この研究はFMMU新しい発見の基盤と部分的にNIHの資金提供によってサポートされていました。

1。グリア細胞培養グリア細胞は中枢神経系のさまざまな地域から培養することができる。全体のプロセスは、プロセスの図に示します。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111process.jpg" alt="プロセス1" /> 1日目コーティング培養プレートとカバースリップ<ol><li>オートクレーブで滅菌したガラスの顕微鏡の円形のカバースリップを乾かします。 </li><li>滅菌24ウエル培養プレートにプレート滅菌カバースリップ。 </li><li>コー​​トポリ-リジンと根温下で2時間インキュベートするとカバースリップ。 </li><li>ステップ3と同じ方法でコート6ウェル培養プレート。 </li><li>カバーガラスと蒸留水と文化のフードの乾燥空気と二度6ウェル培養プレートを洗浄してください。 </li><li> 24ウェルプレートに各ウェルに200μLのDMEM培地（10％FBS）を追加し、6ウェルプレートの各ウェルに2mLのと、5％CO 2で37度の下インキュベーターに入れてください</li></ol>皮質とグリア細胞培養を分離する2日目<ol><li>正流の解剖のフードを滅菌する。 </li><li> 20分間UVライトをオンにします。 </li><li> 70％エタノールですべての面をスプレーし、使用前に15分待つ。 </li><li>緊張変更：麻酔ラットの低体温による仔（P2〜P6）、およびオペレーティングはさみを使用してframenマグナムのベースで首を切る。 </li><li>頭蓋骨オフアイリスのはさみと皮を使用して矢状縫合に沿って頭蓋を開きます。 </li><li>前脳を除去し、チルドL15培地中にそれらを置くには、実体顕微鏡下で、慎重に、血管を硬膜と軟膜膜をきれいに皮質を分離し、L15培地で数回洗浄する。 </li><li>マイクロサージェリーのはさみと小さな断片に皮質を切り取ります。 </li><li>皮質の部分と15分間37℃でインキュベートにL15培地を用いて調製したトリプシン- EDTA 0.125パーセントを追加。 </li><li>火ポリッシュガラスPasteureピペットで20回上下に組織液を吸引し、最終濃度の10ug/mLへのDNaseストック溶液を追加し、50mLのチューブに20％FBSと20mlのDMEM培地に組織ブロックを転送する、単一の細胞懸濁液を収集する。 </li><li> 10％FBSを含むDMEM中で、DMEM培地で細胞懸濁液を再サスペンド細胞を一度に洗う、5000-10000/cm 2で、血球計数器を顕微鏡下で種子の細胞を細胞を数える。 37度5パーセントインキュベーター内で細胞を維持するため、週に培地2回の半分を変更する。 </li></ol> 2。後根神経節ニューロンの単離、培養および精製 1日目は、文化の材料を準備します。 <ol><li>コー​​トポリ-リジン、洗浄カバーグラスを持つ滅菌カバーグラスが水と空気の乾燥を蒸留で2回、24ウェルプレートに入れてください。 </li><li> 2パーセントB27と2.5S NGF（50 ng / mL）を持つ100μLNeurobasal培地を追加し、37度5％CO 2にプレートを置く。 </li></ol> 2日目は、胚からDRGSを分離<ol><li>グリア細胞培養と同じように流フードを滅菌。 </li><li> CO 2、70％エタノールで滅菌腹部に過剰投与による妊娠ラット（E15）を安楽死、胚を子宮から単離し、チルドL15培地に入れた。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡とチルドL15培地で35ミリメートル料理への転送で接続後根神経節と脊髄を分離する。 </li><li>単一の細胞懸濁液を収集し、NBFの培地（2％B27と2.5S NGF（50 ng / mLの）を含むNeurobasal培地）で1回洗浄する。 </li></ol> 3日目は、DRGニューロンを精製<ol><li>ニューロンの播種後18時間〜24時間、20μMの最終濃度と、200μLの最終容量にニューロンの培養液に1 mMの濃FUDRのストック溶液を加える。 </li><li> 72時間後から、FUDRなしで2パーセントB27と2.5S NGF（50ng/mL）を含むNeurobasal培地で半分培地を交換してください。その後、一日おきに培地を変更してください。 </li></ol> 3。グリア細胞との共培養DRGニューロン<ol><li>グリア細胞培養がコンフルエンス（播種後20日前後）に達したとき、彼らはニューロンとの共培養のための準備ができていました。 </li><li> 24時間精製されたニューロンを追加する前に、グリア細胞の培地を2％B27と2.5S NGF（50 ng / mL）を含むNeurobasal培地に変更されました。 </li><li>精製された神経細胞が培養ウェルから収集された、単一細胞の懸濁液は、火災研磨Pasteureのピペットを介して機械的に渡すことで得られた。 </li><li>数をカウントした後に、ニューロンを2％B27と2.5S NGF（50ng/mL）を含むNeurobasal培地でコンフルエントグリア細胞に500/cm 2で播種した。 </li><li>グリア細胞の神経細胞の接着や神経突起の成長を記録し、細胞型特異的抗体を用いて画像解析ソフトウェアと免疫細胞化学によって異なる時点で分析することができます。 </li></ol> 4。代表的な結果<ol><li> グリア細胞の培養：接種した後、グリア細胞は20日周りにコンフルエントになる。位相コントラストmicrosc下OPE、それは簡単に別の形態学的なグリア細胞の亜集団は異なった成長パターンの部分構造を形成し、immuocytochemisty手法（図1、図2）で示されるようにGFAP正のアストロサイトは90％以上を占めることが確認された。 </li><li> DRGニューロン文化：私たちの方法では、72時間FUDRの治療後、DRGニューロンの純度は6日以内に99％にも達するだろう、DRGニューロンは、そのユニークな形態を示し、高密度の神経突起の成長（図3、図4）で。 </li><li> グリア細胞と神経細胞の共培養：DRGニューロンの接着や神経突起伸長は播種後4時間以内にグリア細胞に容易に発生し、注意深い観察がニューロンの接着や神経突起の成長は特殊な成長パターンの部分構造を形成するグリア細胞の亜集団の影響を受けていたことを示した、これは容易に同定することができた位相差顕微鏡下および免疫細胞化学（図5、図6）から。 </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。コンフルエントグリア細胞の形態。皮質のグリア細胞はポリリジンコートしたカバースリップ上に播種し、20日間培養した、グリア細胞、放射方向に配置された左側のセルの異なる成長パターンに注意してください。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig2.jpg" alt="図2" /> 図2。グリア線維性酸性タンパク質（GFAP）抗体で標識したコンフルエントグリア細胞は。右側のGFAP（赤）陽性細胞の放射配置に注意してください。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig3.jpg" alt="図3" /> 図3。後根神経節ニューロンはFUDRの治療せずにin vitroで成長した。混入細胞はDRGニューロン&quot;の背景を形成する。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig4.jpg" alt="図4" /> 図4。後根神経節ニューロンはFUDRの治療後にin vitroで成長した。背景混入細胞が完全に除去されていた。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig5.jpg" alt="図5" /> 図5。グリア細胞上に成長した後根神経節ニューロン。神経細胞の接着や神経突起の成長は、放射配置細胞に阻害し、右側のグリア細胞に限られていた。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig6.jpg" alt="図6" /> 図6。ニューロフィラメント抗体で標識されたグリア細胞に成長する後根神経節ニューロン。神経突起（緑色）が抑制された左側のグリア細胞を配置し、右側に限ら照射で、すべてのグリア細胞はGFAP抗体（赤）で標識した。

<ol>
	<li>Rossignol, S., Schwab, M., Schwartz, M., Fehlings, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+time+to+move?.">Spinal cord injury: time to move?.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (44), 11782-11792 (2007).</li><li>Yiu, G., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+inhibition+of+CNS+axon+regeneration.">Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 7 (8), 617-627 (2006).</li><li>Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mystery+and+magic+of+glia:+a+perspective+on+their+roles+in+health+and+disease.">The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease.</a> Neuron. 60 (3), 430-440 (2008).</li><li>Matyash, V., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+astrocyte+morphology+and+physiology.">Heterogeneity in astrocyte morphology and physiology.</a> Brain Res Rev. , (2009).</li><li>Wanner, I. B., Deik, A., Torres, M., Rosendahl, A., Neary, J. T., Lemmon, V. P., Bixby, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vitro+model+of+the+glial+scar+inhibits+axon+growth.+Glia.">A new in vitro model of the glial scar inhibits axon growth. Glia.</a> 56 (15), 1691-1709 (2008).</li><li>Kuffler, D. P., Sosa, I. J., Reyes, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schwann+cell+chondroitin+sulfate+proteoglycan+inhibits+dorsal+root+ganglion+neuron+neurite+outgrowth+and+substrate+specificity+via+a+soma+and+not+a+growth+cone+mechanism.">Schwann cell chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibits dorsal root ganglion neuron neurite outgrowth and substrate specificity via a soma and not a growth cone mechanism.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87 (13), 2863-2871 (2009).</li><li>Kleitman, N., Wood, P. M., Bunge, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+culture+method+for+the+study+of+myelination.">Tissue culture method for the study of myelination.</a> Culturing nerve cells. , P559-P559 (1998).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

この実験のプロトコルは、グリア細胞、神経細胞の接着や神経突起の成長に特にアストロサイトの不均質性の影響を検討する2つの目標を達成するために設計されました。最初の目標は、この実験ではアストロサイトの不均一性を可能な限り、維持することでした、コンフルエントグリア細胞培養濃縮星状膠細胞は、さらに細胞を損傷し、アストロサイトの傷害応答を誘発する可能性のある化...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>DMEM(high glucose)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10313-039</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L15 medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11415-114</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10437-077</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>21103-049</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>poly-lysine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P4832</td>
<td>culture grade</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NGF(2.5S)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>13257-019</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B27 supplyment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17504-044</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25200-056</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FUDR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0503</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>neurofilament antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abcam</td>
<td>ab24575</td>
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study glial cell heterogeneity influence on axon growth using a new coculture method

すべての哺乳類の中枢神経系では、損傷後の切断軸索が元のターゲットに再生成することができないと機能回復は1非常に悪いです。軸索再生の失敗は、敵対的なグリア細胞の環境を含むいくつかの要因の組み合わせの結果である、抑制性ミエリン関連分子と内因性ニューロン再生の容量2を減少させた。アストロサイトは、中枢神経系で最も優勢なグリア細胞の種類であり、生理学及び病理学の条件3の下軸索の機能に重要な役割を果たす。相同なオリゴデンドロサイトとは対照的に、アストロサイトは、多様な形態と遺伝子発現4別の星状膠細胞亜集団によって構成される不均一な細胞集団である。このような軸索の成長に与える影響として、この不均一性の機能的意義は、、あまり知られていない。 特にグリア細胞、神経細胞の挙動におけるアストロサイト異質の機能を調べるために、我々は、ラットの大脳皮質から得られるグリア細胞と共培養する高精製された後根神経節の神経細胞によって新しい方法を確立した。この技術によって、我々が直接、同一条件で別の星状膠細胞の亜集団のニューロンの接着と軸索の成長を比較することができた。 このレポートでは、我々はこのアストロサイトの単離および培養のための方法、後根神経節ニューロンの単離及び精製、及びアストロサイトとニューロンのDRGの共培養の詳細なプロトコルを与える。この方法はまた、ニューロンとグリア細胞間の細胞または地域の特定の相互作用を研究するために他の脳領域に拡張することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method at JoVE.com

Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

このプロトコルでは、我々は、ある軸索の成長にグ​​リア細胞の不均一性の影響を研究する新しい方法を説明<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;共培養系。ラット皮質グリア細胞をコンフルエントに培養し、高度にラットの後根神経節の神経細胞を精製して培養した。神経細胞の接着や軸索の成長上の別のグリア細胞の影響は、同じ文化の中で直接比較した。このメソッドは、直接神経細胞の接着や軸索の成長に対するグリア細胞の不均一性の影響を研究する新しい方法を提供します。

新しい共培養法を用いた軸索の成長に関する研究グリア細胞の不均一性の影響

In the central nervous system of all mammals, severed axons after injury are unable to regenerate to their original targets and functional recovery is ...

study-glial-cell-heterogeneity-influence-on-axon-growth-using-new

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.2K ビュー.  Cedars Sinai Medical Center, UCLA. このプロトコルでは、我々は、ある軸索の成長にグ​​リア細胞の不均一性の影響を研究する新しい方法を説明 in vitroで共培養系。ラット皮質グリア細胞をコンフルエントに培養し、高度にラットの後根神経節の神経細胞を精製して培養した。神経細胞の接着や軸索の成長上の別のグリア細胞の影響は、同じ文化の中で直接比較した。このメ?...

ビデオ: Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability to support axon growth and a hostile environment in the mature CNS1,2. In contrast, mature neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate readily after injuries3. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are well known to regenerate robustly after peripheral nerve injuries. Each DRG neuron grows one axon from the cell soma, which branches into two axonal branches: a peripheral branch innervating peripheral targets and a central branch extending into the spinal cord. Injury of the DRG peripheral axons results in substantial axon regeneration, whereas central axons in the spinal cord regenerate poorly after the injury. However, if the peripheral axonal injury occurs prior to the spinal cord injury (a process called the conditioning lesion), regeneration of central axons is greatly improved4. Moreover, the central axons of DRG neurons share the same hostile environment as descending corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Together, it is hypothesized that the molecular mechanisms controlling axon regeneration of adult DRG neurons can be harnessed to enhance CNS axon regeneration. As a result, adult DRG neurons are now widely used as a model system to study regenerative axon growth5-7.
Here we describe a method of adult DRG neuron culture that can be used for genetic study of axon regeneration in vitro. In this model adult DRG neurons are genetically manipulated via electroporation-mediated gene transfection6,8. By transfecting neurons with DNA plasmid or si/shRNA, this approach enables both gain- and loss-of-function experiments to investigate the role of any gene-of-interest in axon growth from adult DRG neurons. When neurons are transfected with si/shRNA, the targeted endogenous protein is usually depleted after 3-4 days in culture, during which time robust axon growth has already occurred, making the loss-of-function studies less effective. To solve this problem, the method described here includes a re-suspension and re-plating step after transfection, which allows axons to re-grow from neurons in the absence of the targeted protein. Finally, we provide an example of using this in vitro model to study the role of an axon regeneration-associated gene, c-Jun, in mediating axon growth from adult DRG neurons9.

An in vitro model for genetic study of axon regeneration using cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is described. The method includes a re-suspension/re-plating step to allow axon re-growth from neurons undergoing genetic manipulation. This approach is especially useful for loss-of-function studies of axon regeneration using RNAi-based protein knockdown.

培養大人の背根神経節ニューロンの軸索再生の遺伝学的研究

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability ...

神経科学

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is found in Lewy body dementia, inclusion body myositis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1-4. Amylopathies progressively develop with time. For this reason simple organisms with short lifespans may help to elucidate molecular aspects of these conditions. Here, we describe experimental protocols to study A&beta;-mediated neurodegeneration using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, we construct transgenic worms by injecting DNA encoding human A&beta;42 into the syncytial gonads of adult hermaphrodites. Transformant lines are stabilized by a mutagenesis-induced integration. Nematodes are age synchronized by collecting and seeding their eggs. The function of neurons expressing A&beta;42 is tested in opportune behavioral assays (chemotaxis assays). Primary neuronal cultures obtained from embryos are used to complement behavioral data and to test the neuroprotective effects of anti-apoptotic compounds.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

We describe methods to study aspects of amylopathies in the worm C. elegans. We show how to construct worms expressing human A&beta;42 in neurons and how to test their function in behavioral assays. We further show how to obtain primary neuronal cultures that can be used for pharmacological testing.

A<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</emAmylopathyの研究のための&gt;モデルシステム

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

A Method to Make a Craniotomy on the Ventral Skull of Neonate Rodents

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain in adulthood and during development. Although most in vivo approaches use a craniotomy to study brain regions located on the dorsal side, brainstem regions such as the pons, located on the ventral side remain relatively understudied. The main goal of this protocol is to facilitate access to ventral brainstem structures so that they can be studied in vivo using electrophysiological and imaging methods. This approach allows study of structural changes in long-range axons, patterns of electrical activity in single and ensembles of cells, and changes in blood brain barrier permeability in neonate animals. Although this protocol has been used mostly to study the auditory brainstem in neonate rats, it can easily be adapted for studies in other rodent species such as neonate mice, adult rodents and other brainstem regions.

A surgical method is described to expose the ventral skull in neonate rats. Using this approach it is possible to open a craniotomy to perform acute electrophysiology and two-photon microscopy experiments in the brainstem of anesthetized pups.

新生児げっ歯類の腹スカルに開頭術を行うには方法

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

神経発火率を操作することによってアストロサイト受容体の可塑性を誘導すること

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information regarding glial activities at the cellular and molecular levels has been obtained through in vitro cell culture systems. The in vitro systems utilized, mainly include primary glia derived from neonatal brain cortical tissue and immortalized cell lines. However, these systems may not reflect the characteristics of spinal cord glial cells in vivo. In order to further investigate the roles of spinal cord glial cells in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain using a culture system that better reflects the in vivo condition, our laboratory has developed a method to establish primary spinal cord mixed glial cultures from adult mice. Briefly, spinal cords are collected from adult mice and processed through papain digestion followed by myelin removal with a density-gradient medium. Single cell suspensions are cultured in complete Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle media (cDMEM) supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at 35.9 oC. These culture conditions were optimized specifically for the growth of mixed glial cells. Under these conditions, cells are ready to be used for experimentation between 12 - 14 d&#160;(cells are usually in log phase during this time) after the establishment of the culture (D 0) and can be kept in culture conditions up to D 21. This culture system can be used to investigate the responses of spinal cord glial cells upon stimulation with various substances and agents. Besides neuropathic pain, this system can be used to study glial responses in other diseases that involve pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells.

The development of neuropathic pain involves pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells. A reliable glial culture system derived from adult spinal cord tissue and designed for studying these cells in vitro is lacking. Therefore, we show here how&#160;to establish primary mixed glial cultures from adult mouse spinal cord tissue.

成体マウスの脊髄組織からの初代混合グリア培養の調製

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

勉強するリニアアガロースチャネルを使用します<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫クロールの動作

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs) detect tastant molecules, they encode information about the identity and concentration of the tastant as patterns of electrical activity that then propagate to follower neurons in the brain. These patterns constitute internal representations of the tastant, which then allow the animal to select actions and form memories. The use of relatively simple animal models has been a powerful tool to study basic principles in sensory coding. Here, we propose three new methods to study gustatory coding using the moth Manduca sexta. First, we present a dissection procedure for exposing the maxillary nerves and the subesophageal zone (SEZ), allowing recording of the activity of GRNs from their axons. Second, we describe the use of extracellular electrodes to record the activity of multiple GRNs by placing tetrode wires directly into the maxillary nerve. Third, we present a new system for delivering and monitoring, with high temporal precision, pulses of different tastants. These methods allow the characterization of neuronal responses in vivo directly from GRNs before, during and after tastants are delivered. We provide examples of voltage traces recorded from multiple GRNs, and present an example of how a spike sorting technique can be applied to the data to identify the responses of individual neurons. Finally, to validate our recording approach, we compare extracellular recordings obtained from GRNs with tetrodes to intracellular recordings obtained with sharp glass electrodes.

We present three new methods to study gustatory coding. Using a simple animal, the moth Manduca sexta (Manduca), we describe a dissection protocol, the use of extracellular tetrodes to record the activity of multiple gustatory receptor neurons, and a system for delivering and monitoring precisely timed pulses of tastants.

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons ...

Visualization of Motor Axon Navigation and Quantification of Axon Arborization In Mouse Embryos Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in vertebrates. Thus, it is critical to uncover the molecular mechanisms of how motor axons navigate to, arborize, and innervate their peripheral muscle targets during development and degeneration. Although transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse lines have long served to visualize motor axon trajectories during embryonic development, detailed descriptions of the full spectrum of axon terminal arborization remain incomplete due to the pattern complexity and limitations of current optical microscopy. Here, we describe an improved protocol that combines light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and robust image analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively visualize developing motor axons. This system can be easily adopted to cross genetic mutants or MN disease models with Hb9::GFP lines, revealing novel molecular mechanisms that lead to defects in motor axon navigation and arborization.

Here, we describe a protocol for visualizing motor neuron projection and axon arborization in transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse embryos. After immunostaining for motor neurons, we used light sheet fluorescence microscopy to image embryos for subsequent quantitative analysis. This protocol is applicable to other neuron navigation processes in the central nervous system.

モーター軸索ナビゲーションと光シート蛍光顕微鏡を用いたマウス胚における軸索分枝の定量化の可視化

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

マウスおよびラットの視覚系の構造と機能読み出しとして光干渉断層計と動視反応を使用してください。

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

A Method for 3D Reconstruction and Virtual Reality Analysis of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction of high-resolution imaged stacks to reveal ultrastructural patterns that could not be resolved using 2D images. Indeed, the latter might lead to a misinterpretation of morphologies, like in the case of mitochondria; the use of 3D models is, therefore, more and more common and applied to the formulation of morphology-based functional hypotheses. To date, the use of 3D models generated from light or electron image stacks makes qualitative, visual assessments, as well as quantification, more convenient to be performed directly in 3D. As these models are often extremely complex, a virtual reality environment is also important to be set up to overcome occlusion and to take full advantage of the 3D structure. Here, a step-by-step guide from image segmentation to reconstruction and analysis is described in detail.

The described pipeline is designed for the segmentation of electron microscopy datasets larger than gigabytes, to extract whole-cell morphologies. Once the cells are reconstructed in 3D, customized software designed around individual needs can be used to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis directly in 3D, also using virtual reality to overcome view occlusion.

グリア細胞と神経細胞の3D再構成とバーチャルリアリティ解析の方法

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction ...