我々は、ヘッドのテストの技術支援のためにジャスティンのRicebergに感謝します。この作品は、国民健康補助金MH65658、MH073689の研究所、およびF30 AG034003 - 01A1、及びマウントサイナイ医科大学で部分的にサポートされていました。

1。ヘッドステージの設計と製作の概要完成したヘッドプリアンプシステムは、次のコンポーネントで構成されています。 <ol><li>コンピュータは、記録の4つのチャネルと刺激の2つのチャネルでの集積回路基板を設計した。 </li><li>動物の頭部のステージ上の適切なコネクタに録音し、刺激のチャンネルを中継電極。 </li><li>テザーケーブルとインタフェースを中継するスリップリングの整流子に記録し、刺激チャンネル。 </li><li>ヘッドステージ上で、集積回路上に防水の二つの形式。 </li></ol> 2。ヘッドステージのデザインとレイアウト我々は、市販のソフトウェアのCADパッケージ（www.expresspcb.com）を使用して、刺激のチャネルを介して4のソースフォロワーと2パスで印刷された集積回路の基板を設計した。ワンステージが設計されて、そしてデザインパターンは、低コストで多くのヘッドステージを提供するために、回路基板の大型シート全体に並べて表示されます。 CADファイルは、メッキされたスルーして、すべての穴を上部と下部の銅層を使用して、2つの層基板が両面印刷されているプリント基板（PCB）製造サービスに転送されます。ボードには、錫​​を使用/業界標準のFR -​​ 4積層板に対応するはんだメッキトレースとパッドを導く。 PCBを注文し、翌営業日に発送することができます。個々のヘッドステージは大きなタイル張りのPCBシートからカットされ、電子部品をはんだで接続されています。このプロトコルで使用されているステージのレイアウト例を（図1）示されています。 PCBの設計に関する詳細な手順やヒントについては、メーカーのウェブサイトを参照してください。 3。準備と電子部品のはんだ付けこのプロトコルで使用されるすべての電子部品は表面実装デバイス（SMD）タイプのものです。必要に応じて各デバイスタイプのフットプリント（抵抗、コンデンサ、等）ステージに無駄なスペースを最小限に抑えるために選ばれたのが、大きなSMDコンポーネントを使用することができます。 <ol><li>回路基板上でコンポーネントを整理し、はんだ付けのためにそれらを準備する。 </li><li>はんだ付けになると溶融し、パッドにはんだを付着するはんだごての近くの先端を持って来るために錫/鉛のパッド上のはんだの少量を置きます。 </li><li>はんだのコンデンサは、まず、次の抵抗して、オペアンプ。 </li><li>オペアンプは、以上加熱することにより破壊することができます。我々は可変熱はんだ銃、はんだを溶融するために必要な最小の熱を使用していました。良好なはんだ接合を作るために使用される加熱時間を最小限に抑える。我々は、通信や電力のトレースに沿ってはんだを適用することにより、フットプリントのパッドに流入するはんだの小さな貯水池を作成しておくと便利います。 </li><li>あなたの抵抗の両端の抵抗値が抵抗計を用いて期待値を満たしていることをテストします。 </li><li>ないはんだは、隣接するパッドを接続するか、またはブリッジングされていることを確認するために密接に各パッドを点検。はんだブリッジ、熱とはんだを溶融し、橋を破壊するためにピンセットを使用してがある場合。 </li></ol> 4。インプラントとテザーインタフェースの組み立てと作製<ol><li>機械的支持のための9ピンABSソケットの未使用ポートのいずれかに23 Gaの皮下注射のチューブを挿入します。 </li><li> ABSのソケットにメスアンフェノールピンを接続するための絶縁磁気ワイヤの6個の1 cmの長さの部分をカット。 </li><li>はんだそれぞれのピンにはんだを少量使用して磁気ワイヤにメス端子、および先端からピンを加熱することにより。 </li><li> ABSソケットにそれぞれ磁気ワイヤのはんだもう一方の端。 </li><li>位置オス - ステージのテザー側のパッド上に女性のMillMaxピン、および圧力の適合を保障するために、PCB上のピンを絞る。その後、順番にそれぞれのパッドに半田各ピンを。 </li><li>神経インプラントのコネクタを介してリングナットを置き、プラスチックのベース上の任意のスロットにすべての女性のピンを押してください。 </li><li> ABSソケットのコネクタの上部にアクリル接着剤（クレイジー接着剤）を適用し、ステージのベースに固定します。接着剤のサポートのためのステージのテザーの側に23Gaチューブ。 </li></ol> 5。防水ヘッドステージ<ol><li>防水ヘッドステージに、全体の集積回路と5分エポキシを持つ任意の露出した金属面包み込む。恒久的な乾燥5-10初期乾燥のための分、および60分を許可する。 </li><li>ポスタータックパテは、動物の端から突出しているメス端子の近辺の表面9ピンABSソケットに適用する必要があります。 </li><li>最大の防水のために、ABSソケットとABSのプラグを交配する必要があり、リングナットを締めてください。パラフィルムの小さなストリップはピンのコネクタに接触するから水を防止するために、インターフェイスの周りにラップする必要があります。 </li></ol>成功の秘訣<ol><li>はんだ付けの際オペアンプは、プラスチックパッケージを過熱しないでください。もしそこに目に見える燃焼または溶融であり、オペアンプを取り外して交換。あまりにも多くの熱を適用すると、目に見える溶融することなく、オペアンプを損傷する可能性があります。はんだ付け後のファンクションジェネレータを使って各チャンネルをテストします。 </li><li>ステージ上に浮遊の接続やはんだブリッジがないことを確認します。ソルダーウイックは、コンポーネントまたは浮遊はんだを除去するために使用することができます。 </li></ol> 6。代表的な結果良好な記録は、移動中のと切り取ることなく、入力ソース信号に従います。ヘッドステージをテストするには、ユーザーは各記録のピンへの入力としてファンクションジェネレータを使用し、ミル最大のヘッダの出力端での波形を評価する必要があります。物理的にヘッドを移動すると、記録波形の形状に影響を与えるではありません。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2155/2155fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。プリント回路基板（PCB）の最上位層の（A）の模式図 。赤い線は、銅トレースを示している。黄色の線は、電子部品の位置決め用のオプションのシルクスクリーンレイヤを示している。示すようにオペアンプの配置（中央黄色の四角）、抵抗（小さ ​​い黄色の四角）とコンデンサ（最小黄色の四角）です。PCBの底層の（B）の模式図。緑色の線は、銅トレースを示す。大きな緑の塗りつぶされた領域は、グランドプレートを表しています。この回路図のモデルファイルは、ダウンロード用に提供されています。

<ol>
	<li>Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., O'Keefe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+navigation+impaired+in+rats+with+hippocampal+lesions.">Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions.</a> Nature. 297, 681-683 (1982).</li><li>Rolston, J. D., Gross, R. E., Potter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+multielectrode+system+for+data+acquisition+enabling+real-time+closed-loop+processing+with+rapid+recovery+from+stimulation+artifacts.+Front.">A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts. Front.</a> Neuroengineering. 2, 12-12 (2009).</li><li>Fee, M. S., Leonardo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+motorized+microdrive+and+commutator+system+for+chronic+neural+recording+in+small+animals.">Miniature motorized microdrive and commutator system for chronic neural recording in small animals.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 112, 83-94 (2001).</li><li>Shirvalkar, P. R., Rapp, P. R., Shapiro, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+changes+to+hippocampal+theta+gamma+oscillations+predict+memory+for+recent+spatial+episodes.">Bidirectional changes to hippocampal theta gamma oscillations predict memory for recent spatial episodes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (15), 7054-709 (2010).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

水迷路に基づく行動のタスクはリアルタイム1で動物の認知能力と表現を調べるために効果的なツールが用意されています。軽量で費用対効果の高いヘッドをプリアンプの使用は、水迷路を含む行動の神経生理学のアプリケーションで特に重要です。冷たい水をエスケープすると、これらのタスクの動物のための内発的動機づけを提供するので、彼らの行動は、乾燥した迷路に動物の?...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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<tr>
<td>Custom designed Integrated Circuit Board</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ExpressPCB.com</td>
<td>Custom</td>
<td>2 layer double sided PCB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface mount Resistors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>RK73B1JTTDD156J</td>
<td>1/10 W, 15 M Ohm 0603, Thick film</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMD Capacitors </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Newark Electronics</td>
<td>0402YD104KAT2A</td>
<td>0.1 uF (0402)</td>
</tr>
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<td>SMD Operational Amplifier (quad FET)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>595-TLC2274AIPW</td>
<td>Quad FET - low noise</td>
</tr>
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<td>9 pin ABS socket</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09SKT-220</td>
<td>For animal connection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9-pin ABS Plug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09PLG-220</td>
<td>To be implanted in animal</td>
</tr>
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<td>Black Delrin Ring Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDN-220</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Black Delrin Cap Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDC-220</td>
<td>For protecting animal's implant</td>
</tr>
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<td>Amphenol pins (male)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-P02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Amphenol pins (female)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-S02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>5-minute epoxy</td>
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<td>Devcon Inc.</td>
<td>S-208 / 20845</td>
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<td>Poster Tack Putty</td>
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<td>Elmer's</td>
<td>026000015318</td>
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<td>Rosin Core Solder</td>
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<td>Radio Shack</td>
<td>64-009</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Soldering Iron </td>
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<td>Weller</td>
<td>Pyropen WSTA6</td>
<td>(adjustable heat)</td>
</tr>
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<td>Metal tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>Size 5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Parafilm sheets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>American National Can</td>
<td>Parafilm 4" x 250'</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Magnet wire</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Belden</td>
<td>8052</td>
<td>Enamel Coated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ammeter/ Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluke Mfg Co.</td>
<td>77 Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millmax Double Row Headers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millmax / Mouser</td>
<td>575 - 002101</td>
<td>0.05"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solder Wick</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemtronics</td>
<td>7-10L</td>
<td>0.75 in.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
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design and construction of a cost effective headstage for simultaneous neural stimulation and recording in the water maze

ヘッドプリアンプとソースフォロワは、一般的に、行動神経生理学の実験で神経活動を研究するために使用されています。利用可能な商用製品は、潜水艇、しばしば高価であり、容易にカスタマイズされていない、とではない。ここでは目を覚まし、行動を動物にカスタマイズされた、集積回路の同時4チャンネル神経記録用ヘッドステージと2チャンネルのシミュレーションを設計し構築する方法を説明します。ヘッドステージは自由、市販のCAD型設計パッケージを使用して設計されており、異なるスケール（例えば、チャンネルを追加する）に対応するために簡単に変更できます。カスタマイズされたプリント基板は、ユニティゲインのソースフォロワ回路を構築するために表面実装抵抗器、コンデンサやオペアンプを使用して構築されています。ヘッドステージはエポキシ樹脂、パラフィルムや合成ゴムのパテとの組み合わせで防水を行っています。私たちは正常にローカルフィールド電位を記録し、水迷路で泳いで、ラットの独立したチャネルを経由して同時に異なる脳領域を刺激するためにこのデバイスを使用している。総費用は、&lt;$ 30/unitであり、容易に製造することができる。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

我々は、同時神経記録と刺激機能を搭載した光ヘッドプリアンプシステムを設計し、構築するために低コストの手法を提案する。このデバイスは、水泳、動物での使用のために防水することができます。

水迷路における同時神経刺激および記録のためのコスト効率のヘッドステージの設計と構築

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

design-construction-cost-effective-headstage-for-simultaneous-neural

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.6K ビュー.  Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 我々は、同時神経記録と刺激機能を搭載した光ヘッドプリアンプシステムを設計し、構築するために低コストの手法を提案する。このデバイスは、水泳、動物での使用のために防水することができます。

ビデオ: Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#039;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

アルツハイマー病モデルマウスにおける学習記憶障害のためのモリス水迷路試験

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

神経科学

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

小動物の慢性神経録音用超軽量電動マイクロドライブの設計およびアセンブリ

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

記録と刺激アプリケーションの高接触密度、フラットインターフェイスの神経電極の作製

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

マイクロ電極アレイにおけるニューロン細胞培養の刺激に対するネットワーク応答の時間依存的増加

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

皮質局所電界電位、心電図、筋電図、呼吸リズム自由行動ラットからの同時録音

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems neuroscience. One key component of this technique consists of the precise placement of multiple electrodes into desired brain regions and the maintenance of their stability. Here, we describe a protocol for the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive, which includes eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes, and is specifically designed for in vivo extracellular neural recording in freely behaving rats. The tetrodes attached to the microdrives can either be individually advanced into multiple brain regions along the track, or can be used to place an array of electrodes into a smaller area. The multiple tetrodes allow for simultaneous examination of action potentials from dozens of individual neurons, as well as local field potentials from populations of neurons in the brain during active behavior. In addition, the design provides for simpler 3D drafting software that can easily be modified for differing experimental needs.

We present the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive with eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes. The hyperdrive is designed to record brain activity in freely behaving rats over a period of several weeks.

ラットの行動で大規模な神経細胞記録向上のマルチ ・ テトロード ハイパー ドライブの構築

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. Development of these tools is crucial for understanding complex behaviors and cognition and for advancing clinical applications. However, it remains a challenge to densely record from cell populations stably and continuously over long time periods. Many popular electrodes, such as tetrodes and silicon arrays, feature large cross-diameters that produce damage upon insertion and elicit chronic reactive tissue responses associated with neuronal death, hindering the recording of stable, continuous neural activity. In addition, most wire bundles exhibit broad spacing between channels, precluding simultaneous recording from a large number of cells clustered in a small area. The carbon fiber microelectrode arrays described in this protocol offer an accessible solution to these concerns. The study provides a detailed method for fabricating carbon fiber microelectrode arrays that can be used for both acute and chronic recordings in vivo. The physical properties of these electrodes make them ideal for stable and continuous long-term recordings at high cell densities, enabling the researcher to make robust, unambiguous recordings from single units across months.

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

This protocol describes a procedure for constructing carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for chronic and acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mouse (Mus musculus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) from multiple brain regions. Each step, following the purchase of raw carbon fibers to microelectrode array implantation, is described in detail, with emphasis on microelectrode array construction.

慢性および急性イン ビボ 記録用炭素繊維微小電極アレイの構築と実装

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective neural modulation or monitoring. As specific types of neuronal cells can be genetically modified to express opsin proteins, optogenetics enables optical stimulation or inhibition of the selected neurons. There have been several technological advances in the optical system for optogenetics. Recently, it was proposed to combine the optical waveguide for light delivery with electrophysiological recording to simultaneously monitor the neural responses to optogenetic stimulation or inhibition. In this study, an implantable optrode array (2x2 optical fibers) was developed with embedded multichannel electrodes. 
A light-emitting diode (LED) was employed as a light source, and a microfabricated microlens array was integrated to provide sufficient light power at the tip of the optical fibers. The optrode array system comprises the disposable part and the reusable part. The disposable part has optical fibers and electrodes, while the reusable part has the LED and electronic circuitry for light control and neural signal processing. The novel design of the implantable optrode array system is introduced in the accompanying video in addition to the procedure of the optrode implantation surgery, optogenetic light stimulation, and the electrophysiological neural recording. The results of in vivo experiments successfully showed time-locked neural spikes evoked by the light stimuli from hippocampal excitatory neurons of mice.

Here, we present the fabrication method of an optrode system with optical fibers for light delivery and an electrode array for neural recording. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 show the feasibility of the system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording.

同時光遺伝学的変調と電気的神経記録のためのオプトロードアレイ

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators have contributed greatly to our understanding of neural dynamics from the level of individual neurons to entire brain circuits. However, neural responses may vary due to prior experience, internal states, or stochastic factors, thus generating the need for methods that can assess neural function across many individuals at once. Whereas most recording techniques examine a single animal at a time, we describe the use of wide-field microscopy to scale up neuronal recordings to dozens of Caenorhabditis elegans or other sub-millimeter-scale organisms at once. Open-source hardware and software allow great flexibility in programming fully automated experiments that control the intensity and timing of various stimulus types, including chemical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic stimuli. In particular, microfluidic flow devices provide precise, repeatable, and quantitative control of chemosensory stimuli with sub-second time resolution. The NeuroTracker semi-automated data analysis pipeline then extracts individual and population-wide neural responses to uncover functional changes in neural excitability and dynamics. This paper presents examples of measuring neuronal adaptation, temporal inhibition, and stimulus crosstalk. These techniques increase the precision and repeatability of stimulation, allow the exploration of population variability, and are generalizable to other dynamic fluorescent signals in small biosystems from cells and organoids to whole organisms and plants.

We present a method for the flexible chemical and multimodal stimulation and recording of simultaneous neural activity from many Caenorhabditis elegans worms. This method uses microfluidics, open-source hardware and software, and supervised automated data analysis to enable the measurement of neuronal phenomena such as adaptation, temporal inhibition, and stimulus crosstalk.

複数の小生物からの自動マルチモーダル刺激と同時神経記録

Fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators have contributed greatly to our understanding of neural dynamics from the level of individual neurons ...