Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni dal Consiglio messicano per la Scienza e la Tecnologia (Conacyt, 207.268 e 233.395 a Michael Schnoor). KFCO è un destinatario di una borsa di studio Conacyt (396.260) per ottenere una laurea magistrale.

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+everyone+with+inflammatory+bowel+disease+need+to+be+treated+with+combination+therapy.">Does everyone with inflammatory bowel disease need to be treated with combination therapy.</a> Curr Opin Gastroenterol. , (2016).</li><li>Nanau, R. M., Neuman, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+and+probiotic+supplementation+in+colitis+models.">Nutritional and probiotic supplementation in colitis models.</a> Dig Dis Sci. 57, 2786-2810 (2012).</li><li>Yamamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrition+and+diet+in+inflammatory+bowel+disease.">Nutrition and diet in inflammatory bowel disease.</a> Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 29, 216-221 (2013).</li><li>Vargas Robles, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Colitis+Is+Attenuated+by+Cardioprotective+Diet+Supplementation+That+Reduces+Oxidative+Stress,+Inflammation,+and+Mucosal+Damage.">Experimental Colitis Is Attenuated by Cardioprotective Diet Supplementation That Reduces Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mucosal Damage.</a> Ox Med Cell Longev. , 8473242 (2016).</li><li>Vargas-Robles, H., Rios, A., Arellano-Mendoza, M., Escalante, B. A., Schnoor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidative+diet+supplementation+reverses+high-fat+diet-induced+increases+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors+in+mice.">Antioxidative diet supplementation reverses high-fat diet-induced increases of cardiovascular risk factors in mice.</a> Ox Med Cell Longev. 2015, 467471 (2015).</li><li>Perse, M., Cerar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sodium+sulphate+colitis+mouse+model:+traps+and+tricks.">Dextran sodium sulphate colitis mouse model: traps and tricks.</a> J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012, 718617 (2012).</li><li>Chassaing, B., Aitken, J. D., Malleshappa, M., Vijay-Kumar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sulfate+sodium+(DSS)-induced+colitis+in+mice.">Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.</a> Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104, 25 (2014).</li><li>Laroui, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sodium+sulfate+(DSS)+induces+colitis+in+mice+by+forming+nano-lipocomplexes+with+medium-chain-length+fatty+acids+in+the+colon.">Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces colitis in mice by forming nano-lipocomplexes with medium-chain-length fatty acids in the colon.</a> PLoS One. 7, 32084 (2009).</li><li>Mennigen, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probiotic+mixture+VSL#3+protects+the+epithelial+barrier+by+maintaining+tight+junction+protein+expression+and+preventing+apoptosis+in+a+murine+model+of+colitis.">Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 296, 1140-1149 (2009).</li><li>Park, C. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+dietary+fat+on+intestinal+microbes,+inflammation,+barrier+function+and+metabolic+outcomes.">Influence of dietary fat on intestinal microbes, inflammation, barrier function and metabolic outcomes.</a> J Nutr Biochem. , (2013).</li><li>Bruewer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-gamma+induces+internalization+of+epithelial+tight+junction+proteins+via+a+macropinocytosis-like+process.">Interferon-gamma induces internalization of epithelial tight junction proteins via a macropinocytosis-like process.</a> FASEB J. 19, 923-933 (2005).</li><li>Fournier, B. M., Parkos, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+neutrophils+during+intestinal+inflammation.">The role of neutrophils during intestinal inflammation.</a> Muc Immunol. 5, 354-366 (2012).</li><li>Yan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+and+spatial+analysis+of+clinical+and+molecular+parameters+in+dextran+sodium+sulfate+induced+colitis.">Temporal and spatial analysis of clinical and molecular parameters in dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis.</a> PLoS One. 4, 6073 (2009).</li><li>Maxwell, J. R., Viney, J. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+induced+mouse+models+of+intestinal+inflammation.">Chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation.</a> Nat Prot. 2, 541-546 (2007).</li><li>Naydenov, N. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonmuscle+Myosin+IIA+Regulates+Intestinal+Epithelial+Barrier+in+vivo+and+Plays+a+Protective+Role+During+Experimental+Colitis.">Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in vivo and Plays a Protective Role During Experimental Colitis.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 24161 (2016).</li><li>Sumagin, R., Robin, A. Z., Nusrat, A., Parkos, C. 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Per poter utilizzare integratori alimentari negli studi clinici, i benefici e la sicurezza di tali supplementi devono essere attentamente valutati in vivo negli studi sugli animali. Nel caso di colite, diversi modelli animali appropriati che ricordano i segni clinici di IBD sono state stabilite, compresi i modelli chimici utilizzando DSS, TNBS, o acido acetico; modelli (KO), come IL10-KO out knock-; e la colite immuno-mediata dalle cellule utilizzando il trasferimento adottivo di cellule T 19-21. Il ...

La colite è una condizione infiammatoria del colon che può causare diarrea e dolore addominale. Colite può essere acuta, in risposta a infezione o allo stress, o può svilupparsi come una malattia cronica, come nella colite ulcerosa (UC), che appartiene al gruppo di malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD). Anche se i segni clinici di UC sono stati ben descritti, la patogenesi è ancora poco conosciuta 1. E &#39;accettato tra gli esperti che UC è una malattia multifattoriale, con mutazioni genetiche e le risposte immunitarie aberranti che giocano un ruolo importante 2. Tuttavia, i fattori ambientali, come ad esempio lo stile di vita e l&#39;alimentazione, contribuiscono allo sviluppo della malattia e la progressione 3. Purtroppo, IBD non è curabile, ma ci sono molte opzioni di trattamento che hanno lo scopo di alleviare i sintomi clinici. Gli attuali trattamenti comprendono farmaci anti-infiammatori, come la sulfasalazina e corticosteroidi; immunosoppressori, come azathioPrine; anticorpi monoclonali che catturano pro-infiammatori citochine, come il fattore di necrosi tumorale-α (TNF-α), o molecole di adesione a blocchi, come integrine, per ridurre un eccessivo reclutamento dei leucociti; e inibitori che hanno come target le chinasi che attivano percorsi pro-infiammatorie, come Janus chinasi (JAK) 4. Non tutti i pazienti rispondono a tutti i trattamenti, in modo da strategie terapeutiche devono essere personalizzati 5. Inoltre, la maggior parte di questi farmaci terapeutici interferire con il metabolismo e risposte immunitarie, causando spesso gravi effetti collaterali. Per questo motivo, le opzioni di trattamento alternativi sono stati indagati. Trattamenti alternativi includono probiotici e integratori alimentari, che sono state applicate in modelli animali e studi clinici con diversi livelli di successo 6,7. Abbiamo recentemente dimostrato che l&#39;applicazione di diversi supplementi nutrizionali singoli, quali vitamine antiossidanti o acidi grassi ω3-poli-insaturi (PUFAS), è inferiore alla applicazione di una combinazione di tali integratori per alleviare colite e sintomi della malattia cardiovascolare 8,9. Questi studi sono stati effettuati su topi, così studi clinici devono essere effettuate in esseri umani per determinare se questi risultati saranno applicabili anche agli esseri umani. Prima di studi clinici sono iniziati, l&#39;efficacia e la sicurezza di nuove opzioni di trattamento devono essere valutati in modelli animali. Per IBD, il modello destrano solfato di sodio (DSS) è stato ampiamente utilizzato per studiare i meccanismi di sviluppo della malattia e gli effetti benefici dei farmaci e integratori alimentari 6,10. Nella maggior parte degli studi, solo una malattia acuta per un periodo di sette giorni è indotti; tuttavia, i segni clinici osservati in questi animali sono molto simili a quelli osservati nei pazienti con malattia infiammatoria intestinale (ad esempio, diarrea con sangue, perdita di peso, disfunzione epiteliale, e l&#39;infiltrazione di cellule immunitarie) 10. DSS induce erosioni della mucosa,con conseguente disfunzione barriera e in un aumento della permeabilità epiteliale intestinale 11. L&#39;esatto meccanismo resta sconosciuto. Tuttavia, uno studio suggerisce che DSS interagisce con acidi a catena media lunghezza grassi per formare nano-lipocomplexes che sono in grado di entrare nelle cellule epiteliali e indurre segnalazione infiammatoria Percorsi di 12. In questo articolo, si descrive in dettaglio come colite è indotta e analizzato nei topi, come integratori alimentari sono applicate dalla sonda gastrica per garantire un dosaggio costante in ogni animale, e in che modo vengono esaminati gli effetti di tali supplementi su vari sintomi colite.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">0.3% of gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Bioxon</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">158</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">10% formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2106-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">96-well plate with flat bottom</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">3368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Absolute ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9000-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Absolute xylene</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9490-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">ABTS</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">ColoScreen</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Helena Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">5072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Corabion (Kindly provided by Merck, Naucalpan, Mexico)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9011-18-1</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">(M.W. 40,000-50,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Dihydroethidium</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">D11347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Eosin-Y&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">L087-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Evans blue</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">314-13-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Feeding&#160; needle</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Cadence Science Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass slide rack with handle</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">70312-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Slides</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Harris hematoxylin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H3136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hexadecyltrimethyammonium (HTAB)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H6269</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Histosette (Embedding cassette)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Simport</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">M498.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hydrochloric acid 1 M</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9535-62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H3410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PiSA Agropecuaria</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Liquid paraffin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Paraplast</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">39501-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Lithium carbonate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">68-12-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Plastic cubes</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">70181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Poly-L-Lysine Solution</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">25988-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Prism 5 statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">GraphPad Software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Prism 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Saline Solution 0.9% NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">CS PiSA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">W302600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Synthetic resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Poly Mont</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">7987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">11615-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tissue-tek. O.C.T Compound</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tuberculine Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">305945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">VECTASHIELD Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PiSA Agropecuaria</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing beneficial effects of nutritional supplements on intestinal epithelial barrier functions during experimental colitis

malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD), tra cui il morbo di Crohn e la colite ulcerosa, sono patologie croniche recidivanti dell&#39;intestino. Essi causano gravi problemi, come crampi addominali, diarrea con sangue, e perdita di peso, in individui affetti. Purtroppo, non vi è ancora alcuna cura, e trattamenti mirano solo per alleviare i sintomi. Gli attuali trattamenti comprendono farmaci anti-infiammatori e immunosoppressori che possono causare gravi effetti collaterali. Questo garantisce la ricerca di opzioni di trattamento alternativi, come integratori alimentari, che non causano effetti collaterali. Prima della loro applicazione negli studi clinici, questi composti devono essere rigorosamente testati per l&#39;efficacia e la sicurezza nei modelli animali. Un modello sperimentale affidabile è il modello di destrano solfato di sodio (DSS) la colite nei topi, che riproduce molti dei segni clinici della colite ulcerosa negli esseri umani. Recentemente abbiamo applicato questo modello per testare gli effetti benefici di un integratore alimentare contenentevitamine C ed E, L-arginina, e gli acidi grassi polinsaturi ω3-(PUFA). Abbiamo analizzato diversi parametri di malattia e abbiamo trovato che questo supplemento è stato in grado di migliorare la formazione di edema, danni ai tessuti, l&#39;infiltrazione dei leucociti, stress ossidativo, e la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie, che porta a un miglioramento complessivo dell&#39;indice di attività della malattia. In questo articolo, si spiega in dettaglio la corretta applicazione di supplementi nutrizionali che utilizzano il modello di colite DSS in topi C57BL / 6, e come parametri di malattie come l&#39;istologia, lo stress ossidativo e l&#39;infiammazione sono valutati. Analizzando gli effetti benefici dei diversi integratori alimentari può poi eventualmente aprire nuove strade per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche alternative che alleviano i sintomi IBD e / o che prolungano le fasi di remissione senza causare gravi effetti collaterali.

Dieta Supplementi possono proteggere dal DSS colite supplementi dietetici anti-infiammatorie e antiossidanti, come la vitamina C, vitamina E, l&#39;ossido nitrico (NO) -source L-arginina, e acidi grassi polinsaturi ω3-(ω3-PUFA), sono stati utilizzati con successo variabile in animali modelli per alleviare i segni di malattie infiammatorie 3,6,15. Malnutrizione, stress ossidativo, e la produzione di citochine pro-infi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis at JoVE.com

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

Gli attuali trattamenti di malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD) hanno lo scopo di alleviare i sintomi della malattia, ma possono causare gravi effetti collaterali. Così, strategie alternative sono allo studio in modelli animali colite. Qui, viene spiegato come gli effetti benefici della dieta completa sui segni clinici IBD sono analizzati in un tale modello di colite.

Analizzando Effetti benefici dei supplementi nutrizionali sulle funzioni intestinali epiteliali barriera durante Experimental Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause ...

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12.1K Views.  Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute.  Gli attuali trattamenti di malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (IBD) hanno lo scopo di alleviare i sintomi della malattia, ma possono causare gravi effetti collaterali. Così, strategie alternative sono allo studio in modelli animali colite. Qui, viene spiegato come gli effetti benefici della dieta completa sui segni clinici IBD sono analizzati in un tale modello di colite. 

Video: Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently host immune responses to microbial and environmental agents. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis allows one to study the pathogenesis of IBD associated environmental triggers such as stress and diet, the effects of potential therapies, and the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. In this paper, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the colonic mucosal inflammatory response to DNBS-induced colitis in rats. All rats were fed identical diets with the exception of different types of fatty acids [safflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO)] for three&#160;weeks prior to exposure to intrarectal DNBS. Control rats given intrarectal ethanol continued gaining weight over the 5 day study, whereas, DNBS-treated rats fed lipid diets all lost weight with FO and CO fed rats demonstrating significant weight loss by 48&#160;hr and rats fed SO by 72&#160;hr. Weight gain resumed after 72&#160;hr post DNBS, and by 5 days post DNBS, the FO group had a higher body weight than SO or CO groups. Colonic sections collected 5&#160;days post DNBS-treatment showed focal ulceration, crypt destruction, goblet cell depletion, and mucosal infiltration of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells that differed in severity among diet groups. The SO fed group showed the most severe damage followed by the CO, and FO fed groups that showed the mildest degree of tissue injury. Similarly, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activity was significantly higher in SO followed by CO fed rats, with FO fed rats having significantly lower MPO activity. These results demonstrate the use of DNBS-induced colitis, as outlined in this protocol, to determine the impact of diet in the pathogenesis of IBD.

DNBS/TNBS induced colitis offers an alternative and inexpensive method to study the pathobiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The protocol discussed in this paper outlines the successful application of DNBS to induce colitis in mice and rats and allows one to thoroughly study host-mediated intestinal responses.

DNBS / TNBS Colite Modelli: Fornire Insights Into malattia infiammatoria intestinale e gli effetti di grassi

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently ...

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Medicina

Long-Term Catheterization of the Intestinal Lymph Trunk and Collection of Lymph in Neonatal Pigs

Catheterization of the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs is a technique allowing for the long-term collection of large quantities of intestinal (central) efferent lymph. Importantly, the collection of central lymph from the intestine enables researchers to study both the mechanisms and lipid constitutes associated with lipid metabolism, intestinal inflammation and cancer metastasis, as well as cells involved in immune function and immunosurveillance. A ventral mid-line surgical approach permits excellent surgical exposure to the cranial abdomen and relatively easy access to the intestinal lymph trunk vessel that lies near the pancreas and the right ventral segment of the portal vein underneath the visceral aspect of the right liver lobe. The vessel is meticulously dissected and released from the surrounding fascia and then dilated with sutures allowing for insertion and subsequent securing of the catheter into the vessel. The catheter is exteriorized and approximately 1 L/24 hr of lymph is collected over a 7 day period. While this technique enables the collection of large quantities of central lymph over an extended period of time, the success depends on careful surgical dissection, tissue handling and close attention to proper surgical technique. This is particularly important with surgeries in young animals as the lymph vessels can easily tear, potentially leading to surgical and experimental failure. The video demonstrates an excellent surgical technique for the collection of intestinal lymph.

We present a surgical procedure to catheterize the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs to collect large quantities of lipid metabolism components from efferent lymph.

A lungo termine cateterizzazione della intestinale linfa Tronco e Raccolta della linfa in neonatali Pigs

Catheterization of the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs is a technique allowing for the long-term collection of large quantities of intestinal ...

A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in adults in industrially developed countries. RPE transplantation appears to be a promising therapy, as it may replace dysfunctional RPE, restore its function, and thereby vision.
Here we describe a method for transplanting a cultured RPE monolayer on a scaffold into the subretinal space (SRS) of rabbits. After vitrectomy xenotransplants were delivered into the SRS using a custom made shooter consisting of a 20-gauge metallic nozzle with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated plunger. The current technique evolved in over 150 rabbit surgeries over 6 years. Post-operative follow-up can be obtained using non-invasive and repetitive in vivo imaging such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) followed by perfusion-fixed histology.
The method has well-defined steps for easy learning and high success rate. Rabbits are considered a large eye animal model useful in preclinical studies for clinical translation. In this context rabbits are a cost-efficient and perhaps convenient alternative to other large eye animal models.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and cost-efficient.

Un passo per passo protocollo per la chirurgia sottoretinico in Conigli

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in ...

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a lesion in the Achilles tendon; prepare PRP and inject it (or the saline solution); remove the tendon; and perform biomechanical, molecular, and histological evaluations. At each step, all the procedures and methods are described in detail, so they can be reproduced easily.
Achilles tendons have been surgically sectioned (removal of a 5-mm long section). Afterwards, PRP or saline solution was injected to study whether PRP has a positive effect on the healing of the tendon. Three groups of 40 animals (a total of 120 rats were used in this study) were subdivided into 2 subgroups: PRP injection group and a saline injection control group. Rats were sacrificed at increasing time points (Group A: 5 days; Group B: 15 days; Group C: 30 days) and tendons were removed. 90 tendons underwent biomechanical testing before performing transcriptomic analysis and the 30 remaining tendons were submitted to histological analysis.

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma PRP on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This protocol describes the evaluation process of healing tendons in rats that have been injected with allogeneic platelet rich plasma (PRP) or saline solution after removing part of the Achilles tendon. The progress of tendon healing is evaluated at several time points using different types of analyses.

Gli effetti del trapianto Allogeneic Plasma ricco di piastrine (PRP) sul processo di guarigione dei tendini di Achilles sezionato dei ratti: una descrizione metodologica

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a ...

Ultrasonography in Experimental Reproductive Investigations on Rats

With the development of assisted reproductive technology and the ethical limitations of research on humans, rat animal models have been widely used in reproductive medicine. In the past, the study of reproductive system development in rodents has been based on one-time histological examination of excised tissues. Recently, with the development of high-resolution transabdominal ultrasound, high-quality sonography can now be performed to evaluate the reproductive organs of rats, allowing a new method for studying the reproductive system. Images were obtained using a high-resolution ultrasonographic system. Gynecological ultrasonography was performed on 28 eight-week-old non-pregnant rats and 5 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. We describe how to recognize organs of the reproductive system and associated structures in typical views during different phases of the estrus cycle. Color flow Doppler was used to measure uterine artery blood flow and evaluate uterine blood flow pattern changes during different stages of pregnancy. We have demonstrated that ultrasound exploration is a useful method for evaluating changes in internal reproductive organs. Its use raises the possibility of conducting additional experiments, including medical or surgical procedures, and provides the ability to monitor sonographic changes to internal organs without sacrificing animals.

This manuscript describes the utility of ultrasound performed on female rats to design experimental models for reproductive and gynecological investigation. A step-by-step explanation of how to perform ultrasonographic evaluation is shown.

Ecografia in indagini sperimentali riproduttive sui ratti

With the development of assisted reproductive technology and the ethical limitations of research on humans, rat animal models have been widely used in ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

Migliorato il metodo per la creazione di un In Vitro barriera emato - encefalica modello basato sulle cellule endoteliali Porcine cervello

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During In Vitro Wound Healing

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated experimental procedures, while potentially lacking in precision. In vitro culture of epithelial cell lines provides a suitable platform for researching the cell migratory behavior in wound healing and the impact of treatments on these cells. The physiology of epithelial cells is often studied in non-confluent conditions; however, this approach may not resemble natural wound healing conditions. Disrupting the epithelium integrity by mechanical means generates a realistic model, but may impede the application of molecular techniques. Consequently, microscopy based techniques are optimal for studying epithelial cell migration in vitro. Here we detail two specific methods, the artificial wound scratch assay and the artificial migration front assay, that can obtain quantitative and qualitative data, respectively, on the migratory performance of epithelial cells.

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During  In Vitro Wound Healing

This manuscript describes how incision-like lesions made on cultured epithelial cell monolayers conveniently model wound healing in vitro, allowing for imaging by confocal or laser scanning microscopy, and which can provide high-quality quantitative and qualitative data for studying both cell behavior and the mechanisms involved in migration.

La microscopia basato su metodi per la valutazione della migrazione delle cellule epiteliali durante In Vitro la guarigione arrotolata

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nonmammalian animal model that is widely used as an assay system due to its short lifespan, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and lack of animal ethics issues. In this study, a method was developed to investigate the effects of different bacteria and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the intestinal permeability of C. elegans with a high-throughput image analysis system. The worms were infected with different gut bacteria or cotreated with DIM for 48 h and fed with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran overnight. Then, the intestinal permeability was examined by comparing the fluorescence images and the fluorescence intensity inside the worm bodies. This method may also have the potential to identify probiotic and pathogenic intestinal bacteria that affect intestinal permeability in the animal model and is effective for examining the effects of harmful or health-promoting chemicals on intestinal permeability and intestinal health. However, this protocol also has some considerable limitations at the genetic level, especially for determining which genes are altered to control illness, because this method is mostly used for phenotypic determination. In addition, this method is limited to determining exactly which pathogenic substrates cause inflammation or increase the permeability of the worms' intestines during infection. Therefore, further in-depth studies, including investigation of the molecular genetic mechanism using mutant bacteria and nematodes as well as chemical component analysis of bacteria, are required to fully evaluate the function of bacteria and chemicals in determining intestinal permeability.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol describes how to measure intestinal permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans. This method is helpful for basic biological research on intestinal health related to the interaction between intestinal bacteria and their host and for screening to identify probiotic and chemical agents to cure leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Misurazione degli effetti di batteri e sostanze chimiche sulla permeabilità intestinale della caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

Investigating Intestinal Barrier Breakdown in Living Organoids

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was not possible in classical cell culture monolayers. Moreover, monolayer cell cultures are good in vitro model systems but do not represent the complex cellular differentiation processes and functions that rely on 3D structure. This has so far only been possible in animal experiments, which are laborious, time consuming, and hard to assess by optical techniques. Here we describe an assay to quantitatively determine the barrier integrity over time in living small intestinal mouse organoids. To validate our model, we applied interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;) as a positive control for barrier destruction and organoids derived from IFN-&#947; receptor 2 knock out mice as a negative control. The assay allowed us to determine the impact of IFN-&#947; on the intestinal barrier integrity and the IFN-&#947; induced degradation of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, -7, and -15. This assay could also be used to investigate the impact of chemical compounds, proteins, toxins, bacteria, or patient-derived probes on the intestinal barrier integrity.

Here we describe a technique to quantify the barrier integrity of small intestinal organoids. The fact that the method is based on living organoids enables the sequential investigation of different barrier integrity modulating substances or combinations thereof in a time-resolved manner.

Indagare la rottura della barriera intestinale negli organiidi viventi

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was ...

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Chorioamnionitis is a common precipitant of preterm birth and is associated with many of the morbidities of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, a mechanistic link between these two conditions remains yet to be discovered. We have adopted a murine model of chorioamnionitis involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI). This model of FEMI induces a sterile maternal, placental, and fetal inflammatory cascade, which is also present in many cases of clinical chorioamnionitis. Although models exist that utilize live bacteria and more accurately mimic the pathophysiology of an ascending infection resulting in chorioamnionitis, these methods may cause indirect effects on development of the immature intestinal tract and the associated developing microbiome. Using this protocol, we have demonstrated that LPS-induced FEMI results in a dose-dependent increase in pregnancy loss and preterm birth, as well as disruption of normal intestinal development in offspring. Further, we have demonstrated that FEMI significantly increases intestinal injury and serum cytokines in offspring, while simultaneously decreasing goblet and Paneth cells, both of which provide a first line of innate immunity against intestinal inflammation. Although a similar model of LPS-induced FEMI has been used to model the association between chorioamnionitis and subsequent abnormalities of the central nervous system, to our knowledge, this protocol is the first to attempt to elucidate a mechanistic link between chorioamnionitis and later perturbations in intestinal development as a potential link between chorioamnionitis and NEC.

We developed a model of chorioamnionitis to simulate fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI) without complications of live organisms to examine the effects of FEMI on development of the offspring&#8217;s intestinal tract. This allows for study of mechanistic causes for development of intestinal injury following chorioamnionitis.

Un modello murino di esposizione fetale all'infiammazione materna per studiare gli effetti della corioamionite acuta sullo sviluppo intestinale appena nato