Questo studio è stato sostenuto da Paesi Bassi Heart Foundation concessione 2000T038 (a DJ Duncker) concessione 2000T042 (D. Merkus), Commissione Europea FP7-HEALTH-2010 concessione MEDIA-261.409 (a DJ Duncker e D. Merkus), Paesi Bassi Iniziativa ricerca cardiovascolare: Heart Foundation olandese, la Federazione olandese per Università Centri medici, l&#39;Organizzazione olandese per la ricerca di salute e sviluppo e la Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences &#160; CVON- ARENA cvon 2011-11 (a DJ Duncker), cvon-FEDRA CVON2012-08 (D. Merkus) e cvon-RECONNECT cvon 2014-11 (a DJ Duncker e D. Merkus), Sophia Foundation (di D. de Wijs-Meijler, D. Merkus e IKM Reiss).

<ol>
	<li>Laughlin, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+circulation.">Peripheral circulation.</a> Compr Physiol. 2, 321-447 (2012).</li><li>Datta, D., Normandin, E., ZuWallack, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiopulmonary+exercise+testing+in+the+assessment+of+exertional+dyspnea.">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the assessment of exertional dyspnea.</a> Ann Thorac Med. 10, 77-86 (2015).</li><li>Vatner, S. F., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+control+mechanisms+in+the+conscious+state.">Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.</a> N Engl J Med. 293, 970-976 (1975).</li><li>Duncker, D. J., Bache, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+coronary+blood+flow+during+exercise.">Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise.</a> Physiol Rev. 88, 1009-1086 (2008).</li><li>Tune, J. D., Gorman, M. W., Feigl, E. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matching+coronary+blood+flow+to+myocardial+oxygen+consumption.">Matching coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption.</a> J Appl Physiol. 97 (1985), 404-415 (2004).</li><li>van den Heuvel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+microvascular+dysfunction+in+a+porcine+model+of+early+atherosclerosis+and+diabetes.">Coronary microvascular dysfunction in a porcine model of early atherosclerosis and diabetes.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 302, H85-H94 (2012).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+vasoconstrictor+influence+of+endothelin+in+exercising+swine+depends+critically+on+phosphodiesterase+5+activity.">Pulmonary vasoconstrictor influence of endothelin in exercising swine depends critically on phosphodiesterase 5 activity.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 306, L442-L452 (2014).</li><li>Pereda, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Swine+model+of+chronic+postcapillary+pulmonary+hypertension+with+right+ventricular+remodeling:+long-term+characterization+by+cardiac+catheterization,+magnetic+resonance,+and+pathology.">Swine model of chronic postcapillary pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular remodeling: long-term characterization by cardiac catheterization, magnetic resonance, and pathology.</a> J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 7, 494-506 (2014).</li><li>Mercier, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelin+A+receptor+blockade+improves+regression+of+flow-induced+pulmonary+vasculopathy+in+piglets.">Endothelin A receptor blockade improves regression of flow-induced pulmonary vasculopathy in piglets.</a> J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 140, 677-683 (2010).</li><li>Spinale, F. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+supraventricular+tachycardia+causes+ventricular+dysfunction+and+subendocardial+injury+in+swine.">Chronic supraventricular tachycardia causes ventricular dysfunction and subendocardial injury in swine.</a> Am J Physiol. 259, H218-H229 (1990).</li><li>Yarbrough, W. M., Spinale, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+animal+models+of+congestive+heart+failure:+a+critical+step+in+translating+basic+observations+into+clinical+applications.">Large animal models of congestive heart failure: a critical step in translating basic observations into clinical applications.</a> J Nucl Cardiol. 10, 77-86 (2003).</li><li>Duncker, D. J., Stubenitsky, R., Verdouw, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomic+control+of+vasomotion+in+the+porcine+coronary+circulation+during+treadmill+exercise:+evidence+for+feed-forward+beta-adrenergic+control.">Autonomic control of vasomotion in the porcine coronary circulation during treadmill exercise: evidence for feed-forward beta-adrenergic control.</a> Circ Res. 82, 1312-1322 (1998).</li><li>Stubenitsky, R., Verdouw, P. D., Duncker, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autonomic+control+of+cardiovascular+performance+and+whole+body+O2+delivery+and+utilization+in+swine+during+treadmill+exercise.">Autonomic control of cardiovascular performance and whole body O2 delivery and utilization in swine during treadmill exercise.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 39, 459-474 (1998).</li><li>Zhou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphodiesterase-5+activity+exerts+a+coronary+vasoconstrictor+influence+in+awake+swine+that+is+mediated+in+part+via+an+increase+in+endothelin+production.">Phosphodiesterase-5 activity exerts a coronary vasoconstrictor influence in awake swine that is mediated in part via an increase in endothelin production.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 306, H918-H927 (2014).</li><li>Gross, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research. , (2009).</li><li>Merkus, D., Duncker, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspectives:+Coronary+microvascular+dysfunction+in+post-infarct+remodelled+myocardium.">Perspectives: Coronary microvascular dysfunction in post-infarct remodelled myocardium.</a> Eur Heart J Suppl. 16, A74-A79 (2014).</li><li>de Beer, V. J., de Graaff, H. J., Hoekstra, M., Duncker, D. J., Merkus, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+control+of+pulmonary+vascular+tone+by+endothelin+and+angiotensin+II+in+exercising+swine+depends+on+gender.">Integrated control of pulmonary vascular tone by endothelin and angiotensin II in exercising swine depends on gender.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 298, H1976-H1985 (2010).</li><li>Lautt, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+or+conductance+for+expression+of+arterial+vascular+tone.">Resistance or conductance for expression of arterial vascular tone.</a> Microvasc Res. 37, 230-236 (1989).</li><li>Merkus, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphodiesterase+5+inhibition-induced+coronary+vasodilation+is+reduced+after+myocardial+infarction.">Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition-induced coronary vasodilation is reduced after myocardial infarction.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 304, H1370-H1381 (2013).</li><li>Heusch, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+paradox+of+alpha-adrenergic+coronary+vasoconstriction+revisited.">The paradox of alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction revisited.</a> J Mol Cell Card. 51, 16-23 (2011).</li><li>Merkus, D., Houweling, B., van den Meiracker, A. H., Boomsma, F., Duncker, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+endothelin+to+coronary+vasomotor+tone+is+abolished+after+myocardial+infarction.">Contribution of endothelin to coronary vasomotor tone is abolished after myocardial infarction.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 288, H871-H880 (2005).</li><li>Haitsma, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+impairment+of+myocardial+blood+flow+responses+to+exercise+in+the+remodeled+left+ventricle+early+after+myocardial+infarction,+despite+significant+hemodynamic+and+neurohumoral+alterations.">Minimal impairment of myocardial blood flow responses to exercise in the remodeled left ventricle early after myocardial infarction, despite significant hemodynamic and neurohumoral alterations.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 52, 417-428 (2001).</li><li>Bender, S. B., van Houwelingen, M. J., Merkus, D., Duncker, D. J., Laughlin, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+exercise-induced+enhancement+of+early-+and+late-systolic+retrograde+coronary+blood+flow.">Quantitative analysis of exercise-induced enhancement of early- and late-systolic retrograde coronary blood flow.</a> J Appl Physiol. 108 (3), 507-514 (2010).</li></ol>

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Il presente studio descrive l&#39;intervento chirurgico per la strumentazione cronica di suini, nonché il protocollo per l&#39;esercizio del suina strumentato su un tapis roulant motorizzato durante la misurazione emodinamica e prelievo di sangue per la misurazione del contenuto di ossigeno arterioso, venoso misto e sangue venoso coronarico. I passaggi critici all&#39;interno del protocollo Ci sono diversi passaggi critici all&#39;interno del protocollo che iniziano già durante la p...

Adeguata la funzione cardiopolmonare è essenziale per fornire al corpo ossigeno e sostanze nutritive, in particolare durante le condizioni di un aumento della domanda metabolica, come durante l&#39;esercizio 1. La risposta cardiopolmonare di esercizio è caratterizzato da una serie di adattamenti in funzione cardiaca, cioè., Un aumento della frequenza cardiaca, il volume contrattilità e ictus, e la funzione microvascolare, cioè, vasodilatazione nei letti vascolari forniscono muscoli esercitano così come nel polmonari vascolarizzazione, e vasocostrizione nei letti vascolari che alimentano il sistema gastrointestinale e muscoli inattivi 1. La capacità di esercizio alterata è un marchio di garanzia precoce di disfunzione cardiopolmonare, e test da sforzo cardiopolmonare è usato come un metodo efficace per delineare tra disfunzione cardiaca, disfunzione vascolare e / o disfunzione polmonare in pazienti con ridotta capacità di esercizio 2. All&#39;inizio disfunzione cardiopolmonare è Difficult per diagnosticare, soprattutto nei modelli animali, come la funzione cardiopolmonare è spesso misurata invasivo, richiede anestesia, con molti agenti anestetici con proprietà cardiodepressive 3. strumentazione cronica consente la misurazione della funzione cardiopolmonare in stato di veglia, e quando gli animali sono completamente adeguati alle misurazioni condizioni di laboratorio può essere ottenuto in condizioni di riposo tranquillo, senza gli effetti dell&#39;anestesia e trauma chirurgico acuto. Inoltre, quando gli animali sono adeguatamente formati, le misure possono essere ottenuti anche durante tapis roulant classificato esercizio 4,5. Più in particolare, a sinistra e funzione ventricolare destra può essere valutato e legato alla perfusione miocardica, mentre regolazione del tono vasomotoria nel microcircolo coronarico, sistemica e polmonare può essere determinato. L&#39;uso di cateteri piene di liquido permette di misurare pressione, nonché il prelievo di campioni di sangue, senza imporre annunciolo stress dizionale sugli animali. Un altro vantaggio di studiare animali cronicamente strumentate è che test cardiopolmonare può essere ripetuto consentendo l&#39;uso di un animale come proprio controllo, sia durante lo sviluppo della malattia o durante il trattamento cronico, aumentando così potenza statistica e quindi limitando il numero di animali necessari per uno studio . Anatomia cardiopolmonare di suini simile a quella degli esseri umani ed è possibile indurre varie forme di malattie cardiopolmonari, come diabete 6, infarto miocardico 7, ipertensione polmonare 8,9 e stimolazione indotta insufficienza cardiaca 10,11. Inoltre, la dimensione di suini permette strumentazione cronica, e campionamento del sangue ripetuta di quantità sufficiente per analizzare non solo emogasanalisi, ma anche di effettuare misure neuroumorali e / o per la ricerca di marcatori di malattia. Questo protocollo descrive l&#39;intervento chirurgico utilizzato per cronicastrumento suina mente così come il protocollo per l&#39;esercizio del suina su un tapis roulant motorizzato.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1053">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">3-way stopcocks</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">16496</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Perfusor lines PVC (DEHP-free) 150cm/2.6ml&#160;</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">8722960</td>
			<td>Used for fluid filled catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#8220;python &#8220; silicontubing</td>
			<td>Rubber BV</td>
			<td>1757 ID 1mm, OD 2mm</td>
			<td>Used for fluid filled catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sodium Chloride 0.9%</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">TKF7124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Glucose 10%</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">WE0163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Suction device</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Slim-Line electrosurgical pencil with 2 buttons</td>
			<td>ERBE ELEKTROMEDIZIN GMBH</td>
			<td>20190-066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Servo Ventilator&#160;SV900C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Siemens-Elema AB&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laryngoscoop</td>
			<td>Vererinary Technics Int.</td>
			<td>11.02.47</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sterile surgical gloves</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">tie-on surgical mask</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">1818FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">surgical hat</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Klinidrape</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">621301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Procedure pack</td>
			<td>Molnlycke Health Care</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">97027809</td>
			<td>Surgical drape, gauze pads, syringes, beaker etc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Droptears</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Alcon</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">288-28282-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine scrub 75mg/ml Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Meda Pharma BV</td>
			<td>RVG08939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine solution 100mg/ml Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Meda Pharma BV</td>
			<td>RVG01331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Cuffed Endotracheal tube</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Emdamed</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>size depends on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Breathing filter Hyrdo therm 3HME</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Intersurgical</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">1560000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Laryngoscope Handle+ Miller blade size 4</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Kawe Germany</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Manual resuscitator- Combibag</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Weinmann</td>
			<td>6515-12-313-5596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Perivascular flow probe 3PS</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Transonic</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For coronary artery; Size 2.5-4 mm depending on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Confidence flow probe</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Transonic</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For aorta/pulmonary artery, 16-20 mm; size depends on animal size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Venflon-Venisystem 20Gx 32 mm</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">393224</td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Blunt Needle 18G</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Rubber BV</td>
			<td>2802 ID 0.8mm (1/32&#8217;&#8217;), OD 2.4mm (3/32&#8217;&#8217;)</td>
			<td>For coronary venous catheter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Suction Handle 17 cm 6 6/8 &#34; Coupland 18/8 martinit with tube connector</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>18-575-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Scalple blade&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle 13.5 cm 5 3/8 &#34; Stainless Steel solid</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>10-100-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vascular Forceps 20.2 cm 8 &#34; De Bakey Stainless Stee</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>24-388-20</td>
			<td>&#177; 14 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dressing Forceps 17 cm 6 6/8 &#34; Cushing Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>12-189-17</td>
			<td>&#177; 18 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">halsted-musquito straight 12.5cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3100-13</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">halsted-musquito curved 12.5cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3101-12</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting and Ligature Forceps 13 cm 5 1/8 &#34; Gemini Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>13-451-13</td>
			<td>&#177; 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting and Ligature Forceps 18.5 cm 7 2/8 &#34; Schnidt Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>13-363-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rib Retractor Finochietto, Baby Aluminium -</td>
			<td>KLS Martin Group</td>
			<td>24-162-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">suture forceps Mayo-Hegar 3mm 18cm - 7&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-6050-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metchenbaum blunt curved 14,5cm - 5(3/4)&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-1311-14M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retrector farabeuf 12cm - 4 (3/4)&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-4497-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Towel forceps schr&#228;del curved 9cm - 3,5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-3550-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">surgical scissors blunt 13cm - 5&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-1001-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gauzes Cutisoft 10 x 10 cm 4-ply</td>
			<td>BSN Medical</td>
			<td>45846-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Gauzes Cutisoft 5 x 5 cm 4-ply</td>
			<td>BSN Medical</td>
			<td>45844-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:496px;">Flowmeter -CM2 / SF2 - 2gas (O2 and Air)</td>
			<td>UNO BV</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">180000008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tec 7 Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Datex-Ohmeda</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Acederm wound spay</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Ecuphar NV</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Vaseline Album</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Bufa</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">165313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">silkam 3-0 Natural silk, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>F 1134043</td>
			<td>sutures for placement of catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">silkam 2-0 Natural silk, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>F 1134051</td>
			<td>sutures for muscular approximation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">dagrofil 3-0 Polyester, non-absorbable</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>C 0842478</td>
			<td>sutures for fluid fille catheters after tunneling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vicryl rapide 3-0, 1x45 cm FS2, V2930G</td>
			<td>Daxtrio medische producten</td>
			<td>15560</td>
			<td>sutures for electrical catheters after tunneling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Vitafil 6 USP</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">SMI</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">6080</td>
			<td>Ties</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>10 ml and 2.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Heparin LEO (heparin sodium)&#160;</td>
			<td>LEO Pharma A/S</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Zoletil</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td>tiletamine / zolazepam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Sedazine</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">AST farma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">108855</td>
			<td>xylazine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Temgesic</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">RB Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:179px;">5429</td>
			<td>buprenorphine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:496px;">Tensogrip</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">BSN Medical</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">71522-00</td>
			<td>elastic vest</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical placement of catheters for long-term cardiovascular exercise testing in swine

Questo protocollo descrive la procedura chirurgica per cronicamente suina strumento e la procedura di esercitare suina su un tapis roulant motorizzato. All&#39;inizio disfunzione cardiopolmonare è difficile da diagnosticare, soprattutto nei modelli animali, come la funzione cardiopolmonare è spesso misurata invasivo, richiede anestesia. Come molti agenti anestetici sono cardiodepressive, sottili cambiamenti nella funzione cardiovascolare possono essere mascherati. Al contrario, strumentazione cronica consente la misurazione della funzionalità cardiopolmonare nello stato di veglia, in modo che le misurazioni possono essere ottenuti in condizioni di riposo tranquillo, senza gli effetti di anestesia e trauma chirurgico acuto. Inoltre, quando gli animali siano adeguatamente formati, le misure possono essere ottenuti anche durante l&#39;esercizio tapis roulant graduale. Le sonde di flusso sono disposti intorno l&#39;aorta o arteria polmonare per la misurazione della gittata cardiaca e intorno discendente anteriore dell&#39;arteria coronaria per la misurazione della coronil flusso di sangue ario. cateteri piene di liquido vengono impiantati in aorta, arteria polmonare, atrio sinistro, ventricolo sinistro e ventricolo destro per la misurazione della pressione e il prelievo di sangue. Inoltre, a 20 G catetere è posizionato nella vena interventricolare anteriore per consentire coronarico prelievo di sangue venoso. Dopo una settimana di recupero, suina sono collocati su un tapis roulant motorizzato, i cateteri sono collegati a pressione e flussometri, e suini sono sottoposti a un protocollo progressivo esercizio cinque fasi, con ogni fase della durata di 3 min. segnali emodinamici vengono continuamente registrati e campioni di sangue sono presi durante l&#39;ultimo 30 secondi di ogni tappa esercizio. Il principale vantaggio di studiare animali cronicamente strumentate è che permette la valutazione seriale di funzione cardiopolmonare, non solo a riposo, ma anche durante stress fisico come l&#39;esercizio fisico. Inoltre, la funzione cardiopolmonare può essere valutata più volte durante la malattia lo sviluppo di unnd durante il trattamento cronico, aumentando così potenza statistica e quindi limitando il numero di animali necessari per uno studio.

Esercizio fino a 5 km / h determinato un raddoppio della portata cardiaca da 4,3 ± 0,3 fino a 8,5 ± 0,7 L / min che è stato principalmente realizzato da un aumento della frequenza cardiaca da 137 ± 7 di 256 ± 8 battiti per minuto in combinazione con un piccolo aumento della gittata da 32 ± 2 a 36 ± 3 ml (Figura 3). L&#39;aumento della gittata sistolica è stata facilitata da un aumento della contrattilità del ventricolo sinistro, come evidenziato da un aumento ma...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine at JoVE.com

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

Posizionamento chirurgico di cateteri per durata Esercizio cardiovascolare test in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

surgical-placement-catheters-for-long-term-cardiovascular-exercise

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.3K Views.  Erasmus MC. Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

Video: Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

Minimal procedura chirurgica invasiva di indurre infarto miocardico nei topi

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

To date, many pharmacological agents used to treat or prevent arrhythmias in open-heart cases create undesired systemic side effects. For example, antiarrhythmic drugs administered intravenously can produce drops in systemic pressure in the already compromised cardiac patient. While performing open-heart procedures, surgeons will often either create a small port or form a pericardial cradle to create suitable fields for operation. This access yields opportunities for target pharmacological delivery (antiarrhythmic or ischemic preconditioning agents) directly to the myocardial tissue without undesired side effects.
We have developed a swine model for testing pharmacological agents for target delivery within the pericardial fluid. While fully anesthetized, each animal was instrumented with a Swan-Ganz catheter as well as left and right ventricle pressure catheters, and pacing leads were placed in the right atrial appendage and the right ventricle. A medial sternotomy was then performed and a pericardial access cradle was created; a plunge pacing lead was placed in the left atrial appendage and a bipolar pacing lead was placed in the left ventricle. Utilizing a programmer and a cardiac mapping system, the refractory period of the atrioventricular node (AVN), atria and ventricles was determined. In addition, atrial fibrillation (AF) induction was produced utilizing a Grass stimulator and time in AF was observed. These measurements were performed prior to treatment, as well as 30 min&#160;and 60 min&#160;after pericardial treatment. Additional time points were added for selected studies. The heart was then cardiopleged and reanimated in a four chamber working mode. Pressure measurements and function were recorded for 1 hr after reanimation. This treatment strategy model allowed us to observe the effects of pharmacological agents that may decrease the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and/or ischemic damage, during and after open-heart surgery.

We have developed a swine model for the target delivery of pharmacological agents within the pericardial space/fluid. Using this approach, the relative benefits of administered agents on induced atrial fibrillation, relative refractory periods and/or ischemic protection can be investigated.

Testare l&#39;efficacia di agenti farmacologici in un pericardica target Delivery Model nel suina

To date, many pharmacological agents used to treat or prevent arrhythmias in open-heart cases create undesired systemic side effects. For example, ...

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. Indeed, research focusing on the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets using genetically altered mice requires a reliable, long-term assessment of the systemic arterial pressure variation. Currently, the gold standard for obtaining long-term measurements of blood pressure in ambulatory mice uses implantable radio-transmitters, which require&#160;artery cannulation. This technique eliminates the need for tethering, restraining, or anesthetizing the animals which introduce stress and artifacts during data sampling. However, arterial blood pressure monitoring in mice via catheterization can be rather challenging due to the small size of the arteries. Here we present a step-by-step guide to illustrate the crucial key passages for a successful subcutaneous implantation of radio-transmitters and carotid artery cannulation in mice. We also include examples of long-term blood pressure activity taken from freely moving mice after a period of post-surgery recovery. Following this procedure will allow reliable direct blood pressure recordings from multiple animals simultaneously.

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

Misurazione della pressione sanguigna a lungo termine in topi liberi di muoversi utilizzando la telemetria

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment methods. Here, we present such a model by tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, which can be produced by rapid cardiac pacing in swine.
A single pacing lead is introduced transvenously into fully anaesthetized healthy swine, to the apex of the right ventricle, and fixated. Its other end is then tunneled dorsally to the paravertebral region. There, it is connected to an in-house modified heart pacemaker unit that is then implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. 
After 4 - 8 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing at rates of 200 - 240 beats/min, physical examination revealed signs of severe heart failure - tachypnea, spontaneous sinus tachycardia, and fatigue. Echocardiography and X-ray showed dilation of all heart chambers, effusions, and severe systolic dysfunction. These findings correspond well to decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and are also preserved after the cessation of pacing.
This model of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy can be used for studying the pathophysiology of progressive chronic heart failure, especially hemodynamic changes caused by new treatment modalities like mechanical circulatory supports. This methodology is easy to perform and the results are robust and reproducible.

Here, we present a protocol to produce tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in swine. This model represents a potent way to study the hemodynamics of progressive chronic heart failure and the effects of applied treatment.

Cardiomiopatia tachicardia-indotta come un modello di insufficienza cardiaca cronica in maiali

A stable and reliable model of chronic heart failure is required for many experiments to understand hemodynamics or to test effects of new treatment ...

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the treatment of many hematopoietic diseases in humans, as their use offers stable transgene expression due to the vector&#39;s ability to integrate into the host genome. This method demonstrates the application of ex vivo gene therapy of hepatocytes to a large animal model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. This process consists of 1) isolation of primary hepatocytes from the autologous donor/recipient animal, 2) ex vivo gene delivery via hepatocyte transduction with a lentiviral vector, and 3) autologous transplant of corrected hepatocytes via portal vein injection. Success of the method generally relies upon efficient and sterile removal of the liver resection, careful handling of the excised specimen for isolation of viable hepatocytes sufficient for re-engrafting, high-percentage transduction of the isolated cells, and aseptic surgical procedures throughout to prevent infection. Technical failure at any of these steps will result in low yield of viable transduced hepatocytes for autologous transplant or infection of the donor/recipient animal. The pig model of human type 1 hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-1) chosen for this approach is uniquely amenable to such a method, as even a small percentage of engraftment of corrected cells will lead to repopulation of the liver with healthy cells based on a powerful selective advantage over native-diseased hepatocytes. Although this growth selection will not be true for all indications, this approach is a foundation for expansion into other indications and allows for manipulation of this environment to address additional diseases, both within the liver and beyond, while controlling for exposure to viral vector and opportunity for off-target toxicity and tumorigenicity.

Lentiviral Vector-mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocytes Ex Vivo for Autologous Transplantation in Swine

This protocol is intended to describe porcine hepatocyte isolation and ex vivo gene delivery to cure models of metabolic diseases via autologous cell transplantation. Although this particular model enjoys unique advantages that favor successful therapy, the application is a relevant foundation to address additional diseases and indications.

Lentivirali terapia genica mediata da vettore di epatociti Ex Vivo per trapianto autologo nei suini

Gene therapy is an ideal choice to cure many inborn errors of metabolism of the liver. Ex-vivo, lentiviral vectors have been used successfully in the ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

Lo svolgimento di prova per misurare le risposte fisiologiche e biologiche all'esercizio acuto negli esseri umani di esercizio submassimale e massima resistenza

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

Integrazione del monitoraggio della saturazione dei tessuti cerebrali nei test di esercizio cardiopolmonare in pazienti con insufficienza cardiaca

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...

Novel Percutaneous Approach for Deployment of 3D Printed Coronary Stenosis Implants in Swine Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally (3D) printed coronary implants can be employed to percutaneously create a focal coronary stenosis. However, reliable delivery of the implants can be difficult without the use of ancillary equipment. We describe the use of a mother-and-child coronary guide catheter for stabilization of the implant and for effective delivery of the 3D printed implant to any desired location along the length of the coronary vessel. The focal coronary narrowing was confirmed under coronary cineangiography and the functional significance of the coronary stenosis was assessed using gadolinium-enhanced first-pass cardiac perfusion MRI. We showed that reliable delivery of 3D printed coronary implants in swine models (n = 11) of ischemic heart disease can be achieved through repurposing mother-and-child coronary guide catheters. Our technique simplifies the percutaneous delivery of coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of focal coronary artery stenosis and can be performed expeditiously, with a low procedural failure rate.

We describe a novel, cost-effective, and efficient technique for percutaneous delivery of three-dimensionally printed coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of ischemic heart disease. The implants were fixed in place using a mother-and-child extension catheter with high success rate.

Nuovo approccio percutaneo per la distribuzione di impianti coronarici stampati in 3D in modelli suini di malattie cardiache ischemiche

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

Analisi delle registrazioni elettrocardiografiche a lungo termine per rilevare le aritmie nei topi

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

Posizionamento chirurgico di cateteri per durata Esercizio cardiovascolare test in Swine

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