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Method Article
For the first time we present here a reproducible banding procedure to alter hemodynamics in the developing heart ex ovo. This is achieved by partially constricting the outflow tract (OFT).
The new model presented here can be used to understand the influence of hemodynamics on specific cardiac developmental processes, at the cellular and molecular level. To alter intracardiac hemodynamics, fertilized chicken eggs are incubated in a humidified chamber to obtain embryos of the desired stage (HH17). Once this developmental stage is achieved, the embryo is maintained ex ovo and hemodynamics in the embryonic heart are altered by partially constricting the outflow tract (OFT) with a surgical suture at the junction of the OFT and ventricle (OVJ). Control embryos are also cultured ex ovo but are not subjected to the surgical intervention. Banded and control embryos are then incubated in a humidified incubator for the desired period of time, after which 2D ultrasound is employed to analyze the change in blood flow velocity at the OVJ as a result of OFT banding. Once embryos are maintained ex ovo, it is important to ensure adequate hydration in the incubation chamber so as to prevent drying and eventually embryo death. Using this new banded model, it is now possible to perform analyses of changes in the expression of key players involved in valve development and to understand the role of hemodynamics on cellular responses in vivo, which could not be achieved previously.
Abnormally formed outflow valves are the most common type of congenital heart defects 1. However, defective cardiac valve structure and function, even though present at birth, may become symptomatic only in adulthood. In fact, several adult valve diseases can be attributed to a congenital origin. Treatment of such patients often involves replacing defective valves, and, importantly, replaced aortic valves have been shown to have congenital anomalies 2. Given the fact that critical processes involved in valve development begin early during embryogenesis, the importance of better understanding the mechanisms that regulate these events is highlighted.
The primitive heart tube, which is the first functioning organ in an embryo, exhibits two distinct layers - an endothelial endocardium surrounded by myocardium - separated by extracellular matrix (cardiac jelly) which is mostly produced and secreted by the myocardium 3-5. As development continues, valve primordia (endocardial cushions) are formed, after rightward looping of the embryonic heart, by local expansion of the cardiac jelly at the atrioventricular (AV) canal and the outflow tract (OFT) 4,6. This expansion is mediated by the highly regulated process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), during which the cardiac jelly becomes populated by endocardially-derived mesenchymal cells 6. In addition to the mesenchymal population derived through EMT, neural crest cells are also involved in valvulogenesis of the OFT 3.
Hemodynamic stimuli, such as shear stress, are important epigenetic factors that regulate heart development in the embryo 7,8. Using a 3D in vitro system, we have previously shown shear stress to be a factor influencing the expression and deposition of fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in AV and OFT cushions 9,10. Moreover, studies carried out by several researchers have demonstrated that altered blood flow leads to improper valves and septa formation 11-16. Recently, using the novel banding procedure presented here, we have shown that changing hemodynamics in the embryonic chick heart affects the early processes involved in OFT valve formation 17.
The technique described here provides a novel model for altering hemodynamics in the developing chick heart by partially constricting the OFT ex ovo. This reproducible procedure is relatively quick and allows researchers to obtain a sufficient number of embryos/whole hearts/OFT tissue, etc. for downstream analyses including gene expression studies. Moreover, this new model can be used to study 'chronic' effects of altered hemodynamics on OFT valve development.
鳥類胚はIUCACの規制の下で脊椎動物とは見なされません。
1.手術のための胚を取得
2. OFTバンディング
3.バンディングの介入は、血行動態の変化を引き起こすことを確認
注:バンディングの介入によって引き起こされる部分的なくびれはOVJでの血流速度の増加につながります。この血行動態パラメータは、都合よく、実験の所望の時点で行われる2次元超音波画像を用いて評価されます。
注:胚の心拍数は、撮像中に減少した場合、このようにして得られた速度データは、分析のために使用すべきではありません。速度測定のために使用されるすべての胚は、好ましくは、超音波イメージングの後に、他の実験に使用することはできません。
図1に示すOFTバンディングのために必要な推奨機器です。蓋をし た胚を破壊しないように、卵は十分な深さであるべき胚の元を含むペトリ皿( 図1A)。深いペトリ皿( 図1C)は、タイロード緩衝液の適切な量は、卵黄の上に注ぐことができるようにするために超音波イメージングのために使用されるべきです。 ...
この技術は、比較的迅速かつ実行するのは簡単です、しかし、特定のキーポイントは、正確な下流の結果を得るよう際に留意する必要があります。胚は、適切な再水和を提供するために、タイロードバッファが含まれているペトリ皿の中のOVOの元を維持すべきです。タイロード緩衝液と卵黄、手術後を水和するために、インキュベーション室が十分に水和されていることを確認するこ?...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Robert Price and the staff of the Instrumentation Resource Facility at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine. This work was partially supported by a SPARC Graduate Research Grant from the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of South Carolina (JDP/VM). In addition this work was supported by Cook Biotech research agreement (JDP) and by FirstString Research Inc (JDP) and NIH 2 P20-RR016434-06 (JDP). In addition, NIH IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) grant for South Carolina P20GM103499 (JE)
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Fertilized Bovan chicken eggs | Clemson University, Clemson, SC | ||
11 / 0 Nylon suture | Ashaway | S30001 | UV sterilize knots before surgery |
100 x 26 mm petri dish | VWR | 25387-030 | |
Transfer pipettes | Thermo Scientific | 232-20S | |
Scalpel handle #3 | Fine Science Tools | 91003-12 | |
Straight scissor | Roboz | RS-6702 | |
Dumont #5 fine forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11254-20 | |
Tyrodes buffer | Sigma-Aldrich | 2145-10L | Filter sterlize before use |
Sodium bicarbonate | Fisher Scientific | S233-500 | |
Vevo 770 Ultrasound Imaging system | VisualSonics, Inc. | VS-11392 | |
708 Ultrasound transducer | VisualSonics, Inc. | VS-11171 |
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