M. S. P., D. G., D. V., and B. K. acknowledge support of the Biological and bioinspired structures for multispectral surveillance, funded by NATO SPS (NATO Science for Peace and Security) 2019-2022. B. K., D. V., B. B., D. G., and M. S. P. acknowledge funding provided bythe Institute of Physics Belgrade, through the institutional funding bythe Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of theRepublic of Serbia. Additionally, B. K. acknowledges support from F R S - FNRS. M. P. acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Contract number 451-03-9/2021-14/200026. S. R. M. was supported by a BEWARE Fellowship of the Walloon Region (Convention n&#176;2110034), as a postdoctoral researcher. T. V. acknowledges financial support from the Hercules Foundation. D.V., M.S.P., D.G., M.P., B.B., and B.K. acknowledge the support of the Office of Naval Research Global through the Research Grant N62902-22-1-2024.&#160;This study was conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree of Marina Simovi&#263; Pavlovi&#263; at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

1. Precharacterization
<ol>
	<li>Perform a full precharacterization of the sample.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform all experiments on dry specimens purchased from a commercial source. Store the samples in the laboratory, in a dry and dark place, at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Prior to holographic measurements, perform a complete sample characterization by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), linear optical spectroscopy, and nonlinear optical microscopy (NOM)10 (Figure...

<ol>
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V., Gruji&#263;, D. &. #. 3. 8. 1. ;., Vasiljevi&#263;, D. M. S. i. n. g. l. e. -. b. e. a. m. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dual-view+digital+holographic+interferometry+for+biomechanical+strain+measurements+of+biological+objects.">dual-view digital holographic interferometry for biomechanical strain measurements of biological objects.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 19 (12), 127005 (2014).</li><li>Gruji&#263;, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+camera+on+butterfly's+wing.">Infrared camera on butterfly's wing.</a> Optics Express. 26 (11), 14143-14158 (2018).</li><li>Mouchet, S. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+from+low+to+high+iodide+and+iodine+concentration+states+in+the+Briggs-Rauscher+reaction:+evidence+on+crazy+clock+behavior.">Transition from low to high iodide and iodine concentration states in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction: evidence on crazy clock behavior.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 122 (2), 482-491 (2018).</li><li>Pagnacco, M. C., Maksimovi&#263;, J. P., Jankovi&#263;, B. &. #. 3. 8. 1. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+transition+from+low+to+high+iodide+and+iodine+state+in+the+Briggs-Rauscher+oscillatory+reaction+containing+malonic+acid+using+Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami+(KJMA)+theory.">Analysis of transition from low to high iodide and iodine state in the Briggs-Rauscher oscillatory reaction containing malonic acid using Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (KJMA) theory.</a> Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysts. 123 (1), 61-80 (2018).</li><li>Mouchet, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unveiling+the+non-linear+optical+response+of+Trichtenotoma+childreni+longhorn+bestle.">Unveiling the non-linear optical response of Trichtenotoma childreni longhorn bestle.</a> Journal of Biophotonics. 12 (9), 201800470 (2019).</li><li>Shimobaba, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+wave+optics+library+for+C++:+CWO+++library.">Computational wave optics library for C++: CWO++ library.</a> Computer Physics Communications. 183 (5), 1124-1138 (2012).</li><li>Grujic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Application of digital holography for detection of infrared radiation on biophotonic structures. , (2022).</li><li>Muffoletto, R. P., Tyler, J. M., Tohline, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shifted+Fresnel+diffraction+for+computational+holography.">Shifted Fresnel diffraction for computational holography.</a> Optical Express. 15 (9), 5631-5640 (2007).</li><li>Pavlovi&#263;, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+safe:+Cellular+noise+for+document+security.">Naturally safe: Cellular noise for document security.</a> Journal of Biophotonics. 12 (12), 201900218 (2019).</li><li>Bray, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+periodic+reaction+inhomogeneous+solution+and+its+relation+to+catalysis.">A periodic reaction inhomogeneous solution and its relation to catalysis.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 43 (6), 1262-1267 (1921).</li><li>Nicolis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organization+in+nonequilibrium+systems.">Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems.</a> Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations. , 339-426 (1977).</li><li>Prigogine, I., Hiebert, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+being+to+becoming:+Time+and+complexity+in+the+physical+sciences.">From being to becoming: Time and complexity in the physical sciences.</a> Physics Today. 35 (1), 69 (1982).</li><li>Nikolova, L., Ramanujam, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Polarization Holography. , (2009).</li><li>Haisch, C., Kykal, C., Niessner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophoretic+velocimetry+for+the+characterization+of+aerosols.">Photophoretic velocimetry for the characterization of aerosols.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 80 (5), 1546-1551 (2008).</li><li>Kononenko, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+studies+on+photophoretic+effects+in+field-flow+fractionation+of+particles.">Feasibility studies on photophoretic effects in field-flow fractionation of particles.</a> Journal of Liquid Chromatography &amp; Related Technologies. 20 (16-17), 2907-2929 (1997).</li><li>Zhang, X., Bar-Ziv, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+approach+to+determine+thermal+conductivity+of+micron-sized+fuel+particles.">A novel approach to determine thermal conductivity of micron-sized fuel particles.</a> Combustion Science and Technology. 130 (1-6), 79-95 (1997).</li></ol>

In the presented biophotonic study, it is shown that a novel holographic method can be used to detect minimal morphological displacement or deformation caused by low-level thermal radiation.
The most critical step in holographic measurement with biological samples is the preparation step. The preparation of the sample (cutting/gluing to match the size of the holder) depends on the sample&#39;s mechanical properties, and it is not possible to have a standard protocol for this step.
<p class...

To fully understand and notice all the unique phenomena in the nanoworld, it is crucial to employ techniques that are capable of revealing all details regarding structures and dynamics at the nanoscale. On this account, the unique combination of linear and nonlinear methods, combined with the power of holography to reveal the system&#39;s dynamics at the nanoscale are presented.
The described holographic technique can be viewed as the triple rec method (rec is the abbreviation for recording), since at a given time the signal is simultaneously recorded by a photographic camera, a thermal camera, and an interferometer. Linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy and holography are well-known techniques, the fundamental principles of which are extensively described in the literature1,2.
To cut a long story short, holographic interferometry allows the comparison of wavefronts recorded at different moments in time to characterize the dynamics of the system. It was previously used to measure vibrational dynamics3,4. The power of holography as the simplest interferometry method is based on its ability to detect the smallest displacement within the system. First, we exploited holography to observe and reveal the photophoretic effect5 (i.e., the displacement of deformation of a nanostructure due to a light-induced thermal gradient), in different biological structures. For a true presentation of the method, representative samples were selected from a number of tested biological specimens6. Wings of the Queen of Spain fritillary butterfly, Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758; I. lathonia), were used in the framework of this study.
After having successfully demonstrated the occurrence of photophoresis at the nanoscale in biological tissues, a similar protocol was applied to monitor the spontaneous symmetry breaking process7 caused by a phase transition in an oscillatory chemical reaction. In this part, the phase transition from a low concentration of iodide and iodine (called state I) to a high concentration of iodide and iodine with solid iodine formation (defined as state II) that occurs in a chemically nonlinear BR reaction was studied8,9. Here, we reported for the first time a holographic approach that allows studying such a phase transition and spontaneous symmetry breaking dynamics at the nanoscale occurring in condensed systems.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Active Vibration Isolation, Four Optical Table Supports</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PTR502</td>
			<td>High Load Capacity: 2,500 kg, Height 600 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cuvette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Standard glass cuvette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holographic camera (optical camera for holography)</td>
			<td>Cannon</td>
			<td>EOS 50D</td>
			<td>Sensor Size 22.3 x 14.9 mm; Pixel pitch 4.69 &#181;m; Max. resolution 4752 x 3168; JPEG file format</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser</td>
			<td>Laser Quantum</td>
			<td>Torus 532 laser</td>
			<td>Wavelength 532 nm; Power 390 mW; Coherence length 10 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED lasers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malonic acid, C3H4O4</td>
			<td>Acr<img alt="Equation 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/63676/63676eq10.png" />s Organics (Geel, Belgium)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese sulphate,&#160; MnSO4</td>
			<td>Fluka (Buchs, Switzerlend)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonlinear optical microscope</td>
			<td>IPB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical accessories</td>
			<td>Thorlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical spectroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical table</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>TOP450II PTR52509</td>
			<td>dimensions 2000*1250*310 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perchloric acid, HClO4</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium iodate, KIO3</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Home-build software made by one of the authors: Dusan Grujic. This software was conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD deegree of D.G.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal camera</td>
			<td>Flir</td>
			<td>A65</td>
			<td>640x512 pixel; Thermal resolution 50 mK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>1v3</td>
			<td>18.4 Mpixel; 60 fps</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

uncovering hidden dynamics of natural photonic structures using holographic imaging

In this method, the potential of optics and holography to uncover hidden details of a natural system's dynamical response at the nanoscale is exploited. In the first part, the optical and holographic studies of natural photonic structures are presented as well as conditions for the appearance of the photophoretic effect, namely, the displacement or deformation of a nanostructure due to a light-induced thermal gradient, at the nanoscale. This effect is revealed by real-time digital holographic interferometry monitoring the deformation of scales covering the wings of insects induced by temperature. The link between geometry and nanocorrugation that leads to the emergence of the photophoretic effect is experimentally demonstrated and confirmed. In the second part, it is shown how holography can be potentially used to uncover hidden details in the chemical system with nonlinear dynamics, such as the phase transition phenomenon that occurs in complex oscillatory Briggs-Rauscher (BR) reaction. The presented potential of holography at the nanoscale could open enormous possibilities for controlling and molding the photophoretic effect and pattern formation for various applications such as particle trapping and levitation, including the movement of unburnt hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and separation of different aerosols, decomposition of microplastics and fractionation of particles in general, and assessment of temperature and thermal conductivity of micron-size fuel particles.

A photophoretic effect was induced and monitored in a first experiment on the wing of a Morpho menelaus butterfly5. The effect was initiated by the action of LED lasers of different wavelengths (450 nm, 532 nm, 660 nm, and 980 nm). Here, the wings from an I. lathonia butterfly14 were used. After the recording procedure, the hologram image was reconstructed.
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging at JoVE.com

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

The paper is primarily focused on the combined power of optical (linear and nonlinear) and holographic methods used to reveal phenomena at the nanoscale. The results obtained from the biophotonic and oscillatory chemical reactions' studies are given as representative examples, highlighting holography's ability to reveal dynamics at a nanoscale.

In this method, the potential of optics and holography to uncover hidden details of a natural system's dynamical response at the nanoscale is exploited. ...

This is the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that holographic technique was used to monitor photo for races in insect twins and face transition in non-equilibrium conditions. The advantage of this non-invasive technique lies in the fact, that it does not cause any significant disturbance to the system. This is of high importance, for instance, for non-equilibrium studies.Nonlinear optics and holography provide insight in complex organized structures that we encounter in all scientific disciplines. These are non-destructive techniques able to interrogate such structures on a submicron scale. Knowledge of wave and geometric optics is necessary to prepare the setup, while the analysis is based on the knowledge of physics, the experiment itself, it's simpler to perform.Since the presented experiments are perform incomplete darkness, the opportunity to follow visual signature has critical importance for the described study To begin, perform a complete sample characterization by scanning electron microscope, linear optical spectroscopy, and non-linear optical microscopy. After adjusting the room temperature, turn on the laser and check the alignment of the optical elements. Then, align the laser beam perfectly with the concave mirror.Afterward, check and adjust the position of the optical beam expander. Next, determine the beam part that impinges on the sample, and ensure that it forms a reflex beam. Check if the rest of the beam is collected on a spherical mirror to be used to generate the reference beam.And also, the detector is placed within the interference zone of the two specified beams. Set up an optical photographic camera for the holographic experiment. And another one to view visible changes in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction.Additionally, set a thermal camera with a thermal resolution of 50 milli Kelvins, and a focal length of 13 millimeters. To prepare the sample for chemical reaction monitoring, place support with a flat adhesive surface on the optical table upon which the cuvette, or vessel will be placed. Then, fill the reactants into the cuvette, and mix in the cuvette, having different volumes and concentrations, ensuring that the total volume in the cuvette is 2.5 milliliters.Next, place it on the support in the setup. After switching off the external lights, synchronize the cameras by using a chosen interval. Then, press the recording buttons and induce dynamical changes in the system of interest.Next, observe the holographic experiment. Then, pronounce the end of the process and save the results. To check the probe hologram for appropriate settings, choose one hologram and make a reconstruction by clicking on the reconstruct button.Afterward, change the settings to achieve the best image, and make the reconstruction again, while repeating the steps until the best settings are defined. To perform the reconstructions, choose all the holograms and apply the desired parameters for numerical reconstruction of holograms. Then, carry out the reconstructions using the reconstruct button and the interferogram by inserting the file names in the Start with/End with field, and then, by clicking the button, Batch.Perform a visual analysis by looking for visible changes in the interference pattern. And try to match the changes in the interference pattern with results obtained by optical and thermal measurements. Next, perform a cross examination by thoroughly analyzing the images visually from both the optical and thermal cameras with the holographic reconstructions in order to reveal dynamics at the Nano scale.In the case of the B.R reaction, the analysis of interferograms, reveals a change in the fringe pattern at the exact moment of a phase transition. The results are of particular importance, as the optical interferometric method does not cause any significant disturbance to the system, which is a vital importance for the non-equilibrium studies. Additionally, the holographic reconstruction was performed for Wings of Butterfly, Azoria Lithonia, irradiated by lasers light at 450, 532, and 980 nanometers.The results clearly show, that the interaction of nano structures with light, generates displacement at the Nano scale within the tissues, that affect the interferometric pattern. This presented technique, opens the possibility to reveal various dynamics and self-assembly processes for the different systems at the nano and meso scale.

uncovering-hidden-dynamics-natural-photonic-structures-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

2.5K Views.  University of Belgrade. Questa è la prima volta, per quanto ne sappiamo, che la tecnica olografica è stata utilizzata per monitorare la foto per le razze in gemelli insetti e la transizione del viso in condizioni di non equilibrio. Il vantaggio di questa tecnica non invasiva sta nel fatto che non causa alcun disturbo significativo al sistema. Questo è di grande importanza, ad esempio, per gli studi di non equilibrio.L'ottica non lineare e l'olografia forniscono informazioni su strutture organizzate comples...