準備接着チェンバース（注入/解剖前日） 接着アッセイチャンバーあなたが従来の複合顕微鏡を（ステージ上の光学位置）がある場合、それは低身長の付着室は、次のようにするためncecessaryです。倒立光学顕微鏡を使用している場合は、&quot;NUNCのLab - Tek社チェンカバーガラスは、&quot;単に使用され、ステップ＃1へスキップする - 2。 <ol><li> 40 × 24ミリメートルのカバースリップ上で&quot;、ボタンを押してシールシリコン絶縁体&quot;のいずれかを取り付けます。しっかりときれいなベンチトップでカバースリップに絶縁体を押すと、絶縁体は完全に任意の気泡なしで接続されていることを確認するために他の側から見て。 </li><li> オプション：滅菌するために、乾燥サイクルのワットマン濾紙とオートクレーブのガラスシャーレに付着室を置く。 RTにそれらをクールダウン。 </li></ol>コー​​ティングチャンバー<ol><li> sigmacoated黄色のヒントを使用して、オートクレーブ接着室の中央にカドヘリン（10mg/ml）またはフィブロネクチン（20mg/ml）のワーキング溶液200ミリリットル液滴を置く。 4時間室温でインキュベートする。 </li><li>カドヘリンまたはフィブロネクチンのソリューションを取り出し、1.5mlチューブに移す。このソリューションは、次の2週間のために再利用することができます。 </li><li>チャンバーをブロックする1X MBS - Hの4％のBSAの500ミリリットル分注する。 1時間室温でインキュベートする。 </li><li> BSA溶液を吸引除去する。 1X MBS - H倍の500ミリリットルでチャンバーを洗浄する。回目の洗浄後は、（完全ではない）MBS - Hのほとんどを吸引除去し、4℃で密閉容器に保管3日 - この付着室は、次の2のための良いです。 </li></ol>アニマルキャップの外植片の解離と解離<ol><li>非オートクレーブ培地はいつか解離アニマルキャップ細胞を乱すことができる小さな細菌を運ぶように、オートクレーブ1X MBS - Hから希釈した0.1 × MBS - Hの注​​入胚を、インキュベートする。 </li><li>あなたのサンプルの数と少なくとも同じくらい多くに60mm皿に1 ×バルトのアガロースプレートとCMF - MBSアガロースプレートを作る。 1Xバースプレートに高圧蒸気滅菌1X MBS - Hを注ぐ。 CMF - MBSプレートの場合は、CMF - MBSの10ミリリットルを注ぎます。 </li><li>胚のステージ8.5になると、1 ×バースのプレートで動物のキャップを解剖開始。 10 - サンプルあたり15の外植片は、実験のために通常は十分です。 </li><li> CMF - MBSのプレートにアニマルキャップの外植片を移す。外植片が完全に解離されるまで60分 - 45の外植片をインキュベートする。 15分ごとに穏やかな扇動は、解離を助ける。 </li></ol>細胞接着アッセイ<ol><li>細胞を播種する：1X MBS - H接着アッセイチャンバーとコーティングチャンバー、上記のセクションの手順で準備した接着チャンバーへの500ミリリットル分注する。 CMF - MBSプレートからsigmacoatedとみじん切りオフ黄色のヒントをP200を使用して付着チャンバーに解離アニマルキャップ細胞を移す。 </li><li> 省略可能：可能であれば、慎重に空気に細胞をさらすことなく、途中に約2 / 3に培地を吸い取る。培地は、十分なのCa 2 +およびMg 2 +が含まれていることを確認するために、約新鮮なMBS - Hの同量を追加。 </li><li> 90分 - 45のために室温でインキュベートする。彼らは底面に接続しているかどうかを確認するために時々セルを確認してください。 </li><li>これで、顕微鏡下で細胞の写真を撮ることができる。 </li><li>グリッドスライドガラス上に接着室を置く。グリッドのスライドの隅に付着室の隅のいずれかを合わせます。いくつかの異なるグリッドに接続されたセルの数をカウントし、記録する。 </li><li>大きなプラスチックのバケツ（例えば、タッパーウェアなど）にMBS - Hの1Lを注ぎます。ゆっくりとバケツの底に付着スライド室を置く。低速で5分間オービタルシェーカー上でそれを回転させる（50 - 60rpm）。 </li><li>このセクション、細胞接着アッセイのステップ＃5で行ったように、グリッドのスライドの同じコーナーにチャンバーの同じコーナーを合わせ、グリッドのスライドに戻って接着室を置く。あなたが洗浄前にカウントされていることを同じグリッドに接続されたままの細胞の数を数えます。洗浄後に接続されたままの細胞の割合を計算する。 </li></ol>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>1x MBS-H</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Modified Barth&#x2019;s medium: 1L recipe
5.14g		NaCl
75mg		KCl
0.2g		NaHCO3
0.2g		MgSO4&#x2022;7H2O
60mg		CaCl2&#x2022;2H2O
80mg		Ca(NO3)2&#x2022;4H2O
2.38g		HEPES, free-acid
Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH. Autoclave.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CMF-MBS	</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is Ca2+/Mg2+-free version of MBS-H. 500ml recipe :
2.57g		NaCl
37.5mg		KCl
0.1g		NaHCO3
1.19g		HEPES, free-acid
Adjust the pH to 7.4 with NaOH. Autoclave.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% agarose/1x Barth&#x2019;s plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>as many as the number of samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% agarose/CMF-MBS plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>as many as the number of samples</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Cadherin/Fc chimera </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>E-2278</td>
<td>Dissolve 0.1mg of solid E-cadherin in 100ul of 1x MBS-H containing 40% glycerol to make 100x master stock (1.0mg/ml). Store it in &#x2013;20C. Make 1/100 dilution with 1x MBS-H to make 10ug/ml working solution just before you use. You need 200ul per samples of this working solution.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fibronectin, 0.1% solution </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F-1141</td>
<td>This pre-made solution can be used as 50x stock. Make 1/50 dilution with 1x MBS-H make 20ug/ml working solution just before you use. You need 200ul per samples of this working solution.
I do NOT recommend using solid Fibronectin, because it is difficult to dissolve at 0.1% concentration to make the stock solution. Although it is more expensive, this pre-made 0.1% solution is better to obtain consistent results.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4% BSA /MBS-H</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BSA: molecular biology grade fraction V</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sigmacoted yellow tips </td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>No.1 cover slips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>40x24mm or 60x24mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Press-to-seal silicon insulator</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Glace Bio-Labs</td>
<td>JTR20-2.5</td>
<td>2.5mm depth x 20mm diameter </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NUNC Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>12-565-471</td>
<td>2wells/slides </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Grid slide glass</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>or Finder graticule for cell counting</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

dissection of organizer and animal pole explants from xenopus laevis embryos and assembly of a cell adhesion assay

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay at JoVE.com

Cell Cycle and Division | Biology Video Collection

Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

自分の眉製の特殊な解剖ツール - このビデオでは、眉毛のナイフの使用を含むアフリカツメガエルの胚から主催者と動物極の外植片、の調製に用いられる技法を示しています。接着アッセイを組み立てるためのプロトコルも与え、その適切な開発のための重要な面の主催者や動物極細胞上に存在する主要な接着分子の存在のためのプローブです。

アフリカツメガエルの胚および細胞接着アッセイのアセンブリから主催し、動物極の外植片の解剖

dissection-organizer-animal-pole-explants-from-xenopus-laevis-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.6K ビュー.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). 自分の眉製の特殊な解剖ツール - このビデオでは、眉毛のナイフの使用を含むアフリカツメガエルの胚から主催者と動物極の外植片、の調製に用いられる技法を示しています。接着アッセイを組み立てるためのプロトコルも与え、その適切な開発のための重要な面の主催者や動物極細胞上に存在する主要な接着分子の存在のためのプローブです。

ビデオ: Dissection of Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from Xenopus laevis Embryos and Assembly of a Cell Adhesion Assay

Dissection of 6.5 dpc Mouse Embryos

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell interaction and signaling mechanisms that guide embryonic patterning. However, dissection of the mouse embryo from the decidua shortly after implantation can be a challenging procedure, and detailed step-by-step documentation of this process is lacking.

Here we demonstrate how post-implantation (6.5 dpc) embryos are isolated by first dissecting the uterus of a pregnant mouse (detection of the vaginal plug was designated day 0.5 poist coitum) and subsequently dissecting the embryo from maternal decidua. The dissection of Reichert's membrane is described as well as the removal of the ectoplacental cone.

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study gene patterning and analyze cell-lineage decision making processes during embryonic development, but proper dissection of the early embryo can be challenging. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos (~6.5 days post coitum [dpc]).

6.5 DPCのマウス胚の解剖

Analysis of gene expression patterns during early stages of mammalian embryonic development can provide important clues about gene function, cell-cell ...

生物学

Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Plastic sections maintain true tissue morphology in thin sections of tissue that can be immunostained with fluorescent secondary antibodies, making this method more useful than paraffin-embedded or frozen sections for many types of tissue. The method for staining, plastic embedding, and sectioning is demonstrated in this video.

プラスチック製の埋め込みとアフリカツメガエル胚のセクショニング

Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, collect and dejelly the eggs, and sort the eggs to remove any damaged eggs.

アフリカツメガエル女性から卵子を入手

The eggs of Xenopus laevis intact, lysed, and/or fractionated are useful for a wide variety of experiments. This protocol shows how to induce egg laying, ...

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

アフリカツメガエル卵抽出物の調製と分画

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

アフリカツメガエル卵母細胞のマイクロインジェクション

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

でアニマルキャップの移植（ACT）アッセイを用いて組織の決定アフリカツメガエル</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

顔面移植<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of neurulation, migrates extensively towards various organs, and differentiates into many types of derivatives (neurons, glia, cartilage and bone, pigmented and endocrine cells). In this protocol, we describe how to dissect the premigratory cranial NC from Xenopus laevis embryos, in order to study NC development in vivo and in vitro. The frog model offers many advantages to study early development; abundant batches are available, embryos develop rapidly, in vivo gain and loss of function strategies allow manipulation of gene expression prior to NC dissection in donor and/or host embryos. The NC explants can be plated on fibronectin and used for in vitro studies. They can be cultured for several days in a serum-free defined medium. We also describe how to graft NC explants back into host embryos for studying NC migration and differentiation in vivo.

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

This protocol describes how to dissect premigratory cranial neural crest (NC) from Xenopus laevis neurulas. These explants can be plated on fibronectin and cultured in vitro, or grafted back into host embryos. This technique allows studying the mechanisms of NC epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, migration, and differentiation.

の解剖<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;神経堤のため<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;外植片培養又は<em&gt; in vivoで</em&gt;移植

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of ...

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The initiation step, which involves the assembly of the ribosomal subunits at the mRNA initiation codon, involved initiation factor including eIF4G1. Defects in this rate limiting step of translation are linked to diverse disorders. To study the potential consequences of such deregulations, Xenopus laevis oocytes constitute an attractive model with high degrees of conservation of essential cellular and molecular mechanisms with human. In addition, during meiotic maturation, oocytes are transcriptionally repressed and all necessary proteins are translated from preexisting, maternally derived mRNAs. This inexpensive model enables exogenous mRNA to become perfectly integrated with an effective translation. Here is described a protocol for assessing translation with a factor of interest (here eIF4G1) using stored maternal mRNA that are the first to be polyadenylated and translated during oocyte maturation as a physiological readout. At first, mRNA synthetized by in vitro transcription of plasmids of interest (here eIF4G1) are injected in oocytes and kinetics of oocyte maturation by Germinal Vesicle Breakdown detection is determined. The studied maternal mRNA target is the serine/threonine-protein-kinase mos. Its polyadenylation and its subsequent translation are investigated together with the expression and phosphorylation of proteins of the mos signaling cascade involved in oocyte maturation. Variations of the current protocol to put forward translational defects are also proposed to emphasize its general applicability. In light of emerging evidence that aberrant protein synthesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, such a model provides the opportunity to easily assess this impairment and identify new targets.

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis control occurs mainly at the translation initiation step, deficiencies in which are linked to diverse disorders. To better understand their etiology, we described here a protocol using Xenopus laevis oocytes assessing the translation of mos transcript in the presence of a mutant of translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

アフリカツメガエルは、翻訳減損を識別するためのモデルとして、 アフリカツメガエル

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...