著者らは、マウス胚5時切片培養を行うためにアイデアの元のソースを認めます。私たちは、撮影中に私たちの使い走りとして機能するために寛大な科学的なサポートとアンナデジャンためのヨアヒムキルシュに感謝します。とハイデルベルク大学（エクセレンスクラスターセルラーネットワーク）：この作品は、ドイツ研究協会（Sonderforschungsbereich 488、Teilprojekt B7/B9ドイツ学術振興）によって賄われていた。

パート1：スライスと培養のための準備。 <ol><li>培地（DMEM、25％1X HBSS、25％ウシ胎児血清、0.5％グルコース、1mMのグルタミン、2.5mMのHEPES、pH7.3）に、3 cmのMillicell - CM 0.4 -μmの文化をスライスして10cmの組織培養プレートを準備します。膜インサートと37℃のインキュベーター内で維持℃、5％CO 2。 </li><li>それは約37にとどまるように電子レンジでPBS中4％低融点アガロースを加熱し、加熱板上でそれを維持℃に</li><li> PBS（140mMのNaCl、2.7 mMのKCl、10mMののNa 2 HPO 4、1.8mmのKH 2 PO 4）と氷上の場所で10cmの細菌シャーレを埋める。 </li><li>ミクロトームの冷却装置を設定するか、そのバッファのトレイと冷却要素がそれより前のクールに冷凍庫に保存されていることを確認してください。 </li></ol>パート2：胚の埋め込み。 <ol><li>子宮から胚を摘出し、GFPの発現を確認するために倒立蛍光顕微鏡でそれらを調べる。 </li><li>過度のPBSを除去するワットマン濾紙片を使用して反転10センチのシャーレと向き、それらの上に置いて胚。 </li><li>この位置でそれを修正するために胚のアガロースを適用します。アガロースが固化してみましょう。 </li><li>かみそりの刃で切断して胚を囲む領域を制限する。 </li><li>その反対側に埋め込まれた胚を回転させる。 </li><li>胚が完全に埋め込まれていることを保証するために胚組織に追加のアガロースを適用します。 </li><li>クリーンなエッジを持つアガロースブ​​ロックを準備し、ロックタイト406&quot;クレイジー接着剤&quot;に似た特殊な接着剤を使用してビブラトームチャック上にマウント。 </li></ol>パート3：手順をスライス。 <ol><li>あらかじめ冷却したバッファートレイと冷却要素を設定します。 </li><li>接着組織でチャックを挿入し、カバーまで、1X HBSSを（ のCa 2 +とMg 2 +フリーHBSS、10mMのHEPES緩衝液、pH7.3、500 U / mlペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン）を追加。 </li><li> precleaned（70％エタノール）ミクロトームの刃を挿入し、固定する。 </li><li> 450μmのスライスと氷上に置き、組織培養プレートに短縮ガラスパスツールピペットを用いてそれらを転送する - 350を準備します。 </li><li>ピンセットを使用して、慎重に各スライスからアガロースを削除し、Millicellの文化膜に移す。約4スライスは、培養液6 mLで満たされた10cmの組織培養プレートの1つの膜上で培養することができる。 </li><li> 37スライスをインキュベート℃、5％CO 2（培養培地：DMEM、25％1X HBSS、25％ウシ胎児血清、0.5％グルコース、1mMのグルタミン、2.5mMのHEPES、pHは7.3）。いずれかのタイムラプスイメージング系列1を実行する場合媒質定数の体積を保持する必要があります。短い時間枠のための時限イメージングシリーズのケースでは、そのままメディアを残すのに十分です。より長い培養期間のために12〜20時間後の変更は推奨されています。 </li></ol>パート4：顕微鏡でイメージング脊髄神経突起伸長。 <ol><li>直立蛍光顕微鏡下でのスライス、とMillicell培養膜を含む、10cmの組織培養プレートを配置し、画像脊髄神経。 </li><li>次の撮影時間の時点の間に正しく配置するために顕微鏡のステージ上Millicellの文化膜の方向にラベルを付けます。 </li><li> 4 × 10倍（開口数[NA] 0.1）、（NA 0.3）、または20倍（NA 0.5）の目標を使用してイメージ脊髄神経突起伸長。 </li></ol>図1は、4倍、10倍の目標と文化の20時間の間に脊髄神経の伸長を描いたイメージングシリーズを示しています。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2309/2309fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> ホモ接合tauGPFの胚の横スライスで脊髄神経の突起伸長の図1イメージングシリーズ。腹側脊髄の* =運動ニューロン、矢印= DRG。スライスの背側（D） - 腹側（V）軸が示されています。スケールバー：200μmの。

<ol>
	<li>Tucker, K. L., Meyer, M., Barde, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophins+are+required+for+nerve+growth+during+development.">Neurotrophins are required for nerve growth during development.</a> Nat Neurosci. 4, 29-37 (2001).</li><li>Brachmann, I., Jakubick, V. C., Shaked, M., Unsicker, K., Tucker, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+slice+culture+system+for+the+imaging+of+nerve+development+in+embryonic+mouse.">A simple slice culture system for the imaging of nerve development in embryonic mouse.</a> Dev Dyn. 236, 3514-3523 (2007).</li><li>Collingridge, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+slice+preparation:+a+tribute+to+the+pioneer+Henry+McIlwain.">The brain slice preparation: a tribute to the pioneer Henry McIlwain.</a> Journal of neuroscience methods. 59, 5-9 (1995).</li><li>Katz, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+circuitry+of+identified+projection+neurons+in+cat+visual+cortex+brain+slices.">Local circuitry of identified projection neurons in cat visual cortex brain slices.</a> J Neurosci. 7, 1223-1249 (1987).</li><li>Hotary, K. B., Landmesser, L. T., Tosney, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+slices.">Embryo slices.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 51, 109-124 (1996).</li></ol>

妊娠中期のマウス胚の胚切片培養（E10 - E12）を調製する方法の広範な比較では、我々はビブラトームは質問なしでの文化の全体的な実行​​可能性との再現性の両方に関して最も信頼性の高い結果を生じることを観察した神経突起伸長のパターン。対照的に、マッキルウェーン組織チョッパ3を用いて調製したスライスは、完全に生存不能であることが判明した。私たちは、もともと?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>HBSS 10x</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>14180</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissection tools</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>various</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L.M.P. agarose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15517-022</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Whatmann paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Whatman Int.</td>
<td>3030917</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Shortened firepolished pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>41966</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>10270-106</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pen Strep</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>15140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-glutamine 100x</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GIBCO</td>
<td>25030</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vibratome</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Microm International GmbH</td>
<td>HM 650 V</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>BX61WI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>analySIS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Soft Imaging System</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millicell-CM inserts</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>PICMORG 50</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10 cm culture plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
<td>633171</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LOCTITE 406</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Henkel</td>
<td>142580</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Razor blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
<td>none</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>SMZ800</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roth</td>
<td>9105.2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G7021</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>x4 objective</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>PL series</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>x10 objective</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>UPLFL &#x2013;PH series</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Filter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>U-MNIBA2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CCD camera</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Soft Imaging System</td>
<td>SIS F-View II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Equipment for heated chamber</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>CTI-Controller 3700 and incubator S #11531171</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

organotypic slice culture of gfp-expressing mouse embryos for real-time imaging of peripheral nerve outgrowth

多くの目的のために、器官型スライスなどのマウス胚のex vivoでの栽培が望ましいです。例えば、我々は両方のフィルムの神経支配の可能性をできるように、緑色蛍光タンパク質（EGFP）の拡張版を独占的に開発し、中枢および末梢神経系1のすべてのニューロンに発現するトランスジェニックマウスのライン（tauGFP）を採用前肢および薬理学的および遺伝学的手法2でこのプロセスを操作する。このようなスライス培養の成功した栽培で最も重要なパラメータは、スライスが準備される方法です。種々の方法の広範なテストの後、我々は、ビブラトームは、彼らが日常的に数日間の期間にわたって実行可能性を示す文化につながるような胚をスライスする最良のデバイスであり、そして最も重要なことは、年齢で発症することを見出した固有の方法。妊娠中期胚の場合、これは脊髄および後根神経節から周囲と骨格と筋肉組織の適切な決定で、その目標への脊髄神経の正常な伸長を含みます。 スライス標本の後二日するまで学ぶことができる標準的な組織培養インキュベーター、栽培は400マイクロメートルのスライス - この作品では、我々は300に（E）E10 E12に日胚の全胚を処理するための手法を提案する。このアプローチの成功のための重要な各アガロース包埋の胚をスライスするビブラトームを使用することがあります。これは、インタフェースの培養技術で、その結果中​​小の小さな体積に課せMillicell文化膜インサート、時のスライスの栽培が続いている。 7胚の平均で一リットルは、日常的にわずかに胚の年齢までだけでなく、スライスの厚さにより変動する少なくとも14スライス（胚あたりの前肢地域の2-3スライス）を生成する。培養スライスの約80％が培養期間2 througout測定可能な神経突起伸長を、示す。 tauGFPのマウスラインを用いて代表的な結果が実証されています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth

我々は、末梢神経突起伸長の栽培とタイムラプスイメージングのための妊娠中期のマウス胚の器官型スライスを準備する方法を提示する。

末梢神経突起伸長のリアルタイムイメージングのためのGFP発現マウス胚の器官型スライス培養

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in ...

organotypic-slice-culture-gfp-expressing-mouse-embryos-for-real-time

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.1K ビュー.  University of Heidelberg. 我々は、末梢神経突起伸長の栽培とタイムラプスイメージングのための妊娠中期のマウス胚の器官型スライスを準備する方法を提示する。

ビデオ: Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

神経損傷を調べるための器官型海馬スライス培養モデル

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

神経科学

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

器官型海馬切片培養

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

An Organotypic Slice Assay for High-Resolution Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as well as differentiation and integration of new neurons into existing neural circuits. For postnatal neurogenesis in the olfactory bulbs, these events are segregated within three anatomically distinct domains: proliferation largely occurs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles, migrating neuroblasts traverse through the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and new neurons differentiate and integrate within the olfactory bulbs (OB). The three domains serve as ideal platforms to study the cellular, molecular, and physiological mechanisms that regulate each of the biological events distinctly. This paper describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for postnatal brain tissue, in which the extracellular conditions closely mimic the in vivo environment for migrating neuroblasts. We show that our assay provides for uniform, oriented, and speedy movement of neuroblasts within the RMS. This assay will be highly suitable for the study of cell autonomous and non-autonomous regulation of neuronal migration by utilizing cross-transplantation approaches from mice on different genetic backgrounds.

This protocol describes an organotypic slice assay optimized for the postnatal brain and high-resolution time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream.

出生後の脳における神経細胞の移動の高分解能タイムラプスイメージングのための器官型スライスアッセイ

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as ...

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

複数のマウスの神経解剖学的磁気共鳴イメージング

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

新皮質の器官型スライス標本からの全細胞記録

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Electrophysiological Characterization of GFP-Expressing Cell Populations in the Intact Retina

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack conspicuous morphological features or show a low population density. This applies particularly to retinal amacrine cells, an exceptionally multiform class of interneurons that comprise roughly 30 subtypes in mammals1. Though being a crucial part of the visual processing by shaping the retinal output2, most of these subtypes have not been studied up to now in a functional context because encountering these cells with a recording electrode is a rare event.
Recently, a multitude of transgenic mouse lines is available that express fluorescent markers like green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of promoters for membrane receptors or enzymes that are specific to only a subset of neurons in a given tissue3,4. These pre-labeled cells are therefore accessible to directed microelectrode targeting under microscopic control, permitting the systematic study of their physiological properties in situ. However, excitation of fluorescent markers is accompanied by the risk of phototoxicity for the living tissue. In the retina, this approach is additionally hampered by the problem that excitation light causes appropriate stimulation of the photoreceptors, thus inflicting photopigment bleaching and transferring the retinal circuits into a light-adapted condition. These drawbacks are overcome by using infrared excitation delivered by a mode-locked laser in short pulses of the femtosecond range. Two-photon excitation provides energy sufficient for fluorophore excitation and at the same time restricts the excitation to a small tissue volume minimizing the hazards of photodamage5. Also, it leaves the retina responsive to visual stimuli since infrared light (&gt;850 nm) is only poorly absorbed by photopigments6.
In this article we demonstrate the use of a transgenic mouse retina to attain electrophysiological in situ recordings from GFP-expressing cells that are visually targeted by two-photon excitation. The retina is prepared and maintained in darkness and can be subjected to optical stimuli which are projected through the condenser of the microscope (Figure 1). Patch-clamp recording of light responses can be combined with dye filling to reveal the morphology and to check for gap junction-mediated dye coupling to neighboring cells, so that the target cell can by studied on different experimental levels.

This article depicts the recording of individual cells from fluorescently tagged neuronal populations in the intact mouse retina. By using two-photon infrared excitation transgenetically labeled cells were targeted for patch-clamp recording to study their light responses, receptive field properties, and morphology.

無傷の網膜におけるGFP発現細胞集団の電気生理学的特性

Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

管理のリアルタイム fMRI ニューロフィード バック トレーニングのプロトコル

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study the process of radial migration in the cerebral cortex of developing mouse embryos. It has helped to describe the different steps of radial migration and characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. To directly and dynamically analyze migrating neurons they have to be traced over time. This protocol describes a workflow that combines in utero electroporation with organotypic slice culture and time-lapse confocal imaging, which allows for a direct examination and dynamic analysis of radially migrating cortical neurons. Furthermore, detailed characterization of migrating neurons, such as migration speed, speed profiles, as well as radial orientation changes, is possible. The method can easily be adapted to perform functional analyses of genes of interest in radially migrating cortical neurons by loss and gain of function as well as rescue experiments. Time-lapse imaging of migrating neurons is a state-of-the-art technique that once established is a potent tool to study the development of the cerebral cortex in mouse models of neuronal migration disorders.

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

This protocol provides instructions for direct observation of radially migrating cortical neurons. In utero electroporation, organotypic slice culture, and time-lapse confocal imaging are combined to directly and dynamically study the effects of overexpression or downregulation of genes of interest in migrating neurons and to analyze their differentiation during development.

胚性マウス脳の器官型スライス培養における移行ニューロンの経時的共焦点イメージング<em&gt;ウテロの</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

In utero electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study the process of radial migration in the cerebral cortex of developing mouse embryos. It ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex 子宮エレクトロポレーションと gaba 作動性介在ニューロンの移行のライブ イメージング用マウス萌芽期の脳の脊髄スライス培養

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical conduction. Myelin alteration has been shown to occur in various neurological diseases, where it is associated with functional deficits. Here, we provide a detailed description of an ex vivo model consisting of mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, which can be maintained in culture for several weeks and further be labeled to visualize myelin.

Here we present a method to prepare organotypic slice cultures from mouse cerebellum and myelin sheath staining by immunohistochemistry suitable for investigating mechanisms of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system.

準備や髄脊髄小脳スライス培養の免疫染色

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical ...