselective causa la perdita urinaria di macromolecole, come la proteinuria. Vari agenti possono influenzare la struttura dei podociti ei processi piede, che determinano l&#39;integrità della barriera di filtrazione glomerulare. I podociti sono coinvolti nel mantenimento della glomfunzione di filtrazione Eruli. È stato stabilito che la movimentazione calcio improprio dal podociti porta a danno cellulare e svolge un ruolo importante nella progressione di varie forme di nefropatie 2,3. Pertanto, lo sviluppo di un modello che permette di misurazione diretta dei cambiamenti concentrazione intracellulare di calcio sarà determinante per lo studio della funzione podocita. Isolati glomeruli erano già stati utilizzati in numerosi studi, tra cui la misurazione del coefficiente di riflessione albumina cambia 4 e la valutazione delle correnti cellulari integrali nelle cellule intere elettrofisiologiche misurazioni patch-clamp 5,6. Nel presente lavoro si descrive il protocollo che consente al ricercatore di misurare le variazioni della concentrazione di calcio intracellulare in risposta a richieste di agenti farmacologici, stimare i livelli basali di calcio all&#39;interno delle cellule, e valutare l&#39;attività canali del calcio individuale. Misure della concentrazione di calcio Ratometric e patch-clamp electrophysiology sono stati usati per determinare le variazioni della concentrazione intracellulare di calcio nell&#39;ambito dell&#39;attività podocita e il canale, rispettivamente.

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			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-090-753</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>Nikon confocal microscope (inverted)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon A1R</td>
			<td>&#160;Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm</td>
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			<td>Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
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			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
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			<td>Nikon</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
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			<td>Patch Clamp amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Axon Digidata&#174; System</td>
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			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
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			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
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			<td>Microforge</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MF-830</td>
			<td>Japan</td>
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			<td>Motorized Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Microvibration isolation table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>equipped with Faraday cage</td>
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			<td>Multichannel valve perfusion system</td>
			<td>AutoMake Scientific</td>
			<td>Valve Bank II</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>pClamp 10 . 2</td>
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			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200</td>
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			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270</td>
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			<td>50-871-318</td>
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			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400</td>
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single-channel analysis and calcium imaging in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.

Qui abbiamo affrontato il problema di misurare variazioni acute dei livelli di calcio nei podociti. La Figura 1 mostra una rappresentazione schematica del protocollo sperimentale progettata per eseguire alta risoluzione confocale a fluorescenza diretta di imaging e singole registrazioni attività del canale ionico in podociti del fresco isolati glomeruli roditori. In breve, dopo che il ratto è anestetizzato, i reni devono essere lavati con PBS per eliminarli del sangue. Poi, i reni vengono escissi e de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli at JoVE.com

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.

Monocanale Analisi e Imaging di calcio nei podociti del Freshly Isolato glomeruli

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells ...

single-channel-analysis-calcium-imaging-podocytes-freshly-isolated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.9K Views.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. 

Video: Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults 1. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via &beta; adrenergic receptor 2, 3. Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters 4-6. BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance 6-8. While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT 9-13, there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of &beta;-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol 14, 15, or the enhanced BAT activation by &beta;3 agonist BRL37344 16. The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

A method of functional imaging of mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) is described in which cold-stimulated uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in BAT is non-invasively assessed with a standardized micro-PET/CT protocol. This method is robust and sensitive to detect differences in BAT activities in mouse models.

Imaging funzionale del grasso bruno nei topi con FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

Valutazione del calcio Sparks in intatte fibre muscolari scheletriche

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

Quantificare singolo microvasi Permeabilità in Isolata Blood-perfusione Rat Lung Preparazione

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

Misurare il osmotica dell&#39;acqua Permeabilità Coefficiente (P<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;) Di celle sferiche: protoplasti impianto isolato come un esempio

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal fluid accumulation and extracellular matrix formation. Activity of ion channels and intracellular calcium signaling are key physiologic parameters which determine functions of tubular epithelium. We developed a method suitable for real-time observation of ion channels activity with patch-clamp technique and registration of intracellular Ca2+ level in epithelial monolayers freshly isolated from renal cysts. PCK rats, a genetic model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), were used here for ex vivo analysis of ion channels and calcium flux. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure designed to isolate cystic monolayers and non-dilated tubules from PCK or normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and monitor single channel activity and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. This method does not require enzymatic processing and allows analysis in a native setting of freshly isolated epithelial monolayer. Moreover, this technique is very sensitive to intracellular calcium changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements. Finally, isolated cystic epithelium can be further used for staining with antibodies or dyes, preparation of primary cultures and purification for various biochemical assays.

Ion channels expressed in renal tubular epithelium play a significant role in the pathology of polycystic kidney disease. Here we describe experimental protocols used to perform patch-clamp analysis and intracellular calcium level measurements in cystic epithelium freshly isolated from rodent kidneys.

Implementazione Patch Clamp e vivo microscopia a fluorescenza per il monitoraggio delle proprietà funzionali di recente isolato PKD Epithelium

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

Ad alta risoluzione Time-lapse imaging e analisi automatizzata dei microtubuli Dynamics in Living ombelicale umano cellule endoteliali Vena

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

La tecnica del rene perfusi mouse isolato

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

Analisi della funzione Beta-cellulare usando la formazione immagine del calcio cella singola risoluzione in Zebrafish isolotti

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the lumen of blood vessels and command changes in vascular diameter as needed to meet the metabolic demand of neurons. Primary endothelial-dependent signaling pathways of hyperpolarization of membrane potential (Vm) and nitric oxide typically operate in parallel to mediate vasodilation and thereby increase blood flow. Although integral to coordinating vasodilation over several millimeters of vascular length, components of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) have been historically difficult to measure. These components of EDH entail intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent activation of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels.
Here, we present a simplified illustration of the isolation of fresh endothelium from mouse cerebral arteries; simultaneous measurements of endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm using Fura-2 photometry and intracellular sharp electrodes, respectively; and a continuous superfusion of salt solutions and pharmacological agents under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 &#176;C). Posterior cerebral arteries from the Circle of Willis are removed free of the posterior communicating and the basilar arteries. Enzymatic digestion of cleaned posterior cerebral arterial segments and subsequent trituration facilitates removal of adventitia, perivascular nerves, and smooth muscle cells. Resulting posterior cerebral arterial endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; are then secured under a microscope and examined using a camera, photomultiplier tube, and one to two electrometers while under continuous superfusion. Collectively, this method can simultaneously measure changes in endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm in discrete cellular locations, in addition to the spreading of EDH through gap junctions up to millimeter distances along the intact endothelium. This method is expected to yield a high-throughput analysis of the cerebral endothelial functions underlying mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the normal and diseased brain.

Demonstrated here are protocols for (1) freshly isolating intact cerebral endothelial "tubes" and (2) simultaneous measurements of endothelial calcium and membrane potential during endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Further, these methods allow for pharmacological tuning of endothelial cell calcium and electrical signaling as individual or interactive experimental variables.

Misurazioni simultanee di calcio intracellulare e potenziale di membrana nell'endotelio cerebrale Mouse appena isolato ed intatto

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the ...