We gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Research Council Formas for generous financial support.

1. Gram-scala Sintesi di metile 6-oxo-3,4,6-triphenylhexanoate <ol><li> Lavaggio 1-etil-3-metil acetato imidazolio (EMIMAc) in un pallone a fondo rotondo su un evaporatore rotante a 10 mBar, 40 ° C per 1 ora. </li><li> Aggiungere 2,1 g di secco EMIMAc e 1,0 g di 1,3-difenil-2-propen-1-one per un Pallone da 100 ml a fondo tondo dotato di un agitatore magnetico. </li><li> Aggiungere 2.019 ml di metanolo e 2,3 g di cinnamaldeide al pallone. </li><li> A temperatura ambiente (22 ° C) sciogliere la miscela in 60 ml di diclorometano agitando per 1 min. </li><li> Successivamente aggiungere 0,37 ml di 1,8 diazabiciclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) alla miscela di agitazione (passo 1.4) e tappare il pallone a fondo tondo. </li><li> Mescolare con una ancoretta magnetica ad una velocità di 500 rpm a temperatura ambiente (22 ° C). </li><li> Controllare il completamento della reazione con 1 H NMR. 24 Cercare scomparsa del doppio legame del chalcone nell&#39;area 7,8 ppm. </li><li> Quando la reazione è raggiunto<html> completamento rimuovere le sostanze volatili in un evaporatore rotante a 10 mBar, 20 ° C per 15 min. </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di metanolo al residuo di sciogliere il EMIMAc mescolando con un bastoncino magnetico. </li><li> Rimuovere i solidi dalle pareti del pallone agitando violentemente con ancoretta magnetica ad una velocità di 750 rpm per 30 min. Se necessario, utilizzare una spatola per rimuovere residui solidi dalle pareti. </li><li> Filtrare la miscela su una fritta (dimensione dei pori 3). </li><li> Lavare con altri 20 ml di metanolo. Se si desidera il riciclaggio del EMIMAc evaporare il filtrato metanolica. (passo 2.1). </li><li> Sempre sul fritta, dividere delicatamente il panello di filtrazione (dal punto 1.11) in pezzi più piccoli con una spatola e trasferire i solidi tramite una tramoggia ad un pallone a fondo rotondo pre-pesato e asciugare i solidi sotto vuoto. </li><li> Pesare il pallone e calcolare il rendimento. </li><li> Analizzare il prodotto da 1 H NMR (punto 1.7). Confronta con spettri riportati. 24 </li></ol>title &quot;&gt; 2. Riciclaggio di EMIMAc <ol><li> Rimuovere le sostanze volatili dalla miscela metanolica (dal punto 1.12) sotto pressione ridotta di 10 mbar, a 40 ° C per 30 min. </li><li> Analizzare l&#39;olio risultante da 1H NMR e 13 C NMR per controllare che EMIMAc è presente. 24 </li><li> Utilizzare il EMIMAc riciclato a partire dal punto 1.2. </li></ol> 3. gelificazione <ol><li> Preparazione di una soluzione madre <ol><li> Aggiungere 200 mg di metil 6-oxo-3,4,6-triphenylhexanoate (il prodotto dal punto 1.15) e di una ancoretta magnetica di una fiala. Aggiungere 2,0 ml di diclorometano per sciogliere il chetoestere. Mescolare fino a quando tutto si è dissolto. </li></ol></li><li> Gelificazione <ol><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di eptano in un becher da 500 ml. Aggiungere 1,5 ml della soluzione madre al eptano. Mescolate rapidamente per garantire un&#39;adeguata miscelazione e lasciare riposare senza agitazione a temperatura ambiente finché non si verifica gelificazione. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Sulla base anti configurazione beta determinata mediante analisi ai raggi X di chetoestere 3 e l&#39;indagine meccanicistica proposto da Bode e collaboratori 30 il seguente percorso reazione viene suggerito (Figura 5). Deprotonazione dell&#39;IL genera specie NHC; NHC reagisce con l&#39;aldeide insaturo per formare il Breslow intermedio I. Il Breslow intermedio e il chalcone reagire in reazione di benzoino per formare diene II. Intermedio II subisce un riarrangiamento ossi-Cope via d...

<img alt="TOC 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53213/53213TOC.jpg" /> (Sopra) sintesi tricomponente di 1,6-chetoesteri: una nuova classe di gelators basso peso molecolare. I liquidi ionici (ILS) hanno elevata stabilità, bassa volatilità, non infiammabilità e hanno quindi reso attenzione come mezzo di reazione sicure e solventi ideali per il riciclaggio. 1-3 imidazoliums dialchil sono un certo tipo di liquidi ionici che, in presenza di una base , può essere deprotonato rendere un carbene N-eterociclico (NHC). 4 Nel campo dell&#39;organocatalisi, NHCs, operando sotto percorsi di reazione distinti, hanno trovato uso diffuso in un&#39;ampia gamma di reazioni generiche. 5-11 Nonostante questo, la connessione tra ILs e legame CC Forming NHC-catalisi è relativamente inesplorato. Tuttavia, NHCs derivato da ILs sono stati segnalati per catalizzare reazioni di formazione di legami CC, come la condensazione benzoino e la reazione Stetter. 12-22 Ad esempio, Davis et al. Hanno dimostrato che ILs derivati ​​da thiazoliums N-alchil servono come precatalysts nel formazione di benzoino dal benzaldeide. 12 Più di recente, Chen e colleghi di lavoro ampliato questo concetto con un imidazolio basato IL, 1-etil-3-metil imidazolio acetato (EMIMAc), per eseguire la condensa benzoino, il 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (HMF) per generare 5,5 &#39;-di (idrossimetil) Furoin (DHMF). 23 Dato che ILs sono disponibili in commercio e offrono un modo economico di generare NHCs, siamo stati interessati a indagare quello che altri tipi di reazioni ILs potrebbe svolgere. A tal fine, abbiamo scoperto che dialchilici imidazoliums potrebbero efficacemente essere utilizzati come precatalysts nel coniugato additi formalesu aldeidi insature a calconi (figura 1) dà 1,6-chetoesteri. Il più efficiente IL, EMIMAc, promuove una forte reazione stereoselettiva tra cinnamaldeide e calcone. La reazione avviene con alta preferenza per l&#39;anti -diastereomer e gli 1,6-chetoesteri può essere isolato con rese fino al 92%. 24,25,26 <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53213/53213fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1: IL-mediata tricomponente, addizione stereoselettiva di cinnamaldeide a calconi.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>51053-100G-F</td>
			<td>Produced by BASF &#8805;90%, dried on a rotary evaporated before use (10 mBar, 40 &#176;C, 1h) 
			CAS NUMBER: 143314-17-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>11970-100G</td>
			<td>98.0% 
			CAS NUMBER: 94-41-7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trans-cinnamaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>C80687-25G</td>
			<td>99%, stored under nitrogen prior to use 
			CAS NUMBER: 14371-10-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,8-Diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>139009-25G</td>
			<td>98% 
			CAS NUMBER: 6674-22-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>32213N-2.5L</td>
			<td>puriss. P.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur. &#8805;99.8% (GC) 
			CAS NUMBER: 67-56-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fischer Chemical</td>
			<td>D/1852/17X</td>
			<td>Analytic reagent grade, stabilized with amylene 
			CAS NUMBER:9/2/1975</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Heptane</td>
			<td>Fischer Chemical</td>
			<td>H/0160/17X</td>
			<td>Analytic reagent grade 
			CAS NUMBER: 142-82-5</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

highly stereoselective synthesis of 1,6-ketoesters mediated by ionic liquids: a three-component reaction enabling rapid access to a new class of low molecular weight gelators

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form catalytically active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). Here we have used ILs as precatalysts in the addition of &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated aldehydes to chalcones to form 1,6-ketoesters, incorporating an anti-diphenyl moiety in a highly stereoselective fashion. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and several functional groups and heteroaromatics can be integrated into the ketoester backbone in generally good yields with maintained stereoselectivity. The reaction protocol is robust and scalable. The starting materials are inexpensive and the products can be obtained after simple filtration, avoiding solvent-demanding chromatography. Furthermore, the IL can be recycled up to 5 times without any loss of reactivity. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoester end product is a potent gelator in several hydrocarbon based solvents. The method enables rapid access to and evaluation of a new class of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) from recyclable and inexpensive starting materials.

Come esemplificato sopra, EMIMAc servire come precatalyst nel coniugato aggiunta formale α, β-insaturo aldeidi a calconi. Altri commercialmente disponibili imidazolio ILs base come il cloruro di 1-etil-3-methylimidazolium (EMIMCl) e cloruro di 1-butil-3-methylimidazolium (BMIMCl) sono stati esaminati, tuttavia, queste reazioni sono svolte in rese inferiori che indicano che l&#39;anione acetato può essere importante per la reattività (Tabella 1, ingresso 1-3). 27,28 * ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Ionic liquids (ILs) mediate fast, simple and cheap access to 1,6-ketoesters in high diastereoselectivities and good yields. The reaction protocol is robust and the 1,6-ketoesters can be obtained in gram scale after a simple filtration protocol. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters are potent gelators in hydrocarbon solvents.

Sintesi altamente stereoselettiva di 1,6-chetoesteri Mediata da liquidi ionici: una reazione a tre componenti Abilitazione accesso rapido a una nuova classe di basso peso molecolare Gelators

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form ...

highly-stereoselective-synthesis-16-ketoesters-mediated-ionic-liquids

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.6K Views.  Chalmers University of Technology. Ionic liquids (ILs) mediate fast, simple and cheap access to 1,6-ketoesters in high diastereoselectivities and good yields. The reaction protocol is robust and the 1,6-ketoesters can be obtained in gram scale after a simple filtration protocol. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters are potent gelators in hydrocarbon solvents. 

Video: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of molecular iodine to samarium metal in THF.1,2-3 It is a mild and selective single electron reductant and its versatility is a result of its ability to initiate a wide range of reductions including C-C bond-forming and cascade or sequential reactions. SmI2 can reduce a variety of functional groups including sulfoxides and sulfones, phosphine oxides, epoxides, alkyl and aryl halides, carbonyls, and conjugated double bonds.2-12 One of the fascinating features of SmI-2-mediated reactions is the ability to manipulate the outcome of reactions through the selective use of cosolvents or additives. In most instances, additives are essential in controlling the rate of reduction and the chemo- or stereoselectivity of reactions.13-14 Additives commonly utilized to fine tune the reactivity of SmI2 can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases (HMPA, other electron-donor ligands, chelating ethers, etc.), (2) proton sources (alcohols, water etc.), and (3) inorganic additives (Ni(acac)2, FeCl3, etc).3
Understanding the mechanism of SmI2 reactions and the role of the additives enables utilization of the full potential of the reagent in organic synthesis. The Sm-Barbier reaction is chosen to illustrate the synthetic importance and mechanistic role of two common additives: HMPA and Ni(II) in this reaction. The Sm-Barbier reaction is similar to the traditional Grignard reaction with the only difference being that the alkyl halide, carbonyl, and Sm reductant are mixed simultaneously in one pot.1,15 Examples of Sm-mediated Barbier reactions with a range of coupling partners have been reported,1,3,7,10,12 and have been utilized in key steps of the synthesis of large natural products.16,17 Previous studies on the effect of additives on SmI2 reactions have shown that HMPA enhances the reduction potential of SmI2 by coordinating to the samarium metal center, producing a more powerful,13-14,18 sterically encumbered reductant19-21 and in some cases playing an integral role in post electron-transfer steps facilitating subsequent bond-forming events.22 In the Sm-Barbier reaction, HMPA has been shown to additionally activate the alkyl halide by forming a complex in a pre-equilibrium step.23
Ni(II) salts are a catalytic additive used frequently in Sm-mediated transformations.24-27 Though critical for success, the mechanistic role of Ni(II) was not known in these reactions. Recently it has been shown that SmI2 reduces Ni(II) to Ni(0), and the reaction is then carried out through organometallic Ni(0) chemistry.28
These mechanistic studies highlight that although the same Barbier product is obtained, the use of different additives in the SmI2 reaction drastically alters the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. The protocol for running these SmI2-initiated reactions is described.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI2) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)2 in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

Preparazione ed uso di samario diioduro (SMI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) Nella sintesi organica: il ruolo meccanicistico di HMPA e Ni (II) sali nella reazione Samario Barbier

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

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Chimica

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the material with Au(III) ions. The synthesis method was derived from a sol-gel process used to produce micron-sized monosodium titanate (MST), with several key modifications, including altering reagent concentrations, omitting a particle seed step, and introducing a non-ionic surfactant to facilitate control of particle formation and growth. The resultant nMST material exhibits spherical-shaped particle morphology with a monodisperse distribution of particle diameters in the range from 100 to 150&#160;nm. The nMST material was found to have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 285 m2g-1, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the micron-sized MST. The isoelectric point of the nMST measured 3.34 pH units, which is a pH unit lower than that measured for the micron-size MST. The nMST material was found to serve as an effective ion exchanger under weakly acidic conditions for the preparation of an Au(III)-exchange nanotitanate. In addition, the formation of the corresponding peroxotitanate was demonstrated by reaction of the nMST with hydrogen peroxide.

The surfactant mediated sol-gel synthesis of nanosized monosodium titanate is described, along with preparation of the corresponding peroxide modified material. An ion-exchange reaction with Au(III) is also presented.

Sintesi e Reazione chimica della nanosize monosodico titanato

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

Sintesi ed esfoliazione della discotici zirconio Fosfati di ottenere cristalli liquidi colloidale

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

Sintesi di programmabile principale catena Elastomeri liquido-cristallini Utilizzando una a due stadi Thiol-acrilato di reazione

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

Sintesi di Cd-libera InP / ZnS Quantum Dots adatto per applicazioni biomediche

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Sintesi facile di micelle vermiforme dalla luce visibile mediata polimerizzazione in dispersione Utilizzando Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

Sintesi controllata e fluorescenza di monitoraggio altamente uniforme Poli (<em&gt; N</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide) microgel

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). Taking advantages of the high specificity of XB for haloperfluorocarbons and the ability of anions to act as XB-acceptors, we obtained supramolecular complexes based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodides and iodoperfluorocarbons, overcoming the well-known immiscibility between hydrocarbons (HCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The high directionality of the XB combined with the fluorophobic effect, allowed us to obtain enantiotropic liquid crystals where a rigid, non-aromatic, XB supramolecular anion acts as mesogenic core.
X-ray structure analysis of the complex between 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and iodoperfluorooctane showed the presence of a layered structure, which is a manifestation of the well-known tendency to segregation of perfluoroalkyl chains. This is consistent with the observation of smectic mesophases. Moreover, all the reported complexes melt below 100 &#176;C, and most are mesomorphic even at room temperature, despite that the starting materials were non-mesomorphic in nature.
The supramolecular strategy reported here provides new design principles for mesogen design allowing a totally new class of functional materials.

A protocol for the synthesis of a new type of mesogens, based on the halogen-bonded supramolecular anion [CnF2n+1-I&#183;&#183;&#183;I&#183;&#183;&#183;I-CnF2n+1]&#8722;, is reported.

Dalle molecole ai materiali: nuovi cristalli liquidi ionici attraverso legame alogeno di ingegneria

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

Segnale Nanosonda rapido aumento di sintesi di nanoparticelle di oro In Situ

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, hereafter BT) is an established ferroelectric material first discovered in the 1940s and still widely used because of its well-balanced ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and dielectric constant. In addition, BT does not contain any toxic elements. Therefore, it is considered to be an eco-friendly material, which has attracted considerable interest as a replacement for lead zirconate titanate (PZT). However, bulk BT loses its ferroelectricity at approximately 130 &#176;C, thus, it cannot be used at high temperatures. Because of the growing demand for high-temperature ferroelectric materials, it is important to enhance the thermal stability of ferroelectricity in BT. In previous studies, strain originating from the lattice mismatch at hetero-interfaces has been used. However, the sample preparation in this approach requires complicated and expensive physical processes, which are undesirable for practical applications.
In this study, we propose a chemical synthesis of a porous material as an alternative means of introducing strain. We synthesized a porous BT thin film using a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles were used as an organic template. Through a series of studies, we clarified that the introduction of pores had a similar effect on distorting the BT crystal lattice, to that of a hetero-interface, leading to the enhancement and stabilization of ferroelectricity. Owing to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this fabrication process has considerable advantages over conventional methods.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) thin film by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method, in which self-assembled amphipathic surfactant micelles are used as an organic template.